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Memristor
A camera holds a year's worth of photos and videos now. Storage is measured in petabytes. PCs may no longer need booting. The memristor is a new circuit element that was theorized in 1971 and first created in 2008. It is a resistor that remembers the amount of charge that flows through it. Memristors could replace other memory technologies due to benefits like non-volatility, faster speeds, and higher density. They may also enable new applications in AI, flexible displays, sensors, and more lifelike computing.
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Memristor
- 1. Imagine • A cameraholds a whole year’s worth of pictures and videos • Flash Drives storage is in petabytes • PCs don’t need to be started anymore
- 2. Memristors The Next RevolutionIn Technology
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- 4. “Its time torewrite all the EE books.” Prof Leon Chaua, UC
- 5. The existence ofthe Memristor was first proposed by Leon Chaua in 1971 when he was a rising professor at The University of California Berkeley
- 6. The missing circuitelement • There should be a fourth circuit element. • Relate flux with charge • Memristor must exist
- 7. Memristor is found! •In 2008, first memristor is made at HP labs.
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- 9. What is amemristor and how it works
- 10. What’s a memristor? •A resistor with memory • Upcoming successor of transistor • 50 nm by 50 nm • Information storage device
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- 14. Benefits of theMemristor
- 15. Benefits of theMemristor • Data is stored as it is if power is interrupted. • Has the capacity to remember the charge that flows through it. • Would allow for a quicker boot up and shut down as well- Just like turning a light on and off • Faster and cheaper than present day devices
- 16. Benefits of Memristor •Faster than flash memory. • Much cheaper than MRAM (Magneto resistive RAM). • Much higher density- almost 100 Gb per square centimeter. • Faster read/write cycles- 10 times faster than flash • Performance inversely related to size. • Can be made durable and flexible
- 17. Is it analogor digital? Amazingly, its both.
- 18. Future of storagetechnologies • DRAM: Fast, relatively low power, volatile • HDD: Slow, large capacity, mostly non-volatile Things are only going to get worse: • The coming DRAM wall • Flash cells can’t be shrunk anymore • HDD latencies- not getting better Memristors solve many of these problems since they are fast, dense and non-volatile
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- 20. Logic too?...... • Yup,Memristors can perform non-Boolean logic as well. • Currently, we need many electric components for logic operations. • Memristors can perform most of the operations of logic. • Will be able to imitate the Human Brain.
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- 23. Top Best Computerson the planet •CPUs – Used extensively •Brains – Not so much
- 24. Memristor based CPU Brain device Based on switching Transistor Neuron Memristor elements Number of 3 2 2 terminals of Emitter, collector, Axon, Dendrite In and Out switching gate terminals element Memory None Yes Yes
- 25. Building a neuralcomputer • 100 W • 100 W • 1011 neurons • 1011 transistors • 1014 synapses • 1014 cross point Memristors
- 26. Memristors and Nanowires •Currently underway at CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin. • Making analog circuit components for motherboards. • Memristors made up of collection of nanowires. • Facial Recognition • Neuromorphic Computing and Neural Networks (Post office, banks) • Computers learn from their work
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- 28. Applications • Programmable logic •Signal Processing • Neural Networks • Control Systems • Reconfigurable Computing • Brain Computing Interfaces • And many more……
- 29. Biology • Experiments onadaptive behavior of unicellular organisms. • Memristor circuit subjected to electric pulses • Emulates behavior of slime molds. • Can lead to pattern recognition.
- 30. Flexible Displays • Memristorscan be made flexible and durable due to their small size. • Can even be made transparent. • Transparent foldable display technology • E-paper, E-books, Electronic notes
- 32. Planetary Sensors • Mobiledevices fitted with memristors • Used for sensing pollution levels, amount of O2/CO2 • Purity of Water and standard of food • Mapping epidemics and pandemics • Better control of environment and disease
- 33. Next Generation Computers •No more hard drive and RAM • Just Memristors • Very high storage and speeds.
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Editor's Notes
- #11 Fundamentally, it’s a resistor that remembers the last resistance it has. Hence the name memristor. It is a lot smaller than the transistor and thus it will greatly increase the storage density of devices. One memristor can store upto 1 terabyte of data.
- #12 It changes its resistance according to the current passed through it. When the current stops, it retains the last resistance it had and thus remembers it. In the analogy on the slide, the pipe changes its diameter according to the current passed through it. When the current stops, it retains this diameter.
- #13 Here you can see a circuit and in the enlarged diagram, the memristor. It comprises of two layers of Titanium oxides sandwiched between two platinum wires. One of the oxide layer is a perfect titanium oxide while the other one is oxygen deficient.
- #14 The way this works on the molecular level is that when a positive current is applied, the oxygen deficiencies in the oxide layer increases and when a negative current is applied, it’s the opposite. When the current is stopped the oxide is locked in the last state it was and thus is its resistance
- #17 Regarding, its relation to flash, cameras will be able to take pictures with no delay in between.Usually, we see that to get better performance from a device, we have to increase its size or to use bundles of them sandwiched with each other. This leads to higher energy loss and increase in size and thus the price of the device. However, with the Memristor, this is not the case. The Memristor’s performance actually increases with reduction in size.
- #18 Conventional devices use only 0 and 1; Memristor can use anything between 0 and 1 (0.3, 0.8, 0.5, etc.)When a slow current is applied, the Memristor acts as an analog device. Conversely, when a fast current is applied, the Memristor acts as a digital device.
- #19 For decades, system designers have struggled to trade off between the characteristics between DRAM, Flash and Hard disks.In the past 25 years, processor speeds have increased by 55% annually while the Ram speeds have increased by less than 10%. Improvement in their speeds is likely to stop soon.
- #20 For those who think that the amount of data a Memristor circuit can store is too much to believe…
- #21 Non-Boolean means logic other than simple OR. It can perform NOR, NAND, AND.
- #24 Human brain is an extraordinary organ. It can store immense amounts of data and remember them instantly. Even our best super computers are not able to perform many of the actions of the brain. It has always been a challenge to engineers and scientists to make machines more human like. Memristors will help us advance towards this goal.
- #25 Previously we were using transistors and were trying to store the data in separate storage devices. This made the machines slower. But the memristor stores the data itself which will lead to faster and more responsive robots.Also it has same number of terminals which is similar to the brain.
- #26 The memristors enables us to build better artificial intelligent machines because of its feature of being able to store memory. Also it can have a variety of states and thus enables us to better replicate the human brain which is made up of nerve cells and synapses. These cells store information in analog form similar to a memristor.
- #27 Facial Recognition is something we are very bad at currently. If there are a thousand people in a room, a human brain can locate a familiar face quite quickly, however, only a super computer can do so. With Memristors, any computer can do so as a Memristor stores data in analog form just like the brain.In neural networks, there would be no need for any rules. The computers would connect based on emotional phenomena.
- #29 Here are listed some of the applications, some of which have been discussed by my group members.
- #30 In 2009, a simple electronic circuitconsisting of an LC network and a memristor was used to model experiments on adaptive behavior of unicellular organisms. It was shown that the electronic circuit subjected to a train of periodic pulses learns and anticipates the next pulse to come, similarly to the behavior of slime molds where the viscosity of channels in the cytoplasm respond to periodic changes of environment. Such a learning circuit may find applications, e.g., in pattern recognition.
- #34 Thousands of memristors on top of the CPU acting as both the RAM and the Hard disk drive.
- #35 Memristors offer great advantages and insights for the future. They will lead to better, smaller and faster computers which will be able to think and learn. However, it will be some time before their effects and working will be fully understood and utilized. In the near future, Memristors will revolutionize technology just like the transistors did in the 20th century.