Members of the Health team
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- The document describes India's government-organized health services system, with different levels of care available closer or farther from villages. - At the village level, ASHAs provide basic healthcare and advise villagers to seek care from higher-level facilities for issues like delivery. - Health sub-centers with ANMs are available for minor treatments, deliveries, and immunizations. Primary health centers have beds and medical officers. - For advanced care needs, people visit community health centers, which have specialists, or district hospitals for specialized services and complicated cases. The system aims to provide accessible healthcare through a network of facilities.
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The Medical Officer (MO) at the Basic Health Unit (BHU) is responsible for:
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This document summarizes various occupational health hazards. It discusses five main types of hazards: physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial. Physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, ultraviolet radiation, and ionizing radiation. Chemical hazards include dusts, gases, and metals that can be inhaled or cause skin reactions. Biological hazards refer to infectious agents encountered in healthcare or agriculture. Mechanical hazards involve moving machinery parts. Psychosocial hazards arise from psychological stress at work and can cause psychological or psychosomatic health effects. The document provides examples of diseases associated with different occupational hazards.
Occupational Diseases
Occupational diseases are chronic ailments that occur as a result of work or occupational activity. They can develop instantly upon exposure to hazards like gases, or gradually over weeks, months, or decades from exposures like heavy metals or carcinogens. Globally, there are millions of occupational disease cases and deaths annually, costing countries 2-14% of GDP. Occupational diseases are classified into categories like those from physical, chemical, or biological agents. Examples of specific occupational diseases discussed are pneumoconiosis like black lung from inhaling dusts, occupational dermatitis from skin exposures, and hand-arm vibration syndrome from using vibrating tools. Prevention strategies include engineering controls, protective equipment, health monitoring, and legislation.
Multidisciplinary mental health team
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of various professionals that constitute a multidisciplinary mental health care team. The core mental health disciplines include psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, clinical psychology, and psychiatric social work. Effective teamwork requires coordinated input from each member to holistically assess, diagnose, treat and rehabilitate patients. The psychiatrist leads the team and is responsible for diagnosis and treatment, while other professionals like nurses, psychologists and social workers provide additional therapeutic, evaluative and rehabilitative services. Together the multidisciplinary team aims to provide optimal care to patients and support their recovery.
Voluntary health agencies
Voluntary health agencies are non-profit organizations administered by autonomous boards that collect private funds to provide health services, education, research, or legislation. They supplement government agencies by pioneering new approaches, providing education, demonstrations, and advocating for legislation. Major agencies in India include the Tuberculosis Association of India, Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh for leprosy control, and the Family Planning Association of India. International organizations like Rotary International and Lions Clubs also conduct health programs globally.
Health care delivery system
The document summarizes India's health care delivery system. It has 3 main levels - central, state, and local/peripheral. At the central level, the key organizations are the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services, and Central Council of Health and Family Welfare. States have significant independence in delivering healthcare. Locally, there are village health workers, subcenters, primary health centers (PHCs), and community health centers (CHCs).
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The document discusses outpatient care and departments (OPDs) in hospitals. It notes that OPDs were originally designed for basic minor services but now provide a wide range of treatments, tests, and minor surgeries. OPDs serve as the first point of contact between hospitals and patients, providing diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care. A well-organized OPD can generate high revenues for hospitals if they utilize the full potential of efficient, quality services and facilities. The document outlines various components, facilities, staff, and organizational structure needed for effective OPD operations.
Occupational hazard
This document discusses different types of occupational hazards that workers may be exposed to, including physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards. Some key physical hazards mentioned are heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, and radiation. Chemical hazards can enter the body through local skin contact, inhalation of dusts, gases or metal compounds, or ingestion. Biological hazards come from infectious agents. Mechanical hazards stem from injuries from machinery. Psychosocial hazards relate to stress, relationships, and mental health issues from an unfamiliar work environment. Overall the document provides a detailed classification and explanation of various occupational health risks.
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The health care delivery system in India operates at the village, sub-centre, primary health centre, and community health centre levels. At the village level, Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), Anganwadi workers, and local dais provide primary medical care and health education. Sub-centres serve populations of 5000-3000 and are staffed by Lady Health Visitors who provide maternal and child health services, family welfare programs, and treatment of common illnesses. Primary health centres serve larger populations of 30,000-20,000 and have beds for patients as well as medical officers and staff. Community health centres serve the largest populations and have 30 beds as well as specialists and facilities for childbirth and minor sur
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Primary health centers (PHCs) in India are basic health units that provide integrated curative and preventive healthcare to rural populations. PHCs aim to provide essential primary care services, including medical care, maternal and child health services, immunizations, treatment for endemic diseases, and health education. They operate according to the Indian Public Health Standards, which define standards for infrastructure, services, and staffing at PHCs. A PHC typically serves a population of 30,000 in plains or 20,000 in hilly/tribal areas, and provides outpatient and inpatient care, emergency services, and basic diagnostic testing.
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Malaysia adopted the primary healthcare approach prior to 1978 and provides 8 essential services plus dental care at rural clinics. Primary healthcare in Malaysia is provided by clinics, aims to be comprehensive and continuous, and involves promoting health, preventing and treating illness. It has expanded services and upgraded facilities over time to improve accessibility and quality of care.
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Subcentres are the primary health care outposts in rural areas that cater to local populations and provide basic medical services and health promotion activities under the supervision of Primary Health Centres. They are classified as either Type A, which do not provide delivery services but focus on disease prevention, or Type B, which are equipped for conducting deliveries and childbirth. Subcentres maintain various health registers and records to monitor vital events, immunizations, family planning activities, and other primary care services in their catchment communities.
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3. Recent modifications to the primary health care system through the establishment of Health and Wellness Centers to deliver comprehensive primary care, upgrading some subcenters and PHCs.
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The student shall be able to
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This document outlines the functions and services provided at primary health centers (PHCs) in India. PHCs aim to provide comprehensive primary healthcare, achieve quality standards, and be responsive to community needs. Their services include outpatient and emergency care, maternal and child health services, basic lab tests, medical termination of pregnancy, treatment of infections, nutrition programs, school health activities, adolescent health clinics, water sanitation promotion, and implementation of national health programs. PHCs are staffed and equipped to deliver these essential primary care services to rural communities.
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This document discusses the history and principles of primary health care. It began in 1978 with a conference that defined primary health care as health care that is accessible to all individuals through their participation and affordable for the community. The key aspects of primary health care are preventative services like immunizations, maternal/child care, and treatment of common diseases. It also emphasizes equitable access, community participation, coordination between sectors, and appropriate technology.
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Members of the Health team
- 1. Organisation of health services Unit-2 OHS Classroom-1 IPH
- 2. IPH When Ram or anybody from his village falls ill, they want immediate help to get better. So they seek health care from services that are close to their house.
- 3. IPH Traditional healers Unlicensed practitioners Pharmacy shop Some services that are close to their house
- 4. IPH Understanding this concept, the government introduced ASHA at the village level Village
- 5. ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) IPH She is responsible for the health of her community
- 7. What does an ASHA do ? • ASHA should advice Leela about healthy food and encourage her to go for routine antenatal checkups. • She should accompany Leela to the health facility during these checkups. • As the delivery date comes near, she should sit with Ram’s family and prepare an action plan as to where Leela should deliver. IPH
- 8. IPH While the ASHA can advice Leela on care during pregnancy, she does not have the knowledge, skills and experience to conduct the delivery. So for the delivery, Leela has to go to a higher centre where deliveries can be conducted.
- 9. Health Sub Centre (HSC) IPH It Covers 3,000-5,000 Population (3-5 Villages) To address this problem, the government has built HSC, at the gram panchayat with an ANM (Auxiliary Nurse Midwife)
- 10. Functions of the Health sub centre (HSC) IPH She conducts deliveries, immunizes children and gives medicines for minor illnesses. ANM But, cannot conduct complicated delivery
- 11. IPH Primary Health Centres (PHC)? It Covers 20,000–30,000 Population
- 12. Resources at a PHC IPH PHC 5-6 beds Outpatient facilities Labour Room Laboratory facilities Drug store Medical officer & Team
- 13. • Eg clean drinking water for children Promotes health and keeps people healthy (promotive health care) • Eg immunization of children Prevents people from falling sick (preventive health care) • Eg treatment of diarrhea Cures diseases of people when it happens (curative health care) Functions of a PHC IPH
- 14. IPH Needs blood transfusion immediately
- 15. IPH Community Health Centres (CHC)? It Covers 80,000–1,20,000 Population
- 16. CHC Those available at PHC 30 Beds Specialist service Operation theatre X ray Blood storage unit IPH Facilities at a CHC
- 17. The health team at the CHC are responsible for providing Conducting caesarian section Conducting surgeries Looking after sick newborns and children Seeing referral patients IPH
- 18. IPH She needs emergency hysterectomy
- 19. District Hospital (DH) IPH Responsible for providing specialized health care
- 20. Facilities at a DH DH 100-500 beds X ray, laboratory facilities and blood bank (24/7) Specialities – psychiatry, dermatology, burns unit etc Operation theatre and labour room ICU services IPH
- 21. • Cases that cannot be handled at the CHC and are thus referred to DH • Complicated surgeries/ fractures • Complicated caesarian sections • Management of very sick neonates Specialized health care Education and training of health staff The health team at the DH are responsible for providing : IPH
- 22. To summarize, our government health services is organized in a particular way IPH
- 23. This is about our government health services. What about private health sector and informal health sector? IPH
- 24. Private hospitals City District level Block level Gram panchayat Panchayat village About 50% of Indians use the private health sector to procure health care private nursing homes Private hospitals private nursing homes private nursing homes , Unqualified practitioner IPH
- 25. Summary on private health sector in India IPH
- 26. See you back in the course Close IPH