New Study: Mediterranean countries fall short of achieving region's vision of sustainable development. Food and cities offer opportunities to manage resources more sustainably.
2015 has been a very important year for humanity and the health of our planet. With your generous support, we made substantial strides advancing global sustainability in 2015. Click on the slideshow below for highlights from the year.
State of the States Report: A new perspective on the wealth of our nationKatelin Breck
The report, “State of the States: A New Perspective on the Wealth of Our Nation,” details the Ecological Footprint and resource availability of 50 states and the District of Columbia. Created in collaboration with Earth Economics in Tacoma, Washington, the report finds that resource consumption and availability varies dramatically state by state.
The document discusses issues related to population growth, resource consumption, and sustainability. It notes that if the global population reaches 9.6 billion by 2050, it will require the resources of three planets to sustain current lifestyles. It provides statistics on food waste and potential energy savings from efficient light bulbs. It also discusses challenges with fresh water access, pollution, and stresses on water resources from population growth. Sustainable consumption of resources like energy, food, and water is important to reduce environmental impacts and meet needs of a growing global population.
1) The document discusses issues related to sustainable development goals (SDGs), focusing on SDG 12 which addresses sustainable consumption and production. It notes the increasing strain on natural resources from population growth and current lifestyles.
2) Key facts presented include water scarcity issues, the amount of food wasted each year, and problems related to land degradation threatening food supply.
3) The document outlines Uganda's strategies to achieve SDG 12 through policies, plans and partnerships focused on areas like sustainable energy, green jobs, climate adaptation, and integrating the SDGs into national development planning.
This document discusses key environmental issues and conservation efforts. It provides facts on issues like access to clean water and the impacts of deforestation and climate change. It then summarizes challenges in South Africa, including high biodiversity threatened by habitat loss, water scarcity exacerbated by population growth, and an energy system reliant on coal. Conservation efforts in the country aim to protect natural resources and transition to renewable energy, but implementation of laws and policies remains a challenge. Supporting environmental sustainability through projects that enlist leadership and develop local expertise can help address issues in a sustainable way.
This document provides information about Korea's ecological footprint and biocapacity from the Korea Ecological Footprint Report 2016. It discusses how the ecological footprint measures human demand on nature, while biocapacity measures the ecosystems' ability to meet that demand. The key findings are that the average Korean has an ecological footprint eight times larger than Korea's biocapacity, fisheries make up the largest component of Korea's biocapacity, and the carbon footprint makes up 73% of Korea's total ecological footprint.
: This article aims to show the biggest environmental problems facing humanity in the contemporary era, to demonstrate the need to replace the current development model for the sustainable development model and to specify the necessary measures to overcome the biggest environmental problems, among which includes education for sustainable development..
The document discusses the concept of the blue economy and its relevance in the Indian Ocean region. It provides background on definitions of related terms like ocean economy, blue growth, and analyzes the blue economic potential and issues in the Indian Ocean. Key points include:
1) The blue economy encompasses sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth while protecting ocean health, though definitions vary.
2) The Indian Ocean's economy is diverse and accounts for a significant portion of global GDP and population.
3) Sri Lanka is well positioned for blue economic development but faces issues like threats to resources and lack of sustainable strategies.
4) Developing strong regional cooperation will help Indian Ocean countries sustainably develop marine resources.
2015 has been a very important year for humanity and the health of our planet. With your generous support, we made substantial strides advancing global sustainability in 2015. Click on the slideshow below for highlights from the year.
State of the States Report: A new perspective on the wealth of our nationKatelin Breck
The report, “State of the States: A New Perspective on the Wealth of Our Nation,” details the Ecological Footprint and resource availability of 50 states and the District of Columbia. Created in collaboration with Earth Economics in Tacoma, Washington, the report finds that resource consumption and availability varies dramatically state by state.
The document discusses issues related to population growth, resource consumption, and sustainability. It notes that if the global population reaches 9.6 billion by 2050, it will require the resources of three planets to sustain current lifestyles. It provides statistics on food waste and potential energy savings from efficient light bulbs. It also discusses challenges with fresh water access, pollution, and stresses on water resources from population growth. Sustainable consumption of resources like energy, food, and water is important to reduce environmental impacts and meet needs of a growing global population.
1) The document discusses issues related to sustainable development goals (SDGs), focusing on SDG 12 which addresses sustainable consumption and production. It notes the increasing strain on natural resources from population growth and current lifestyles.
2) Key facts presented include water scarcity issues, the amount of food wasted each year, and problems related to land degradation threatening food supply.
3) The document outlines Uganda's strategies to achieve SDG 12 through policies, plans and partnerships focused on areas like sustainable energy, green jobs, climate adaptation, and integrating the SDGs into national development planning.
This document discusses key environmental issues and conservation efforts. It provides facts on issues like access to clean water and the impacts of deforestation and climate change. It then summarizes challenges in South Africa, including high biodiversity threatened by habitat loss, water scarcity exacerbated by population growth, and an energy system reliant on coal. Conservation efforts in the country aim to protect natural resources and transition to renewable energy, but implementation of laws and policies remains a challenge. Supporting environmental sustainability through projects that enlist leadership and develop local expertise can help address issues in a sustainable way.
This document provides information about Korea's ecological footprint and biocapacity from the Korea Ecological Footprint Report 2016. It discusses how the ecological footprint measures human demand on nature, while biocapacity measures the ecosystems' ability to meet that demand. The key findings are that the average Korean has an ecological footprint eight times larger than Korea's biocapacity, fisheries make up the largest component of Korea's biocapacity, and the carbon footprint makes up 73% of Korea's total ecological footprint.
: This article aims to show the biggest environmental problems facing humanity in the contemporary era, to demonstrate the need to replace the current development model for the sustainable development model and to specify the necessary measures to overcome the biggest environmental problems, among which includes education for sustainable development..
The document discusses the concept of the blue economy and its relevance in the Indian Ocean region. It provides background on definitions of related terms like ocean economy, blue growth, and analyzes the blue economic potential and issues in the Indian Ocean. Key points include:
1) The blue economy encompasses sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth while protecting ocean health, though definitions vary.
2) The Indian Ocean's economy is diverse and accounts for a significant portion of global GDP and population.
3) Sri Lanka is well positioned for blue economic development but faces issues like threats to resources and lack of sustainable strategies.
4) Developing strong regional cooperation will help Indian Ocean countries sustainably develop marine resources.
The document discusses sustainable development and climate change issues in India. It notes that while India has strongly accepted the science of climate change, more action is needed on multilateral agreements. It outlines key challenges like increasing population, urbanization, and growing demands on land and water resources. However, India has also made progress through policies promoting renewable energy, poverty reduction, and literacy. The document discusses international collaboration through conferences like Rio+20 and efforts to set targets and provide finance and technology to developing countries.
The document provides background on brownfield sites and contamination in the United States. It discusses the environmental and public health problems posed by brownfield sites, including ecosystem and human health impacts. Common contaminants found at brownfield sites like lead, VOCs, and asbestos are profiled. The document then outlines approaches to remediating brownfield sites, including risk assessment and common techniques like soil vapor extraction. It discusses how remediation decisions must be made on a site-by-site basis. The role of Groundwork Trusts in equitable brownfield redevelopment is covered. Finally, the Groundwork USA Trust Act of 2015, which would provide funding for nonprofit remediation efforts, is introduced.
Natural Resources Definitions Trade Patterns and GlobalisationDr Lendy Spires
This document provides an overview of natural resources trade. It begins by defining natural resources as stocks of scarce materials that exist naturally and are economically useful in production or consumption after minimal processing. Key features of natural resources discussed include their exhaustibility, uneven geographical distribution, potential for negative externalities, dominance in some national economies, and price volatility. Statistical data on global trade flows of natural resources like fuels, ores, metals, fish and forestry products are presented to illustrate the magnitude and patterns of trade. Financial markets and historical perspectives on technological change, trade liberalization and perceptions of scarcity in relation to natural resources are also examined.
Sustainable Economic Development - Class 11AnjaliKaur3
Sustainable Economic Development is very important these days especially for countries like India. This PPT will be useful for the students preparing for their presentations, examinations and for the teachers to use it as a teaching aid.
The Rockefeller Foundation’s Oceans & Fisheries work aims to increase the health and productivity of coastal fisheries by replacing unsustainable fishing practices with innovative approaches that recognize the full, long-term value of sustainable marine ecosystems and that improve the economic, nutritional, and social conditions of the poor and vulnerable people whose well-being depends on these near-shore fisheries.
The facts of life are showing more and more the need for the paradigm that has guided the development of human society since the 1st Industrial Revolution in 1786 be profoundly modified. The need for there are changes in the paradigm that has guided the current development process is necessary because it is scientifically proven that it is largely responsible for compromising the environment of the entire planet. Science shows based on proven data and facts, the unsustainability of the current development model of society by the fact that it was largely responsible for the depletion of the planet's natural resources, the degradation at an accelerated pace of drinking water and the oceans and the catastrophic climate change that threaten the survival of humanity.
Environmental issues emerging from increase in populationDevansh Tiwari
More people require more resources, which means that as the population increases, the Earth’s resources deplete more rapidly. The result of this depletion is deforestation and loss of biodiversity as humans strip the Earth of resources to accommodate rising population numbers
The document discusses sustainable consumption and production patterns (SCP), which is Goal 12 of the UN's 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides background on SCP, noting that while recognized as important since the 1990s, it was not addressed by the Millennium Development Goals. The goal of SCP is to meet needs and improve living standards while minimizing environmental impacts over the full life cycle of products and services. The target areas of Goal 12 include sustainable resource management, reducing food waste and plastic pollution, shifting to more sustainable business practices, and increasing awareness of sustainable lifestyles. Achieving SCP will create synergies and support other development goals related to food, water, energy and climate change
The degradation of natural infrastructure like mangroves, wetlands, and coral reefs in urban coastal areas is a significant and growing problem that disproportionately impacts poor populations. Coastal ecosystems provide important benefits like food, income, and protection from hazards, but around half of these ecosystems have been lost globally since 1900 due to development and land use changes. This is especially pressing in Asia and Africa where populations are rapidly growing in coastal cities and rely heavily on natural resources. Continued degradation of remaining coastal ecosystems from climate change and development could lead to irreversible losses of natural infrastructure protection for tens of millions of vulnerable urban coastal dwellers worldwide.
This document provides an overview and analysis of progress towards UN Millennium Development Goal 7 of ensuring environmental sustainability across 5 countries: Brazil, China, Nigeria, Sweden, and the US. It examines each country's performance on 4 key indicators: forest coverage, CO2 emissions, ozone-depleting substances, and water use. While some countries like Brazil, China, and Nigeria still face challenges of deforestation and pollution, others like Sweden and the US have made strides in reducing their environmental impact through policies supporting reforestation, emissions controls, and phasing out ozone-harming chemicals. Overall progress on MDG7 has been mixed depending on the country.
Responsible Consumption and Production: RCE Saskatchewan Leadership in a Glob...ESD UNU-IAS
Responsible Consumption and Production: RCE Saskatchewan Leadership in a Global Higher Education Cluster for the SDGs
Case Study Presentation
Dr. Roger Petry, RCE Saskatchewan
8th Americas Regional Meeting
23-25 September, 2019, Burlington, USA
The document discusses REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), a UN-led effort to create financial value for the carbon stored in forests. It aims to provide incentives for developing countries to reduce forest-related emissions and invest in low-carbon development. The UN-REDD Programme supports countries in preparing national REDD+ strategies, measuring and monitoring forest carbon stocks, and moving from readiness phases to implementation of their strategies through payments for emission reductions. REDD+ goes beyond deforestation to include conservation, sustainable forest management, and carbon stock enhancement.
Humanity is depleting the Earth's natural resources at an unsustainable rate. The demand for resources has doubled in the last 45 years due to rising populations and standards of living. At the current rate of consumption, many important resources will be exhausted in the coming decades, including fresh water, arable land, fish, forests, and certain minerals. Without changes to reduce waste and promote sustainable development, competition and conflicts over scarce resources will likely increase, potentially leading the world toward war and social instability. International cooperation is needed to establish sustainable resource management for the benefit of all humanity.
This document provides an overview and summary of the 2010 edition of the Ecological Footprint Atlas published by Global Footprint Network. It introduces the concept of the Ecological Footprint and how it is used to calculate humanity's demand on the biosphere. The atlas contains updated National Footprint Accounts that measure the ecological footprint and biocapacity of individual nations. It summarizes the global and regional results and trends revealed by these accounts.
This document discusses sustainable consumption and the circular economy. It notes that while progress has been made, western societies still lead in consumption and developing countries seek to emulate unsustainable western growth models. Current economic growth is still linked to rising consumption, putting pressure on limited resources. A circular economy approach is needed to address these challenges and close the expected gap between global food availability and demand by 2050 through solutions like reducing food loss and waste, improving productivity, and shifting to more sustainable diets. Some signs of corporate leadership on sustainability issues are emerging but it remains a low priority for many boards. An approach beyond business as usual is required to manage risks to the environment and economy.
India has made sustainable development a national priority through various policies and initiatives. It established the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 1985 to coordinate this effort. Key pillars of India's approach include promoting social development, environmental protection, and economic growth. India also actively participates in global climate change discussions and signed the Paris Agreement in 2015 with targets of reducing emissions intensity, increasing non-fossil fuel use, and creating a carbon sink.
The document discusses the concept and principles of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as an approach to economic development that does not compromise the environment and resources for future generations. It explains that sustainable development can be achieved through limiting human impacts, replacing used resources, minimizing pollution, and sensible use of natural resources. The three pillars of sustainable development are described as economic, social, and environmental development. Finally, it provides examples of sustainable practices like wind and solar energy, crop rotation, and sustainable construction.
This document discusses the concept of "green growth" which aims to improve the relationship between economic development and the environment. It argues that past models of industrialization in wealthy countries, which ignored environmental concerns until later stages, will not work for developing countries given rising costs of environmental damage and population growth. Examples are given of projects in developing countries that pay farmers to adopt environmentally-friendly practices, improving incomes and ecosystems. While critics argue green growth may just be "good housekeeping" or favor wealthy standards, proponents believe evidence shows policies can be found to encourage both environmental protection and economic growth simultaneously.
Adelaide is considered a highly liveable city according to several liveability indexes. It scored over 96.6% across categories like stability, healthcare, education, culture and environment, and infrastructure. Specifically, Adelaide received high marks for affordability, cleanliness, safety, and arts/culture due to its many festivals. However, it has weaknesses in economic opportunities and public transportation. To improve liveability further, Adelaide is focusing on increasing housing density near transit, expanding green spaces, and promoting active transportation.
The document discusses the state of global agriculture and its effects on ecosystems. It notes that 15 of 24 key ecosystem services have been degraded or unsustainably used in recent decades due largely to expansion of agriculture. About half of original forests have been lost to agriculture. Agriculture appropriates one third of the planet's net primary productivity and is a major driver of biodiversity loss and carbon emissions. Feeding a growing population while reducing these impacts will require intensifying production on existing farmland and improving sustainability through techniques like irrigation, fertilization, and conservation agriculture.
The document discusses World Environment Day which is celebrated annually on June 5th. It provides background on the origins and history of World Environment Day, noting it was established in 1972 by the UN to raise awareness about environmental protection. This year's theme is "Reimagine. Recreate. Restore" and focuses on ecosystem restoration. The document outlines the importance of ecosystem restoration, explaining how human activities have degraded the environment and caused biodiversity loss. It emphasizes the economic and social benefits of restoration, including job creation, improved livelihoods and countering climate change. Pakistan is hosting the official World Environment Day celebrations in 2021 and will launch a tree planting campaign as part of restoration efforts.
Revolutionary Rural Economic and Environment DevelopmentBrian Lewis
The document discusses the REED Program, which aims to promote sustainable rural development through integrated aquaculture, agriculture, and environmental protection. It outlines the program's objectives of establishing model communities that produce food while restoring ecosystems. The REED Program addresses issues like water and land degradation, as well as the growing global demand for food, through community empowerment and diverse green production for local and international markets.
The document discusses sustainable development and climate change issues in India. It notes that while India has strongly accepted the science of climate change, more action is needed on multilateral agreements. It outlines key challenges like increasing population, urbanization, and growing demands on land and water resources. However, India has also made progress through policies promoting renewable energy, poverty reduction, and literacy. The document discusses international collaboration through conferences like Rio+20 and efforts to set targets and provide finance and technology to developing countries.
The document provides background on brownfield sites and contamination in the United States. It discusses the environmental and public health problems posed by brownfield sites, including ecosystem and human health impacts. Common contaminants found at brownfield sites like lead, VOCs, and asbestos are profiled. The document then outlines approaches to remediating brownfield sites, including risk assessment and common techniques like soil vapor extraction. It discusses how remediation decisions must be made on a site-by-site basis. The role of Groundwork Trusts in equitable brownfield redevelopment is covered. Finally, the Groundwork USA Trust Act of 2015, which would provide funding for nonprofit remediation efforts, is introduced.
Natural Resources Definitions Trade Patterns and GlobalisationDr Lendy Spires
This document provides an overview of natural resources trade. It begins by defining natural resources as stocks of scarce materials that exist naturally and are economically useful in production or consumption after minimal processing. Key features of natural resources discussed include their exhaustibility, uneven geographical distribution, potential for negative externalities, dominance in some national economies, and price volatility. Statistical data on global trade flows of natural resources like fuels, ores, metals, fish and forestry products are presented to illustrate the magnitude and patterns of trade. Financial markets and historical perspectives on technological change, trade liberalization and perceptions of scarcity in relation to natural resources are also examined.
Sustainable Economic Development - Class 11AnjaliKaur3
Sustainable Economic Development is very important these days especially for countries like India. This PPT will be useful for the students preparing for their presentations, examinations and for the teachers to use it as a teaching aid.
The Rockefeller Foundation’s Oceans & Fisheries work aims to increase the health and productivity of coastal fisheries by replacing unsustainable fishing practices with innovative approaches that recognize the full, long-term value of sustainable marine ecosystems and that improve the economic, nutritional, and social conditions of the poor and vulnerable people whose well-being depends on these near-shore fisheries.
The facts of life are showing more and more the need for the paradigm that has guided the development of human society since the 1st Industrial Revolution in 1786 be profoundly modified. The need for there are changes in the paradigm that has guided the current development process is necessary because it is scientifically proven that it is largely responsible for compromising the environment of the entire planet. Science shows based on proven data and facts, the unsustainability of the current development model of society by the fact that it was largely responsible for the depletion of the planet's natural resources, the degradation at an accelerated pace of drinking water and the oceans and the catastrophic climate change that threaten the survival of humanity.
Environmental issues emerging from increase in populationDevansh Tiwari
More people require more resources, which means that as the population increases, the Earth’s resources deplete more rapidly. The result of this depletion is deforestation and loss of biodiversity as humans strip the Earth of resources to accommodate rising population numbers
The document discusses sustainable consumption and production patterns (SCP), which is Goal 12 of the UN's 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides background on SCP, noting that while recognized as important since the 1990s, it was not addressed by the Millennium Development Goals. The goal of SCP is to meet needs and improve living standards while minimizing environmental impacts over the full life cycle of products and services. The target areas of Goal 12 include sustainable resource management, reducing food waste and plastic pollution, shifting to more sustainable business practices, and increasing awareness of sustainable lifestyles. Achieving SCP will create synergies and support other development goals related to food, water, energy and climate change
The degradation of natural infrastructure like mangroves, wetlands, and coral reefs in urban coastal areas is a significant and growing problem that disproportionately impacts poor populations. Coastal ecosystems provide important benefits like food, income, and protection from hazards, but around half of these ecosystems have been lost globally since 1900 due to development and land use changes. This is especially pressing in Asia and Africa where populations are rapidly growing in coastal cities and rely heavily on natural resources. Continued degradation of remaining coastal ecosystems from climate change and development could lead to irreversible losses of natural infrastructure protection for tens of millions of vulnerable urban coastal dwellers worldwide.
This document provides an overview and analysis of progress towards UN Millennium Development Goal 7 of ensuring environmental sustainability across 5 countries: Brazil, China, Nigeria, Sweden, and the US. It examines each country's performance on 4 key indicators: forest coverage, CO2 emissions, ozone-depleting substances, and water use. While some countries like Brazil, China, and Nigeria still face challenges of deforestation and pollution, others like Sweden and the US have made strides in reducing their environmental impact through policies supporting reforestation, emissions controls, and phasing out ozone-harming chemicals. Overall progress on MDG7 has been mixed depending on the country.
Responsible Consumption and Production: RCE Saskatchewan Leadership in a Glob...ESD UNU-IAS
Responsible Consumption and Production: RCE Saskatchewan Leadership in a Global Higher Education Cluster for the SDGs
Case Study Presentation
Dr. Roger Petry, RCE Saskatchewan
8th Americas Regional Meeting
23-25 September, 2019, Burlington, USA
The document discusses REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), a UN-led effort to create financial value for the carbon stored in forests. It aims to provide incentives for developing countries to reduce forest-related emissions and invest in low-carbon development. The UN-REDD Programme supports countries in preparing national REDD+ strategies, measuring and monitoring forest carbon stocks, and moving from readiness phases to implementation of their strategies through payments for emission reductions. REDD+ goes beyond deforestation to include conservation, sustainable forest management, and carbon stock enhancement.
Humanity is depleting the Earth's natural resources at an unsustainable rate. The demand for resources has doubled in the last 45 years due to rising populations and standards of living. At the current rate of consumption, many important resources will be exhausted in the coming decades, including fresh water, arable land, fish, forests, and certain minerals. Without changes to reduce waste and promote sustainable development, competition and conflicts over scarce resources will likely increase, potentially leading the world toward war and social instability. International cooperation is needed to establish sustainable resource management for the benefit of all humanity.
This document provides an overview and summary of the 2010 edition of the Ecological Footprint Atlas published by Global Footprint Network. It introduces the concept of the Ecological Footprint and how it is used to calculate humanity's demand on the biosphere. The atlas contains updated National Footprint Accounts that measure the ecological footprint and biocapacity of individual nations. It summarizes the global and regional results and trends revealed by these accounts.
This document discusses sustainable consumption and the circular economy. It notes that while progress has been made, western societies still lead in consumption and developing countries seek to emulate unsustainable western growth models. Current economic growth is still linked to rising consumption, putting pressure on limited resources. A circular economy approach is needed to address these challenges and close the expected gap between global food availability and demand by 2050 through solutions like reducing food loss and waste, improving productivity, and shifting to more sustainable diets. Some signs of corporate leadership on sustainability issues are emerging but it remains a low priority for many boards. An approach beyond business as usual is required to manage risks to the environment and economy.
India has made sustainable development a national priority through various policies and initiatives. It established the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 1985 to coordinate this effort. Key pillars of India's approach include promoting social development, environmental protection, and economic growth. India also actively participates in global climate change discussions and signed the Paris Agreement in 2015 with targets of reducing emissions intensity, increasing non-fossil fuel use, and creating a carbon sink.
The document discusses the concept and principles of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as an approach to economic development that does not compromise the environment and resources for future generations. It explains that sustainable development can be achieved through limiting human impacts, replacing used resources, minimizing pollution, and sensible use of natural resources. The three pillars of sustainable development are described as economic, social, and environmental development. Finally, it provides examples of sustainable practices like wind and solar energy, crop rotation, and sustainable construction.
This document discusses the concept of "green growth" which aims to improve the relationship between economic development and the environment. It argues that past models of industrialization in wealthy countries, which ignored environmental concerns until later stages, will not work for developing countries given rising costs of environmental damage and population growth. Examples are given of projects in developing countries that pay farmers to adopt environmentally-friendly practices, improving incomes and ecosystems. While critics argue green growth may just be "good housekeeping" or favor wealthy standards, proponents believe evidence shows policies can be found to encourage both environmental protection and economic growth simultaneously.
Adelaide is considered a highly liveable city according to several liveability indexes. It scored over 96.6% across categories like stability, healthcare, education, culture and environment, and infrastructure. Specifically, Adelaide received high marks for affordability, cleanliness, safety, and arts/culture due to its many festivals. However, it has weaknesses in economic opportunities and public transportation. To improve liveability further, Adelaide is focusing on increasing housing density near transit, expanding green spaces, and promoting active transportation.
The document discusses the state of global agriculture and its effects on ecosystems. It notes that 15 of 24 key ecosystem services have been degraded or unsustainably used in recent decades due largely to expansion of agriculture. About half of original forests have been lost to agriculture. Agriculture appropriates one third of the planet's net primary productivity and is a major driver of biodiversity loss and carbon emissions. Feeding a growing population while reducing these impacts will require intensifying production on existing farmland and improving sustainability through techniques like irrigation, fertilization, and conservation agriculture.
The document discusses World Environment Day which is celebrated annually on June 5th. It provides background on the origins and history of World Environment Day, noting it was established in 1972 by the UN to raise awareness about environmental protection. This year's theme is "Reimagine. Recreate. Restore" and focuses on ecosystem restoration. The document outlines the importance of ecosystem restoration, explaining how human activities have degraded the environment and caused biodiversity loss. It emphasizes the economic and social benefits of restoration, including job creation, improved livelihoods and countering climate change. Pakistan is hosting the official World Environment Day celebrations in 2021 and will launch a tree planting campaign as part of restoration efforts.
Revolutionary Rural Economic and Environment DevelopmentBrian Lewis
The document discusses the REED Program, which aims to promote sustainable rural development through integrated aquaculture, agriculture, and environmental protection. It outlines the program's objectives of establishing model communities that produce food while restoring ecosystems. The REED Program addresses issues like water and land degradation, as well as the growing global demand for food, through community empowerment and diverse green production for local and international markets.
This document provides an overview of various environmental problems, their causes, and concepts related to sustainability. It discusses global issues like overpopulation, overconsumption, poverty, and the tragedy of the commons. The IPAT model is introduced, which describes environmental impact as a function of population, affluence, and technology. The concept of ecological footprint is explained, showing that humanity currently uses more resources than what the planet can regenerate. Excluding environmental costs from market prices is also discussed. The document aims to educate about population issues and sustainability solutions.
Global Food Waste (A problem for water resource management)Shehzad Ali
These slides show food production data as well as water footprints for several countries. The data was obtained from reliable sources, and I analyzed it using a variety of technologies to create a geographic representation of the data.
This document discusses the problems of and solutions for sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It outlines that the planet has finite resources and examines concepts like ecological footprint. It warns of issues like overpopulation, resource depletion, and pollution. Solutions proposed include political cooperation, adopting circular economies, renewable energy, and prioritizing social well-being.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources in India. It defines resources as things available in the environment that can satisfy human needs if technologically accessible and economically/culturally feasible. Resources are classified by origin (biotic like humans, flora, fauna vs abiotic like rocks), exhaustibility (renewable like forests vs non-renewable like minerals), and ownership (individual, community, national, international). Land resources in India support life but improper use led to problems like depletion, inequitable distribution, and ecological issues. Conservation and planning are needed for sustainable development and management of resources.
The ecological footprint of mediterranean dietswalled ashwah
This document analyzes the ecological footprint of food consumption in 15 Mediterranean countries from 1961 to 2008. It finds that all countries have either transitioned to or deepened their state of biocapacity deficit over this time period. The ecological footprint of food is a substantial contributor to countries' overall footprint, ranging from 20-70% depending on the country. Countries' per capita footprint of food consumption varies primarily based on dietary composition rather than total calories consumed. Diets higher in protein-rich foods like meat and fish have a much larger footprint than plant-based diets reliant on grains and produce. Egypt has one of the lowest footprints despite a high calorie diet, due to dietary habits focused on crops. Portugal has
Presentation at the ESPP conference Phosphorus stewardship in industrial applications, Brussels, 01-12-2016
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy.
Countries:
Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
Spain ES
Finland FI
France FR
Greece EL
Hungary HU
Ireland IE
Italy IT
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg LU
Latvia LV
Malta MT
Netherlands NL
Poland PL
Portugal PT
Romania RO
Sweden SE
Slovenia SI
Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
Switzerland CH
Phosphorus:
Fosfor
Fosfor
Fòsfòr
Фосфор
Fosfor
Фосфор
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosforas
Fosfors
Fuosfuors
Fosfor
Ffуsfforws
Fosfar
Fosfaras
Fosfaar
Fosforus
Φωσφορος
Ֆոսֆոր
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
ফসফরাস
فسفر
ફૉસ્ફરસનો
फास्फोरस
Fosfor
Fosfori
Foszfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Паликандур
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosfor
فوسفور
Fosfor
Fosforoa
ფოსფორი
[fūsfūr]
זרחן
Fosfru
Lìn
リン
인
ฟอสฟอรัส
Photpho
磷
Posporo
Fosfor
Pūtūtae-whetū
Fosforus
ഫോസ്ഫറസ്
பொஸ்பரசு
Fosofo
Fosforase
Posfori
Fósforo
Phusphuru
Fosforimi
Fosforo
Fosforon
Pesticium
Keynote Presentation Youth & BiodiversityGrace Mwaura
A keynote presentation at the Earth Day Youth Summit- 22nd April 2010 Celebrations in Nairobi by the African Youth Initiative on Climate Change- Kenya Chapter(AYICC-Kenya).
Keynote Presentation Youth & BiodiversityGrace Mwaura
The document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It notes that biodiversity is essential for human life and well-being by providing things like food, fuel, and ecosystem services. However, biodiversity is declining rapidly due to factors like habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and unsustainable resource use. International agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity aim to protect biodiversity and promote its sustainable use, but more conservation efforts are still needed to protect species and ecosystems. The youth have an important role to play in ensuring biodiversity is conserved for future generations.
This document discusses different types of resources and their classification. It describes resources as anything available in the environment that is useful to humans. Resources are classified based on origin (biotic vs abiotic), exhaustibility (renewable vs non-renewable), ownership (individual, community, national, international), and status of development (potential, developed, stock, reserves). Key resources discussed include land, soil, forests, water, and minerals. The document also covers topics like resource planning, conservation, and degradation issues like deforestation, mining, overgrazing, etc.
Fana Abay - The contribution of urban agriculture to climate changeAfricaAdapt
Urban agriculture can help address the impacts of climate change and increase food security in cities. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing transportation and fossil fuel use. Urban agriculture also promotes nutrient cycling, waste management through composting, and enhances the urban environment through greening. While land and water access pose difficulties, low-cost techniques like container gardening can help overcome these challenges and allow urban agriculture to provide multiple benefits in urban areas vulnerable to climate change impacts.
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It requires balancing social progress, environmental protection, prudent resource use, and economic growth. However, continued economic growth risks depleting natural capital like forests, fisheries, water, and causing environmental degradation like climate change. Measuring wealth in terms of inclusive capital, including natural capital, shows lower growth rates than GDP in many countries due to resource depletion and pollution. Urgent action is needed to transition to more sustainable and equitable models of development and green growth.
Nature’s Contribution to People: The Africa Regional Assessment of Biodiversi...ESD UNU-IAS
Nature’s Contribution to People: The Africa Regional Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Mariteuw Chimère Diaw
8th African RCE Meeting
8-10 August, 2018, Zomba, Malawi
The document discusses the concept of ecological footprint as a sustainability indicator. It defines ecological footprint as a measure of human demand on nature, and biocapacity as the capacity of ecosystems to provide resources and absorb waste. It notes that currently humanity uses 1.5 planets worth of resources annually. Ecological footprint accounting can track whether a population's demand exceeds the available biocapacity or results in an ecological deficit or overshoot. The indicator is useful for governments to assess resource use and guide more sustainable policies.
Similar to Mediterranean Ecological Footprint Report 2015 (20)
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
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Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
2. Innovation
and tradition:
realizing
a sustainable
vision
The unique geography and rich history of the Mediterranean region set it apart from
the rest of the world. Unsustainable consumption and development trends, however,
threaten the unique ecological assets that are the Mediterranean region’s most valuable
sources of strength.
The Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development aims to guarantee
the health of these threatened assets by integrating environmental concerns into key
development decisions. The strategy’s objectives also include ensuring a high quality of
life for Mediterranean people without further degrading the environment and within the
carrying capacity of regional ecosystems.
According to Global Footprint Network’s analysis, outlined in the following pages,
the Mediterranean region now uses approximately two and a half times more natural
resources and ecological services than what its ecosystems can provide. But our analysis
also reveals opportunities for the region.
Global Footprint Network’s Mediterranean Program seeks to provide a frame-
work and tools to guide the management of natural resources, economic development
and sustainable consumption patterns to realize the vision of the Mediterranean Strategy
for Sustainable Development.
1
3. Is the
Mediterranean
region on track?
Ensuring a high quality of life for all people within the region’s carrying capacity is
the core vision of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development.
Consistent with this vision, a framework that combines the United Nations
Human Development Index (HDI) with the Ecological Footprint provides a macro-level,
comparative assessment of nations’ progress towards this vision. This framework (at
right) shows that no country in the Mediterranean region meets the two minimum
criteria for globally replicable sustainable development (depicted in the shaded blue
area): a per person Ecological Footprint lower than world biocapacity of 1.8 gha and
an HDI of at least 0.71.
From the 1980s to 2000, almost all high-income western countries experi-
enced a large increase in their Ecological Footprints and HDI values. But from 2000
to 2010, their per person Ecological Footprints have declined, along with the rate of
HDI growth, as shown at right. (See Greece for instance.)
Conversely, all middle-income countries from the south and east rim of the
region have experienced constant increases in their HDI from 1980s to 2010, coupled
by continuous increases in their per person Ecological Footprints, including in the
2000-2010 period. (For example, see Albania and Tunisia.) As a result, human devel-
opment in the entire Mediterranean region climbed from medium (HDI=0.70) to high
levels (HDI=0.76), but resource demand came to noticeably exceed the region’s sup-
ply of ecological assets.
Securing economic prosperity and well-being for the region’s population thus
requires taking full account of resource constraints and physical limits in decision-
making processes.
Very High Human
Development
High Human
Development
Albania
Croatia
Egypt
Greece
Italy
Lebanon
Morocco
Portugal
Tunisia
Turkey
France
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.5 0.7 0.9
EcologicalFootprintpercapita(gha)
U.N. Human Development Index (HDI)
2010
2000
MINIMUM SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT QUADRANT
Ecological Footprint values are 2010 values from the 2014 National Footprint Accounts,
Global Footprint Network. HDI 2010 values are from the 2013 Human Development Report, UNDP
Mediterranean Countries Ecological Footprint — HDI, 2000 –2010
World biocapacity per capita 2010
Mediterranean biocapacity per capita 2010
Mediterranean Countries, Ecological Footprint and HDI, 2000–2010
32
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT / Human Development
Index and Ecological Footprint positions in 2000 (black dots) and 2010 (red dots) as well as
trajectories over this time period, for selected Mediterranean countries. An Ecological Footprint
lower than world average biocapacity and a high HDI score (blue quadrant) are the necessary
minimum conditions for globally replicable sustainable human development.
4. Measuring
ecological assets
CARBON
CO2 emissions associated
with use of fossil fuels,
electricity and energy
intensive commodities,
converted into biologically
productive areas (such
as forest land) necessary
for their sequestration.
GRAZING LAND
The area of grasslands
used to raise livestock for
meat, diary, hide and wool
products. It includes all
grasslands used to provide
feed for animals, including
cultivated pastures, wild
grasslands and prairies.
FOREST PRODUCTS
The area of forests required
to support the annual
harvest of fuel wood, pulp
and timber products.
FISHING GROUNDS
The area of marine and
inland waters required to
support annual catches of
aquatic species (fish and
seafood).
CROPLAND
The area required to grow
all crop products required
for human consumption
(food and fiber) and for
livestock feeds, fish meals,
oil crops and rubber.
BUILT-UP LAND
The area of land covered
by human infrastructure
such as roads, housing,
industrial structures and
reservoirs for hydroelectric
power generation.
Ecological Footprint
Productive area needed for regenerating resources
and absorbing waste like CO2
Biocapacity
Productive area available for regenerating resources
and absorbing waste like CO2
HUMAN CONSUMPTION IS COMPARED TO NATURE’S PRODUCTION /
The Ecological Footprint measures people’s use of cropland, forests, grazing
land and fishing grounds for providing resources and absorbing waste (carbon
dioxide from fossil fuel burning). Biocapacity measures how much biologically
productive area is available to regenerate these resources and services.
Just as a bank statement tracks expenditures against income, Ecological Foot-
print Accounting measures a population’s demand for and ecosystems’ supply of
ecological assets.
On the supply side, a city, state or nation’s biocapacity represents the productivity
of its ecological assets (including forest lands, grazing lands, cropland, fishing grounds and
built-up land).
On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets
that a given population requires to produce the natural resources and services it consumes
(including plant-based food and fiber products, livestock and fish products, timber and other
forest products, space for urban infrastructure, and forest to absorb its carbon dioxide emis-
sions from fossil fuels).
Both measures are expressed in global hectares—globally comparable, stan-
dardized hectares with world average productivity.
Each city, state or nation’s Ecological Footprint can be compared to its bio-
capacity. If a population’s Ecological Footprint exceeds the region’s biocapacity, that
region runs an ecological deficit. A region in ecological deficit meets demand by
importing, liquidating its own ecological assets (such as overfishing), and/or emitting
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
54
5. Globalhectarespercapita
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1961 1968 1975 1982 1989 1996 2003 2010
Population(millions)
A WIDENING GAP BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND / The Mediterranean region’s per person
Ecological Footprint (red line) has increased, while the biocapacity (green line) per resident has
decreased. Population (blue line) has more than doubled, from about 240 million in 1961 to nearly 490
million in 2010. Note: The 1992 population jump is a statistical anomaly and coincides with the first year
the former Yugoslavian republics were included in the region’s Ecological Footprint calculation.
Mediterranean Region
From 1961 to 2010, the Mediterranean’s per person Ecological Footprint increased
by 54 percent, while per person biocapacity in the region decreased 21 percent.
The average Mediterranean resident now has an Ecological Footprint of 3.0 global
hectares (gha), slightly higher than the world-average Footprint (2.7 gha) and more than
double the 1.2 gha of biocapacity available per person in the region. In nearly 50 years, the
growing gap in supply and demand created a more than three-fold increase in the region’s
ecological deficit (represented by the shaded area in the right graph).
In 1961, the needs of the Mediterranean region as a whole already exceeded
its ecosystems’ capacity to produce resources and services. By 2010, only 41 percent
of the region’s Ecological Footprint was met by local ecological assets. The deficit has
been met by depleting local stocks and overloading global carbon sinks (29 percent of
the Footprint) and by importing resources such as food and energy from outside the
region (30 percent of the Footprint).
The widening gap between demand and supply makes the stability of the
region highly dependent on the availability of resources from international markets, as
well as the region’s ability to pay for accessing them.
Can the region’s
ecological assets
meet the demand
of its residents?
Ecological Footprint
Biocapacity
Population
76
7. Ecological Footprint
and biocapacity
of Mediterranean
nations
Every country in the Mediterranean region is running an ecological
deficit, with its Ecological Footprint exceeding its biocapacity (according to
2010 data). Moreover, approximately 90 percent of people in the Mediterra-
nean region live in countries whose Ecological Footprint is higher than the
world-average biocapacity available per person. The graph below shows
the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity by different land types for each
country in the Mediterranean in 2010. The countries with the highest incomes
currently have the highest resource demands in terms of Ecological Footprint.
The carbon Footprint varies the most among countries and rises with higher
per capita income levels.
Croatia
Montenegro
MacedoniaTFYR
Turkey
BosniaandHerzegovina
Jordan
Tunisia
Egypt
Albania
Algeria
Syria
Morocco
Palestine
World average per capita Ecological Footprint
World average per capita biocapacity
France
Slovenia
Italy
Portugal
Malta
Greece
Israel
Cyprus
Spain
Lebanon
Libya
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Globalhectarespercapita BIOCAPACITY
Built-up land
Fishing ground
Forest land
Grazing land
Cropland
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
Built-up Footprint
Fish Footprint
Forest Product Footprint
Grazing Footprint
Crop Footprint
Carbon Footprint
1110
8. What do resource
limits mean for
long-term economic
perfperfper ormance?formance?f
No country in the Mediterranean region is capable of providing all the natural
resources and services that its population demands by solely relying on its own
biocapacity (see pages 8-9). To some extent they all depend on net biocapacity
imports. This dependence varies considerably between countries in the region,
from under 5 percent in Bosnia and Herzegovina to over 60 percent in Malta.
The composition of external biocapacity dependence varies by country.
Indeed, countries can depend on the bioproductive ecosystems of other countries
to provide renewable natural resources such as food, fiber and timber products.
In the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Morocco, and Syria, the imports of such
products account for all or nearly all of their external biocapacity dependence.
Countries also can and do produce more waste than their ecosystems are capable
of absorbing. In Croatia, Slovenia and France, the implicit reliance on outside
ecosystems to absorb the carbon dioxide that is emitted into the atmosphere as
a result of consumption activities accounts for the largest share of their external
biocapacity dependence.
To understand the economic implications of ecological deficits, we can
start by looking at both the scale of the deficit and its composition.
External Biocapacity Dependence through Trade
The share of a country’s Ecological Footprint met through net biocapacity imports.
Malta
Lebanon
Cyprus
Palestine
Portugal
Jordan
Italy
Montenegro
Israel
Albania
Tunisia
Egypt
Greece
Algeria
Slovenia
Macedonia TFYR
Spain
Syria
Croatia
Turkey
Libya
Morocco
France
Bosnia and Herzegovina
38%
31%
4%
21%
55%
35%
16%
32%
40%
47%
48%
58%
27%
61%
40%
20%
53%
48%
30%
24%
22%
38%
21%
Food, fiber and timber
embodied in trade
Carbon embodied
in trade
21%
1312
9. With humanity now consuming the equivalent of 1.5 planets, the continually increasing
demand for natural resources and services is running up against natural boundaries. In
addition to the many environmental implications of this ecological overshoot, countries
may face growing economic risks as well.
All countries in the Mediterranean region are dependent to some extent on
imports to meet the consumption needs of their populations (see pages 12-13). As
prices for commodities increase over the long term and become more volatile in the short
term, the overall trade balance of a country faces additional risk.
While the impact of price changes is difficult to predict, a simple scenario helps
to visualize the differentiation among countries in the region. Increasing prices of natural
resources by 10 percent (a likely possibility given the abrupt ups and downs of commod-
ity prices in the past decade) while keeping consumption constant leads to very different
outcomes for countries in the Mediterranean region. It appears that most countries in the
region are likely to experience difficulties in the face of commodity price changes (see
right graph) in the form of worsening trade balances. Conversely, oil exporting countries
are likely to experience improving trade balances.
Additional information can be found in Galli et al., (2015). Environmental
Science & Policy, vol. 51, pp 125-136.
What if prices
increase just 10%?
Exposure to Price Volatility
Effect on the trade balance of a 10% increase in commodity prices, as percent of GDP.
-2 0 2 4 6 8
Albania
Algeria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Cyprus
Egypt
France
Greece
Israel
Italy
Jordan
Lebanon
Libya
Malta
Montenegro
Morocco
Portugal
Slovenia
Spain
Syria
Tunisia
Macedonia
Turkey
China
United States
Note: China and United States data is provided for comparison purposes.
1514
10. Achieving a sustainable Mediterranean region necessitates implementing new
actions and policies related to both production and consumption activities.
Shifting towards Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) patterns, in
turn, entails increasing resource efficiency along the entire life cycle of products and
services, and promoting sustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns. Ultimately,
this requires measuring and managing how sustainably products are consumed.
The Mediterranean region is at the forefront of the SCP approach. The Eco-
logical Footprint can further support this approach by providing decision-makers with
additional data to prioritize policies and measure progress.
Ecological Footprint analysis broken down by consumption components
highlights both the biggest challenges facing a region and the areas in which policy
changes can have the largest impact.
In almost all countries, the three largest components of the Ecological
Footprint are food, transportation and housing (as demonstrated in the right graph).
Targeting these areas through sustainable policies thus offers the opportunity to
have the greatest impact on the Ecological Footprint of the region. For instance,
Portugal has the highest food Footprint of any Mediterranean country, while France,
Italy and Greece have the highest transportation Footprints, suggesting different
priorities for Footprint reduction in each country.
Problem and
solution: two sides
of the coin
Ecological Footprint by Key Consumption Activities (2010)
Analysis provided for15 countries only, due to data limitations.
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Globalhectarespercapita
France
Slovenia
Italy
Portugal
Malta
Greece
Israel
Cyprus
Spain
Croatia
Turkey
Tunisia
Egypt
Albania
Morocco
Med15
Infrastructure Investment (houses, bridges, roads, factories) Government
Miscellaneous goods and services Restaurants and hotels Education
Recreation and culture Communication Transportation Health
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels Clothing and footwear
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics Food and non-alcoholic beverages
1716
11. Food Footprint:
How fit is
your diet?
Food is a substantial share of Mediterranean countries’ overall resource require-
ments, but it ranges widely as a proportion of the overall Ecological Footprint,
from as low as 20 percent (Slovenia) to as high as 70 percent (Morocco) (see
pages 16–17).
Food, of course, is a basic human requirement. Consequently, resource
needs for food consumption can be shifted by only small amounts. In addition,
food consumption heavily relates to dietary habits and production efficiency. Pro-
tein-intensive food such as meat and dairy requires more bioproductive land to
produce the same amount of calories as plant-based food products. Protein-
based foods thus have higher Footprints than plant-based foods.
Portugal and Malta have the most protein-intensive diets in the Mediter-
ranean (see graph on the right), which are based largely on fish and account for
about 0.67 gha and 0.39 gha of the Ecological Footprint respectively. In Morocco
and Tunisia, on the other hand, the biggest share of the food Footprint comes from
cereal consumption, at 0.36 gha and 0.44 gha respectively, and a small share
from the fishing industry.
Reducing human dependency on ecological assets for food consumption
therefore depends on agriculture productivity improvements, food waste reduc-
tion, and the promotion of healthier and less resource-intensive diets.
Slovenia
Egypt
Israel
Albania
Morocco
Tunisia
Cyprus
Med-15 Average
Turkey
France
Italy
Croatia
Spain
Greece
Malta
Portugal
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Global hectares per capita
Meat
Dairy
Fish
Vegetables, fruit, nuts
Cereals
Other food
Ecological Footprint of Food Consumption (2010)
1918
12. An estimated 80 percent of the world’s population will live
in urban areas by 2050. In many Mediterranean countries,
one or two major urban centers already are major contribu-
tors to the national Ecological Footprint (EF) and also run
significantly higher per capita Footprints than the average
for their nations. Cities thus offer another major opportunity
for the Mediterranean region to manage its resources more
sustainably, by focusing on drivers and leverage points (see
pages 22-23). The size of each circle on this page reflects
the total Ecological Footprint of each city. The size of each
nation represents each nation’s total biocapacity (BC).
Although Egypt is larger than Turkey, for instance, its size
here is smaller because Egypt, with its large desert areas,
has roughly one-third of the biocapacity of Turkey.
10 million global hectares
City Footprints
Egypt
EF per capita: 1.79 gha
EF Total: 145 million gha
Cairo
EF per capita: 2.85 gha
Share of country pop.: 15.8%
City EF relative country BC: 84%
Greece
EF per capita: 4.41 gha
EF Total: 50 million gha
Athens
EF per capita: 4.84 gha
Share of country pop.: 35.4%
City EF relative to country BC: 122%
Thessaloniki
EF per capita: 4.25 gha
Share of country pop.: 10.2%
City EF relative to country BC: 31%
Turkey
EF per capita: 2.56 gha
EF Total: 186 million gha
Antalya
EF per capita: 2.70 gha
Share of country pop.: 1.2%
City EF relative to country BC: 2.2%
Izmir
EF per capita: 2.94 gha
Share of country pop.: 3.9%
City EF relative to country BC: 7.4%
Tunisia
EF per capita: 1.83 gha
EF Total: 19 million gha
Tunis
EF per capita: 3.12 gha
Share of country pop.: 18.3%
City EF relative to country BC: 76%
Italy
EF per capita: 4.52 gha
EF Total: 274 million gha
Naples
EF per capita: 3.34 gha
Share of country pop.: 7.3%
City EF relative to country BC: 23%
Rome
EF per capita: 4.70 gha
Share of country pop.: 6.9%
City EF relative to country BC: 31%
Palermo
EF per capita: 3.83 gha
Share of country pop.: 1.6%
City EF relative to country BC: 5.9%
Genoa
EF per capita: 4.89 gha
Share of country pop.: 1.5%
City EF relative to country BC: 7.0%
Spain
EF per capita: 4.05 gha
EF Total: 186 million gha
Valencia
EF per capita: 4.04 gha
Share of country pop.: 4.0%
City EF relative to country BC: 11%
2120
Barcelona
EF per capita: 4.52 gha
Share of country pop.: 10.2%
City EF relative to country BC: 32%
13. Focusing on
Athens,BarcelonaBarcelonaB
and Cairo
Cities that make investments to improve the well-being of their citizens while reducing
their resource dependence will be more resilient amid growing resource constraints.
City Footprinting (see graph on the right) can inform a broad set of policies, rang-
ingfromtransportationtobuildingcodestoresidentialdevelopment.Itcanprovideguidance
to city councils in choosing the most sustainable policies that also serve the needs of their
residents.
For instance, the Ecological Footprints of Athens, Barcelona and Cairo paint very
different pictures for these three cities. They all run Ecological Footprints higher than their
nation’s average, suggesting that urban residents’ higher consumption lifestyle outpaces
efficiency gains offered by the sharing of infrastructures in cities. Transportation comprises
a larger portion of the Footprint for both Athens and Barcelona compared with Cairo,
suggesting an opportunity to reduce the transportation Footprint. Housing, meanwhile,
comprises a larger portion of the Footprint in Cairo compared with Athens and Barcelona.
Moreover, Athens’ Footprint constitutes nearly 40 percent of Greece’s Foot-
print; this city thus represents both a Footprint driver and a policy opportunity for the
country. The carbon Footprint in personal transportation represents nearly 25 percent
of the overall city’s Footprint. Consequently, municipal transportation policies could
lead to a noticeable reduction in resource consumption.
GREECE / 4.41 gha per capita ATHENS / 4.84 gha per capita
Greece
1.5 gha per
capita
biocapacity
EGYPT / 1.79gha per capita CAIRO / 2.85 gha per capita
Egypt
0.5 gha per
capita
biocapacity
Spain
1.4 gha per
capita
biocapacity
SPAIN / 4.05 gha per capita BARCELONA / 4.52 gha per capita
Services
Government
Infrastructure Investment (houses,
bridges, roads, factories)
Food
Housing
Personal transportation
Goods
Per capita Ecological
Footprint (2010)
2322
14. With an ecological
bank statement,
policy decisions
become more
informed.
Leaders today require strategies that address the dual challenges of shrinking
resource supply and growing demands on the planet. Global Footprint Network and
its partners have the tools and programs necessary to help countries thrive in a
resource-constrained world. Our frameworks help economic decision-makers react
to resource limits and demonstrate it is possible and within their power to reverse
these resource trends.
Ecological Footprint accounting can help cities, states and nations more
accurately measure their ecological reserve or deficit, identify key challenges and
opportunities, and forecast and monitor the impact of different policies. Using
Ecological Footprint accounting and our Net Present Value Plus (NPV+) tool can
help government agencies at all levels manage their capital investments in a fiscally
responsible and environmentally sustainable way.
Early warning:
The Ecological Footprint can help
identify which issues need to be
addressed most urgently to generate
political will and guide policy action.
Headline and issue framing:
The Ecological Footprint can improve
understanding of the problems,
enable comparisons across regions
and raise stakeholder awareness.
Policy development:
With the identification of Footprint
“hot-spots,” policy makers can
prioritize policies and actions,
often in the context of a broader
sustainability policy.
Monitoring:
Footprint time trends and
projections can be used to
monitor the short- and long-term
effectiveness of policies.
Are we using more resources
than we have?
Future scenarios:
NPV+ uses multiple scenarios
to create a more realistic view for
capital decisions and more fully
assess risks and opportunities.
Investment analysis:
NPV+ helps governments and
public agencies more accurately
measure the long-term value of
their investments in infrastructure
and natural capital.
Policy orientation:
By understanding where the best
long-term value is, policies can be
reoriented toward better outcomes.
Building resilience:
Sound investments build wealth,
avoid stranded assets and
leave a better legacy for future
generations.
Will our investment reduce our
exposure to limited resources?
2524
Net Present Value
Plus (NPV+)
Ecological
Footprint
15. Europe Office
International Environment House 2
7-9 chemin de Balexert
1219 Chatelaine (Geneva)
Switzerland
T: +41 (0)22 797 41 08
Funding:
Support:
Analysis:
The MAVA Foundation was established in 1994 and is a
family-led, Swiss-based philanthropic foundation whose
mission is to engage in strong partnerships to conserve
biodiversity for future generations.
Global Footprint Network is an international think tank that
coordinates research, develops methodological standards and
provides decision-makers with a menu of tools to help the hu-
man economy operate within Earth’s ecological limits.
U.S. Office
312 Clay Street
Suite 300
Oakland, CA 94607-3510
USA
Tel. +1-510-839-8879
www.footprintnetwork.org/med
Venice Office
Regional Bureau for Science
and Culture in Europe
United Nations
Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization
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