The facts of life are showing more and more the need for the paradigm that has guided the development of human society since the 1st Industrial Revolution in 1786 be profoundly modified. The need for there are changes in the paradigm that has guided the current development process is necessary because it is scientifically proven that it is largely responsible for compromising the environment of the entire planet. Science shows based on proven data and facts, the unsustainability of the current development model of society by the fact that it was largely responsible for the depletion of the planet's natural resources, the degradation at an accelerated pace of drinking water and the oceans and the catastrophic climate change that threaten the survival of humanity.
: This article aims to show the biggest environmental problems facing humanity in the contemporary era, to demonstrate the need to replace the current development model for the sustainable development model and to specify the necessary measures to overcome the biggest environmental problems, among which includes education for sustainable development..
22 next March is the date laid down by the UN as World Water Day. Humanity does not have many reasons to celebrate before the sorry picture described in this article. The situation described is getting worse on disability and irrationality in policy on the protection of the natural environment, among which are the water sources and waterways and the management of sanitation in many countries of the world. In addition, international conflicts over water use will not be adequately addressed by the absence of an international body with sufficient authority that enables your solution. Conflicts over water tend to get worse with desertification intensified by climate change resulting from global warming. In addition, daily, rivers, streams, and aquifers sheets are contaminated by sewage systems badly treated by the use of pesticides of crops, the toxic waste disposal industries. Every day the drought reaches regions where did not happen before, reaching last twice as long than in past decades as is currently taking place in Brazil.
Viability, method and device for horticultural crops with brackish and marine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The method that humanity has adopted to hydrate and thus give life to the plants, imitating the model that was most visible, is the rain. However, the great secret to the contribution of nutrients to the vegetables, the irrigation itself, is on earth, in the groundwater layers and aquifers that hoard and administer the water, keeping every drop of rain and distributing the water through the basins, underground rivers, watering indirectly from the mountain to the sea. The key is in the different circulation velocities of the groundwater because of the nature of the substrates. However, agriculture has taken irrigation from above as we know it and has focused especially on drainage capacity. From this point of view, saline water is not beneficial for irrigated agriculture, but may be the only source of irrigation water in large arid regions, especially in developing countries, where the extreme scarcity of freshwater and the rapidly growing population require more water. When considering the possibility of watering with seawater without desalinating, always by means of capillarity systems, it is essential to take into consideration the different strata of soils, the distance to the groundwater, the composition of seawater, the capacity of drainage, chemical reactions of the soil with salts, etc. The modification of any of these parameters can produce effects of salinization, loss of humidity or desertification among others. This study presents the accumulated experience through the joint collaboration between the Centre for Research in Security and food Control of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (CRESCA) and the Aqua Maris Foundation in capillary irrigation and it proposes a system and device that allows the controlled development of different vegetal species using brackish and seawater.
Jeudi 8 août, au terme d'une dernière nuit de négociations, les 166 parties prenantes des Nations unies se sont mis d'accord sur les recommandations aux hommes politiques pour mieux gérer et préserver les ressources de la terre.
: This article aims to show the biggest environmental problems facing humanity in the contemporary era, to demonstrate the need to replace the current development model for the sustainable development model and to specify the necessary measures to overcome the biggest environmental problems, among which includes education for sustainable development..
22 next March is the date laid down by the UN as World Water Day. Humanity does not have many reasons to celebrate before the sorry picture described in this article. The situation described is getting worse on disability and irrationality in policy on the protection of the natural environment, among which are the water sources and waterways and the management of sanitation in many countries of the world. In addition, international conflicts over water use will not be adequately addressed by the absence of an international body with sufficient authority that enables your solution. Conflicts over water tend to get worse with desertification intensified by climate change resulting from global warming. In addition, daily, rivers, streams, and aquifers sheets are contaminated by sewage systems badly treated by the use of pesticides of crops, the toxic waste disposal industries. Every day the drought reaches regions where did not happen before, reaching last twice as long than in past decades as is currently taking place in Brazil.
Viability, method and device for horticultural crops with brackish and marine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The method that humanity has adopted to hydrate and thus give life to the plants, imitating the model that was most visible, is the rain. However, the great secret to the contribution of nutrients to the vegetables, the irrigation itself, is on earth, in the groundwater layers and aquifers that hoard and administer the water, keeping every drop of rain and distributing the water through the basins, underground rivers, watering indirectly from the mountain to the sea. The key is in the different circulation velocities of the groundwater because of the nature of the substrates. However, agriculture has taken irrigation from above as we know it and has focused especially on drainage capacity. From this point of view, saline water is not beneficial for irrigated agriculture, but may be the only source of irrigation water in large arid regions, especially in developing countries, where the extreme scarcity of freshwater and the rapidly growing population require more water. When considering the possibility of watering with seawater without desalinating, always by means of capillarity systems, it is essential to take into consideration the different strata of soils, the distance to the groundwater, the composition of seawater, the capacity of drainage, chemical reactions of the soil with salts, etc. The modification of any of these parameters can produce effects of salinization, loss of humidity or desertification among others. This study presents the accumulated experience through the joint collaboration between the Centre for Research in Security and food Control of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (CRESCA) and the Aqua Maris Foundation in capillary irrigation and it proposes a system and device that allows the controlled development of different vegetal species using brackish and seawater.
Jeudi 8 août, au terme d'une dernière nuit de négociations, les 166 parties prenantes des Nations unies se sont mis d'accord sur les recommandations aux hommes politiques pour mieux gérer et préserver les ressources de la terre.
28.soil sustainability for food security A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Vis...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
28.soil sustainability for food security A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan
This article published in Global Education Magazine aims to demonstrate that sustainable development is a requirement for the survival of humanity because it faces two major threats. One of them is represented by the general crisis of the world capitalist system that tends to drive the world economy into depression. Another threat is represented by the depletion of natural resources of the planet, the uncontrolled growth of cities and the catastrophic global climate change.
Wetlands are one of the most multifunctional ecosystems of the world that provide a range of economical, biological, ecological, social, and cultural functions and services to human beings. In Ethiopia all types of wetlands except coastal and marine-related wetlands and extensive swamp-forest complexes are found and they are estimated to cover more than 2% of its total surface area coverage. Wetlands deliver a wide range of ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being such as food
and feed, construction materials,
State of the States Report: A new perspective on the wealth of our nationKatelin Breck
The report, “State of the States: A New Perspective on the Wealth of Our Nation,” details the Ecological Footprint and resource availability of 50 states and the District of Columbia. Created in collaboration with Earth Economics in Tacoma, Washington, the report finds that resource consumption and availability varies dramatically state by state.
The EF compares human demand on nature with nature’s regenerative capacity.
It is a measure of the demands and the consumption of natural resources by people.
The sizes of ecological footprint vary from country to country and from person to person.
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A Complex World: A Case Study in Southern Mexico by Michael J. Manfredo Professor and Dept. Head, Colorado State University, USA; during the Special Event "The Socio-Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought" during the WEF Annual Meeting 2011 in Davos Switzerland
The economic system (as a productive activity) should be subjected to a larger system called the environment, and not the contrary. It is questionable, therefore, the fact still prevail in the teaching of Economics, the paradigm that insists on guiding this field of knowledge based, as a general analysis assumption, only the view of the circular flow diagram, involving businesses and families, for one hand, and the markets for goods and services and factors of production, on the other. This narrow view of the economic system on a circular flow "closed". This narrow view of the Economics about a circular flow diagram "closed" that does not allow environmental inputs and outputs to the environment, it is important to note that the circular flow diagram gives an unrealistic view of any economy, considering it as an isolated system which nothing enters from the natural environment and nothing goes to the natural environment, since based in this conception there is nothing outside of itself.
Cenários da produção e consumo de energia no mundo, no brasil e na bahiua no ...Fernando Alcoforado
Slides da conferência abordando o tema CENÁRIOS DA PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA NO MUNDO, NO BRASIL E NA BAHIA NO SÉCULO XXI realizada na Associação Comercial da Bahia no dia 04/08/2016
Controlling the financial system to prevent economic debacle in brazilFernando Alcoforado
Anyone who understand economics knows that in the economic stagnation that affect Brazil at the time, economic growth is only achieved since the government raise its spending to offset the fall in consumption and investment. Who formulated this teaching was the great economist John Maynard Keynes in the mid-twentieth century. The argument put forward by the government that first need to reduce government spending and then to promote economic growth is totally irrational from the Keynesian perspective. In addition, the Michel Temer government is blackmailing with the population to say that the alternative is cutting government spending or tax increases. It is an unfortunate fact the Michel Temer government want to solve the economic crisis in Brazil that worsens every day with the adoption of fiscal adjustment that reduces public spending and tends to deepen the process of economic stagnation in the country.
28.soil sustainability for food security A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Vis...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
28.soil sustainability for food security A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan
This article published in Global Education Magazine aims to demonstrate that sustainable development is a requirement for the survival of humanity because it faces two major threats. One of them is represented by the general crisis of the world capitalist system that tends to drive the world economy into depression. Another threat is represented by the depletion of natural resources of the planet, the uncontrolled growth of cities and the catastrophic global climate change.
Wetlands are one of the most multifunctional ecosystems of the world that provide a range of economical, biological, ecological, social, and cultural functions and services to human beings. In Ethiopia all types of wetlands except coastal and marine-related wetlands and extensive swamp-forest complexes are found and they are estimated to cover more than 2% of its total surface area coverage. Wetlands deliver a wide range of ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being such as food
and feed, construction materials,
State of the States Report: A new perspective on the wealth of our nationKatelin Breck
The report, “State of the States: A New Perspective on the Wealth of Our Nation,” details the Ecological Footprint and resource availability of 50 states and the District of Columbia. Created in collaboration with Earth Economics in Tacoma, Washington, the report finds that resource consumption and availability varies dramatically state by state.
The EF compares human demand on nature with nature’s regenerative capacity.
It is a measure of the demands and the consumption of natural resources by people.
The sizes of ecological footprint vary from country to country and from person to person.
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A Complex World: A Case Study in Southern Mexico by Michael J. Manfredo Professor and Dept. Head, Colorado State University, USA; during the Special Event "The Socio-Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought" during the WEF Annual Meeting 2011 in Davos Switzerland
The economic system (as a productive activity) should be subjected to a larger system called the environment, and not the contrary. It is questionable, therefore, the fact still prevail in the teaching of Economics, the paradigm that insists on guiding this field of knowledge based, as a general analysis assumption, only the view of the circular flow diagram, involving businesses and families, for one hand, and the markets for goods and services and factors of production, on the other. This narrow view of the economic system on a circular flow "closed". This narrow view of the Economics about a circular flow diagram "closed" that does not allow environmental inputs and outputs to the environment, it is important to note that the circular flow diagram gives an unrealistic view of any economy, considering it as an isolated system which nothing enters from the natural environment and nothing goes to the natural environment, since based in this conception there is nothing outside of itself.
Cenários da produção e consumo de energia no mundo, no brasil e na bahiua no ...Fernando Alcoforado
Slides da conferência abordando o tema CENÁRIOS DA PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA NO MUNDO, NO BRASIL E NA BAHIA NO SÉCULO XXI realizada na Associação Comercial da Bahia no dia 04/08/2016
Controlling the financial system to prevent economic debacle in brazilFernando Alcoforado
Anyone who understand economics knows that in the economic stagnation that affect Brazil at the time, economic growth is only achieved since the government raise its spending to offset the fall in consumption and investment. Who formulated this teaching was the great economist John Maynard Keynes in the mid-twentieth century. The argument put forward by the government that first need to reduce government spending and then to promote economic growth is totally irrational from the Keynesian perspective. In addition, the Michel Temer government is blackmailing with the population to say that the alternative is cutting government spending or tax increases. It is an unfortunate fact the Michel Temer government want to solve the economic crisis in Brazil that worsens every day with the adoption of fiscal adjustment that reduces public spending and tends to deepen the process of economic stagnation in the country.
The British took the decision to separate of the European Union, the political and economic bloc which now congregates together 28 countries which joined in 1973. The negotiation of the UK break with the European Union should take two years. The option to leave the European Union won per 51.9% to 48.1%, shaking financial markets and triggering a shock wave and global unbelief. There is a risk of domino effect in other countries of the bloc, which can mimic the popular consultation to bargain advantage in negotiations with the European Union, as well as boost separatist movements like the Scottish and Catalan.
This article aims to show how 3 countries in Asia (Japan, South Korea and China) have promoted their development and thus to demonstrate the absurd neoliberal economic policy of Michel Temer government in Brazil that seeks to limit public spending over the next 20 years to create the economic environment necessary for attracting private investors and, consequently, boost economic and social development of Brazil. In practice, Temer government believes that private market forces are more capable than the developmental role that his government could make to boost the Brazilian economy. The economic policy of the Temer government is diametrically opposed to those adopted by Japan, South Korea and China that have in the state key role in the development of these countries in the second half of the 20th century.
As fragilidades da proposta de reforma do ensino médio no brasil do governo t...Fernando Alcoforado
É lamentável que a mudança proposta pelo governo Temer não tenha sido o resultado de um amplo debate com o Congresso Nacional ou com a sociedade brasileira. O projeto do governo não parte de discussões, não parte de escuta nem da comunidade escolar e nem acadêmica. É um projeto frágil que vai esbarrar em resistências do próprio corpo docente. A justificativa, segundo o ministro da Educação, Mendonça Filho, para as medidas do governo Michel Temer é a de que ele está com pressa para alterar a situação de falência do ensino médio do país. É questionável pretender solucionar os problemas do ensino médio sem promover mudanças também na educação básica como um todo (educação infantil, ensino fundamental e ensino médio). A reforma deveria ser feita, portanto, nas etapas anteriores do ensino médio que apresentam imensas fragilidades. O Ensino Médio não é o gargalo da educação.
A new technological paradigm begins to be outlined at the beginning of XXI century. We live in an era that is characterized by an increasing penetration of computers in organizations; the convergence of the media, computers and telecommunications networks; automation of organizations, work processes, greater added value provided by information technology and dissemination and adoption of global technology standards. Thus, information and knowledge become the central resource for people and organizations, allowing them a strategic alignment that creates the conditions necessary to achieve the objectives and fulfill its mission. In this context, we live in a time when there is a transformation of our material culture by the mechanisms of a new technological paradigm that is organized on the basis of information technologies.
Psychology is the science that studies the behavior and mental functions. Technological advances have proved useful in many areas of science. Like other sciences, Psychology has taken advantage of this technological advance to perfect your research techniques and thus the practices that guide its professionals. It was from the advent of imaging techniques it became possible to observe the brain in action, and so, call the 1990s the "Decade of the Brain" with research in neurosciences with a leading character in the scientific revolution. The Psychology of the future will have greater emphasis on science, more emphasis on social issues, theories and use of mathematical models, work on complex problems, greater professionalism and specialization and integration of psychology around a unifying paradigm. The future of Psychology is associated with the future of technology.
Palestra realizada no curso de doutorado em Planejamento Territorial e Desenvolvimento Social na UCSAL- Universidade Católica de Salvador em 13/6/2016.
In US presidential elections are confronted Hillary Clinton who defends globalization and maintaining the balance of power between the great powers in the international and Donald Trump who opposes globalization and seeks recovery of world hegemony by the United States. Donald Trump, which is a reaction aimed at reversing the global decline of the United States shows political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation against the economic decline, humiliation and victimization of the country and the defense of compensatory cult of national unity and power, in which seek through the redemptive violence and without ethical controls or legal objectives of external expansion. The Trump action could lead to the risk of international instability and hence world conflagration.
Os fatos da vida estão evidenciando cada vez mais a necessidade de que o paradigma que tem norteado o desenvolvimento da sociedade humana desde a 1ª Revolução Industrial em 1786 seja profundamente modificado. A necessidade de que haja mudanças no paradigma que tem norteado o processo de desenvolvimento atual se impõe porque está demonstrado cientificamente que ele é o grande responsável pelo comprometimento do meio ambiente de todo o planeta. A Ciência demonstra com base em dados e fatos comprovados, a insustentabilidade do atual modelo de desenvolvimento da sociedade pelo fato de ser ele o grande responsável pela exaustão dos recursos naturais do planeta, pela degradação em ritmo acelerado das águas potáveis e dos oceanos e pela mudança climática catastrófica que ameaçam a sobrevivência da humanidade.
As medidas adotadas pela Câmara dos Deputados no dia 29/11/2016 que desfiguraram o Projeto de Lei Anticorrupção aumenta vertiginosamente a descrença da população brasileira com relação aos políticos e às instituições políticas do Brasil que é uma grande marca de nosso tempo. Esta descrença pode abrir caminho à quebra do malfadado processo democrático no Brasil com a implantação de um regime de exceção no bojo da crescente insatisfação popular. A insatisfação popular contra os políticos resulta do fato de a maioria dos candidatos a cargos eletivos no Brasil não ser movida pelo interesse público, isto é, no sentido de promover mudanças políticas, econômicas e sociais em benefício da população. Isto está evidenciado nos atos do Congresso Nacional e de integrantes do Poder Executivo se autoprotegerem da Operação Lava Jato e do governo Michel Temer e de seus aliados no Congresso Nacional ao aprovarem medidas como a PEC 241/ PEC 55 atentatórias aos interesses da população brasileira.
No to recessive economic adjustement of brazilian government of michel temerFernando Alcoforado
The Michel Temer government adopted a recessive economic policy seeking to limit government spending with its proposal for amendment to the Constitution (PEC 241-2016) sent to Brazilian Congress. The measures proposed in PEC 241-2016 define new “ceiling” for public spending which will limit the prior year spending adjusted for inflation and this fact will cause public health and education spending are frozen in real terms going to be just corrected by inflation. It should be noted that with low consumption (C), low investment (I) and low government spending (G), the economy tends to further deepen the recession and make it harder to return to economic growth. To combat the economic recession, the Michel Temer government should, in the short term, increase government spending to compensate the drastic reduction occurred in household consumption and private investment.
O golpe de estado mal executado colocou o futuro da Turquia exatamente onde Erdogan mais queria: em suas próprias mãos. O que está se instalando na Turquia é de fato um regime de exceção. O presidente Recep Tayyip Erdogan aplicou um contragolpe dizimando o Judiciário, imobilizando o sistema educacional e expurgando as forças de segurança pública. O governo Erdogan abandonou, de fato, as regras democráticas. Com o contragolpe de Erdogan, os partidários do Estado Islâmico na Turquia proclamaram vitória contra a coalizão liderada pelos Estados Unidos que deixaram de dar suporte aos curdos em sua luta contra o Estado Islâmico. Erdogan está contribuindo com as prisões de militares e policiais a enfraquecer o combate ao terrorismo. Com a ditadura Erdogan, a Turquia se encaminhará inevitavelmente para o confronto entre, de um lado, os partidários do legado de Ataturk de defesa do Estado laico e os curdos e, de outro, os partidários da islamização da Turquia e defensores do Estado Islâmico. Deste confronto, pode surgir a guerra civil na Turquia que abalará toda a região de consequências geopolíticas imprevisíveis.
Os vários tipos de terrorismo no mundo e como derrotá losFernando Alcoforado
As crises econômica, financeira, ecológica, social e política de natureza global, o desenvolvimento de atividades criminosas atuais como o tráfico de drogas e de armas e o avanço do terrorismo mostram que elas são insolúveis sem a existência de um governo mundial. É preciso entender que os problemas que afetam a economia mundial e o meio ambiente global e contribuem para o avanço do terrorismo só poderão ser solucionados com a existência de um governo mundial verdadeiramente democrático representativo de todos os povos do mundo. O Direito Internacional não pode ser aplicado e respeitado sem a presença de um governo mundial que seja aceito por todos os países e assegure sua governabilidade.
The poorly executed coup d´état put Turkey's future exactly where Erdogan wanted most: in their own hands. What is settling in Turkey is indeed an exception regime. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan applied counterblow decimating the judiciary, immobilizing the educational system and purging the security forces. The Erdogan government abandoned, in fact, democratic rules. With Erdogan counterblow, the supporters of the Islamic state in Turkey proclaimed victory against coalition led by the United States that failed to support the Kurds in their fight against the Islamic State. Erdogan is contributing to military prisons and police to weaken the fight against terrorism. With Erdogan dictatorship, Turkey inevitably forward to the clash between, on the one hand, the supporters of Ataturk's legacy of defending the secular state and the Kurds, and the other, the supporters of Islamization of Turkey and of supporters of the Islamic State. This confrontation may create civil war in Turkey that will shake the entire region of unpredictable geopolitical consequences.
THERE IS NO REASON TO CELEBRATE WORLD WATER DAY.pdfFaga1939
Today, World Water Day is celebrated without any reason to celebrate due to the irrationality of policies related to the protection of the natural environment, including springs and watercourses and the poor management of basic sanitation in many countries around the world.
Currently, over 80% of the world population lives in countries that use more resources than their own ecosystems can renew. The core capitalist countries (EU, USA and Japan), ecological debtors, have exhausted their own resources and must import them. In the survey of the Global Footprint Network, the Japanese consume 7.1 times more than they have and would need four Italys to supply the Italians. The consumption pattern of developed countries disrupts this balance. An indisputable fact is that humanity has ever consumes more natural resources than the planet can replenish.
All available data point in the sense that the Earth is now reaching its limits in the use of its natural resources. One of these data concerns the ecological footprint that is a good way to measure the impact of human beings on planet Earth. The ecological footprint is a methodology used to measure the amounts of land and water (in terms of global hectares - gha) that would be needed to support domestic consumption. The ecological footprint is a calculation of what each person, every country and ultimately the world's population consumes natural resources. The measurement is made in hectares, and six categories are evaluated: farmland, pastures, forests, fishing areas, carbon demands and land for the construction of buildings.
IN DEFENSE OF THE RATIONAL USE OF WATER, A SOURCE OF LIFE, ON WORLD WATER DAY...Faga1939
This article aims to highlight the importance of water for life on planet Earth, present how water emerged on our planet and demonstrate the lack of rationality in the use of water for its various purposes on planet Earth. Research carried out by the São Paulo State University (Unesp), Guaratinguetá campus, in collaboration with the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR) and the Astrobiology Institute of the North American space agency (NASA), considered that existing water on planet Earth would have become originated from comets (30%), asteroids (50%) and the solar nebula (20%) that collided with Earth. Around 800 million people do not have access to drinking water around the world, 2.5 billion people do not have basic sanitation and, between 3 billion and 4 billion people, which corresponds to half of the world's population, do not have access to water on a permanent basis using water of questionable quality every day and 11% of the world's population still shares water with animals in riverbeds. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), seven people die every minute in the world from drinking rotten water and more than 1 billion people still defecate in the open. The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) reports that global water demand will increase by 55% by 2050. The forecast is that this year, 2.3 billion additional people – more than 40% of the world's population – will not have access to water if adequate measures are not adopted. Therefore, we have nothing to celebrate on World Water Day.
HOW TO MAKE A REALITY THE UTOPIA OF THE RATIONAL USE OF NATURE'S RESOURCES IN...Faga1939
This article aims to present how to make the sixth of the considered utopias come true, that of the rational use of nature's resources in the world to end its devastation. This article demonstrates that the depletion of natural resources and global warming with consequent global climate change are responsible for the devastation of nature which, in turn, contributes to the occurrence of pandemics which can threaten the survival of the human species. This article also shows how to avoid the depletion of the planet's natural resources, catastrophic global climate change and the multiplication of pandemics. An indisputable fact is that humanity already consumes more natural resources than the planet is capable of replenishing. Environmental damage is also characterized by the risk of the emergence of new pandemics as deforestation advances across the planet. We are now in a world where new pathogens will emerge. And this is what constitutes a gigantic threat to humanity. The environmental damage produced by capitalism is not only manifested in the depletion of natural resources on planet Earth and the emergence of new pandemics, but also stems from the fact that they are responsible for the rapid increase in global temperatures thanks to global warming and consequent climate change that tends to be catastrophic. It is for all this that it becomes imperative to implement the model of "sustainable development" that has become a key element in the global movement, crucial to finding viable solutions to solve the world's biggest problems, based on the thesis that a society sustainable is one that satisfies the needs of the present generation without diminishing the possibilities of future generations to meet theirs.
THERE IS NO REASON TO CELEBRATE TODAY THE INTERNATIONAL DAY OF MOTHER EARTH.pdfFaga1939
This article shows that humanity is losing the battle against the forces of evil that promote the devastation of the environment of planet Earth with the exhaustion of its natural resources, the pollution of the air, seas, rivers and lakes, the emergence of new pandemics and global warming resulting from the emission of greenhouse gases to the highest layers of the Earth's atmosphere that tends to produce catastrophic climate change on our planet. It is because of all this that there is no reason to celebrate International Earth Day.
Biological diversity or biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms at all levels of biological systems (i.e. molecular, organism, species, population and ecosystem levels) and is used to measure the health of ecosystems.
Global Food Waste (A problem for water resource management)Shehzad Ali
These slides show food production data as well as water footprints for several countries. The data was obtained from reliable sources, and I analyzed it using a variety of technologies to create a geographic representation of the data.
"The Lahore Project" is working under Lahore Conservation society for the conservation of our Humanity and our environment. The presentation describing the present world scenario in relation to the context of Lahore and some interesting facts about it, given by Kamil khan Mumtaz in its meeting on 10th of October 2012, at Dabistan e Iqbal, Lahore
Dal convegno "Doppia Piramide: alimentazione sana per le persone, sostenibile per il pianeta" - 29 giugno 2010, Milano. Rethinking food production within planetary boundaries - Gianfranco Bologna
The Living Planet Report, WWF’s flagship publication released every two years, is a comprehensive study of trends in global biodiversity and the health of the planet. The Living Planet Report 2018 is the twelfth edition of the report and provides the scientific evidence to what nature has been telling us repeatedly: unsustainable human activity is pushing the planet’s natural systems that support life on Earth to the edge.
Through multiple indicators including the Living Planet Index (LPI), provided by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), the report shows us the urgent need for a new global deal for nature and people with clear, ambitious goals, targets and metrics, to reverse the devastating trend of biodiversity loss currently impacting the one planet we all call home.
To learn more about the Living Planet Index, how it's calculated, and what it tells us, read the technical supplement here.
Read the interactive summary here.
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter ce qu'a dit le regretté scientifique Stephen Hawking qui a déclaré en 2018 que l'espèce humaine pourrait être amenée à l'extinction dans 100 ans et que, de ce fait, il forcerait les êtres humains à quitter la Terre, ainsi que démontrer que les menaces d'extinction de l'espèce humaine citées par Hawking peuvent être affrontées sans que les êtres humains aient besoin de s'échapper de la Terre.
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
On commémore aujourd'hui la Révolution française, qui a marqué l'histoire de l'humanité en commençant l'ère contemporaine. C'était un événement si important que ses idéaux ont influencé de nombreux mouvements à travers le monde.
Hoje é comemorada a Revolução Francesa que foi um marco divisório da história da humanidade dando início à idade contemporânea. Foi um acontecimento tão importante que seus ideais influenciaram vários movimentos ao redor do mundo.
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...Fernando Alcoforado
É bastante evidente o descalabro do setor elétrico do Brasil. O planejamento eficaz do setor elétrico é aquele que deve ser desenvolvido com vários anos de antecedência e baseado em estudos técnicos e econômicos. A gestão competente tem que ser baseada no planejamento de longo prazo e com visão sistêmica que está faltando ao governo Bolsonaro. Sem a cultura do planejamento e a não utilização de profissionais competentes nas ações do governo federal, o resultado só poderia ser o que vem se registrando no setor elétrico que está ameaçado de “apagões” e de racionamento de energia elétrica.
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à analyser les facteurs déclencheurs des révolutions sociales qui se sont produites tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité et à évaluer la possibilité de leur occurrence dans le Brésil contemporain.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. 1
SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Fernando Alcoforado *
The facts of life are showing more and more the need for the paradigm that has guided
the development of human society since the 1st Industrial Revolution in 1786 be
profoundly modified. The need for there are changes in the paradigm that has guided the
current development process is necessary because it is scientifically proven that it is
largely responsible for compromising the environment of the entire planet. Science
shows based on proven data and facts, the unsustainability of the current development
model of society by the fact that it was largely responsible for the depletion of the
planet's natural resources, the degradation at an accelerated pace of drinking water and
the oceans and the catastrophic climate change that threaten the survival of humanity.
All available data point in the sense that the Earth is now reaching its limits in the use of
its natural resources. One of these data concerns the ecological footprint that is a good
way to measure the impact of human beings on planet Earth. About the ecological
footprint, it is worth noting that it is a scientific methodology used to measure the
amounts of land and water (in terms of global hectares - gha) that would be needed to
sustain the consumption of natural resources of the population. The ecological footprint
is a calculation of what each person, every country and ultimately the world population
consume in natural resources. The measurement is made in hectares, and six categories
are evaluated: farmland, pastures, forests, fishing areas, carbon demands and land for
the construction of buildings.
Considering the six categories described above, the planet Earth has about 13.4 billion
global hectares (gha) of land and water biologically productive according to 2010 data
from Global Footprint Network and humanity's ecological footprint has reached 2.7
global hectares (gha) per person in 2007 for a world population of 6.7 billion people on
the same date, according to the UN [ALVES, José Eustáquio Diniz. A terra no limite
(The land at the limit). Available on the website <http: // planetasustentavel.
abril.com.br/noticia/ambiente/terra-limite-humanidade-recursos-naturais-planeta-
situacao-sustentavel-637804.shtml>, 2016]. With humanity's ecological footprint of 2.7
global hectares (gha) per person means that to sustain the current population on Earth of
7 billion inhabitants would be necessary 18.9 billion gha (2.7 gha x 7 billion people)
which is higher than the 13.4 billion global hectares (gha) of land and water biologically
productive of the Earth, a fact that indicates that already exceeded the regenerative
capacity of the planet in the average level of current world consumption. Today, due to
the current rate of consumption, the demand for natural resources exceeds 41%
replacement capacity of the Earth. If the escalation of this demand continues at this rate,
by 2030, with an estimated global population of 10 billion people would need two Earth
to satisfy her. It should be noted that from 2050, when the world population will exceed
10 billion people, the Earth cannot resist such a demand for natural resources.
Currently, over 80% of the world population lives in countries that use more natural
resources than their own ecosystems can renew. The core capitalist countries (European
Union, United States and Japan), ecological debtors, have exhausted their own
resources and have to import them. In the survey of the Global Footprint Network, the
Japanese consume 7.1 times more natural resources than they have and would require
four Italy to supply the Italians. The consumption pattern of developed countries
disrupts this balance. An indisputable fact is that humanity already consumes more
natural resources than the planet can replenish.
2. 2
Today humanity uses 50% of the planet's fresh water. In 40 years will use 80%. The
geographical distribution of freshwater is uneven. Currently 1/3 of the world population
lives in areas where water is scarce. The use of water not drinkable for consumption
accounts for 60% of ill on the planet. Half of the world's rivers are contaminated by
sewage, pesticides and industrial waste [PLANETA SUSTENTÁVEL Cai do Céu, mas
pode faltar (Falls from the sky, but may lack). Available on the website
<http://veja.abril.com.br/300108/p_086.shtml> 2008]. The world population grows
about 80 million per year worsening the demand for water and its services [REDE
WWF. Relatório Planeta Vivo 2008 (Living Planet Report 2008). Disponível no website
<http://assets.wwf.org.br/downloads/sumario_imprensa_relatorio_planeta_vivo_2008_2
8_10_08.pdf>, 2008]. UN report on the use of water confirms that without measures
against waste and sustainable consumption, access to clean water and sanitation will be
further reduced (BLOG SOS RIOS DO BRASIL. Bilhões sofrerão com falta de água e
saneamento, diz relatório da ONU (Billions suffer from lack of water and sanitation
says UN report). Available on the website
<http://sosriosdobrasil.blogspot.com.br/2009/03/bilhoes-sofrerao-com-falta-de-agua-
e.html, 2009].
The UN report estimates that 5 billion people will suffer from a lack of basic sanitation
in 2030. In the world there are 1.197 billion people without access to safe drinking
water and 2.742 billion without basic sanitation (data from the 2004 Human
Development Report) and, in Brazil, there are more than 45 million people without
access to safe drinking water and more than 90 million without access to the sewage
system (IBGE 2004). According to the UN, 41% of the current surface of the planet are
formed by dry areas, such as the Brazilian semiarid region, and 2 billion people living in
these areas. All these people, living in dry or humid areas, have no access to drinking
water.
Water is becoming a source of wars due to the international competition for water
resources. Many countries build large dams diverting water from natural drainage
systems of the rivers to the detriment of others. The main water conflicts in the world
today involving Israel, Jordan and Palestine by Jordan River, Turkey and Syria by the
Euphrates River, China and India by the Brahmaputra River, Botswana, Angola and
Namibia by the Okavango River, Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan and Egypt by the Nile River
and Bangladesh and India by the Ganges River [TAGUCHI, Clarissa. Ver para crer:
uma guerra pela água pode estar prestes a ser travada (Seeing is believing: a war for
water may be about to be fought) Available on the website
<http://panoramaecologia.blogspot.com.br/2006/03/ver-. to-believe-one war-the-water-
pode.html> 2006].
Only 12% of Earth's land is arable. Over the past 30 years it has doubled the amount of
arable land affected by severe droughts due to global warming. In China, every 2 years
an area equivalent to the state of Sergipe in Brazil turns into desert. Of the 200 species
of fish with higher commercial interest, 120 are exploited beyond the sustainable level.
At this rate, the available volume of fish will have declined by more than 90% up until
2050. It is estimated that 40% of the ocean area is severely degraded by human action.
In the last 50 years the number of dead zones has grown 10 times [BLOGSPOT.COM.
O WWF alerta para o esgotamento dos recursos naturais (WWF warns the depletion of
natural resources). Available on the website
<http://arquivoetc.blogspot.com.br/2008/11/o- wwf-alert-for-exhaustion-dos.html>,
2008]. Due to global warming, the reduction from 1970 to today's terrestrial species is
3. 3
33%, marine specimens corresponding to 14%; and freshwater specimens are 35%
(REDE WWF. Relatório Planeta Vivo 2008 (Living Planet Report 2008). Available on
the website
<http://assets.wwf.org.br/downloads/sumario_imprensa_relatorio_planeta_vivo_2008_2
8_10_08.pdf>, 2008).
As for mineral resources, iron, aluminum and possibly titanium are abundant in the
Earth's crust whose reserves may be considered unlimited. However, other non-
renewable minerals formed by geological processes over millions of years have reserves
that continuously are reduced being so scarce and precious as fossil fuels (MEADOWS,
Donella et al. Beyond the limits. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 1992).
In the last two centuries the extraction of mineral resources has become more intense,
removing increasing amounts of nature. The concern is that the vast majority of these
resources are not renewable, ie they are not replenished by nature. Based on existing
reserves today, certain mineral resources already have a possible date to run out. The
available data on reserves of mineral resources point in the direction that the Earth is
now reaching its limits.
Estimate of exhaust of mineral resources of the planet Earth is presented in the article
Quando os recursos minerais se esgotarão? (When mineral resources will be
exhausted?) [ABREU, Kátia. Quando os recursos minerais se esgotarão? (When
mineral resources will be exhausted?). Available on the website
<http://planetasustentavel.abril.com.br/noticia/ambiente/quando-recursos-minerais-se-
esgotarao-648952.shtml>, 2008], based on information from the US geological Survey,
the US government agency responsible for geological research that crossed information
on annual consumption, the mineral reserves available on the planet and its probable
extinction: 1) Platinum (use in surgical materials) - Extinction in 2049 ; 2) Silver (use in
the manufacture of mirrors and cutlery) - Extinction in 2016; 3) Copper (used in wire
and cable and air conditioning ducts) - Extinction in 2027; 4) Antimony (use in remote
controls and other materials to increase strength) - Extinction 2020; 5) Lithium (used in
cell phone batteries, laptops and video games) - Extinction in 2053; 6) Phosphorus (use
in agricultural fertilizers) - Extinction in 2149; 7) Uranium (used for electric power
generation) - Extinction in 2026; 8) Indian (use in touchscreen screens of smartphones
and tablets) - Extinction in 2020; 9) Tantalum (use in photographic cameras) -
Extinction in 2027; 10) Nickel (use in metal alloy of coating, electronics such as cell
phones) - Extinction in 2064; 11) Tin (use in coating metal alloys, such as those used in
the soft drink cans) - Extinction 2024; 12) Lead (use in car batteries and trucks and
welds and bearings) - Extinction in 2015; 13) Gold (use as jewelry and computer
microchips) - Extinction in 2043; 14) Zinc (use to cover metallic alloys, preventing that
rust destroy objects like coins) - Extinction in 2041.
For these reasons many minerals of the planet Earth are coming to an end, which may
stop the use of various technologies currently used. As for oil, will last for 40 years
[BLOG PARACLETO. Futuro do Petróleo (Oil Future). Available on the website
<http://institutoparacleto.org/2013/05/23/o-futuro-do-petroleo/>, 2013]. Natural gas has
reserves that can guarantee production up to 60 years [BARBOSA, Vanessa. Os 10
países com as maiores reservas de gás natural do mundo (The 10 countries with the
largest natural gas reserves in the world). Available on the website
<http://exame.abril.com.br/economia/ news / the-10-countries-with-the-biggest-reserve-
of-gas-natural-the-world> 2012]. Coal, in turn, has enough reserves to last 250 years
[BLOGSPOT.COM. Reservas de Carvão no Mundo (Coal reserves in the world).
4. 4
Available on the website <http://carvaomineral.blogspot.com.br/2006/09/reservas-de-
carvo -no-mundo.html> 2006]. The shale gas in recent exploration in the United States,
which could meet the domestic demand of the country for natural gas at current levels
of consumption for over 100 years, is extremely bad for the environment because it
generates half the carbon emissions produced by coal, and contaminate the underground
aquifers.
All that has just been described on the duration of fossil fuel reserves indicates that,
given the longevity of coal, it can be the source of energy to be used in the future when
other fossil fuels are depleted, a fact which further exacerbate the greenhouse effect in
the atmosphere. Humanity must become aware of the urgent need to replace fossil fuels
with renewable sources of energy as well as to replace the current development model
for sustainable development, which, by means of reverse logistics, with the reuse,
recovery and recycling materials, thus achieving the so-called closed production cycle,
could delay the depletion of natural resources of planet Earth.
The catastrophic climate change that is expected to the future results of evidence
scientifically proven of global warming which is coming from temperature
measurements of weather stations around the globe since 1860. The data of these
measurements show that the average temperature increase was 0.6 ± 0.2 °C during the
twentieth century. The largest increases were in two periods: 1910-1945 and 1976-2000,
according to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) of the UN.
Evidence of global warming are obtained by observing snow cover variations of
mountains and icy areas, the increase in global sea levels, increased rainfall, cloud
cover, the El Niño and other bad extreme events time. Since 1961, the amount of
pollutants discharged by man in the atmosphere increased 10 times. This discharge
accelerates global warming causing droughts, floods, extinction of species and the
possibility of increasing sea levels of up to 7 meters if there is the melting of the poles,
Greenland and the Himalayan mountain ranges, the Alps and the Andes which would
result the disappearance of many islands and coastal cities [ALCOFORADO, Fernando.
Aquecimento global e catástrofe planetária (Global warming and planetary
catastrophe). S. Cruz do Rio Pardo: Viena Gráfica e Editora, 2010].
The year 2014 was the hottest on the planet since records began in 1880, said the report
released by Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States. In
December 2014, also scored an average surface temperature of the Earth and the oceans
unprecedented in the last 134 years for this time of year. Globally, the average
temperature of the sea surface was the largest in history, 0.57 °C above the average of
the twentieth century while of the Earth's surface exceeded by 1 °C the same average as
the earth's surface temperature exceeded by 1 °C the same average. The polar regions of
the Earth are places where climate change is having visible and significant impacts. Sea
ice in the Arctic has decreased dramatically in recent years. Antarctic ice platforms are
crumbling and breaking. Antarctica is the largest frozen dough with 90% of the Earth's
ice. Most of the ice is in East Antarctica which is higher, cooler and less prone to melt.
Most of the ice is in East Antarctica is higher, cooler and less prone to melt. West
Antarctica, part of the ice is melting in vulnerable depressions. Data from the European
Space Agency indicate that the Antarctic continent gives off 160 billion metric tons
Antarctic of ice per year from 2010 to 2013 [ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Aquecimento
global e catástrofe planetária (Global warming and planetary catastrophe). S. Cruz do
Rio Pardo: Viena Gráfica e Editora, 2010].
5. 5
Humanity faces a temporal boundary that is not 2100, but much earlier, in 2030! This
date is not arbitrary. In 2030, we will live on a planet that will have around 9 billion
people of which two-thirds living in a saturated Earth of pollution and waste, and
already affected by a sensitive high temperatures. In 2030, we will be entering a penury
phase with the oil and strong tension on other fossil fuels, in a context of reduction of
natural resources and depletion of arable land. The concentration of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere that was 280 ppm (parts per million) by volume at the beginning of the
industrial age can achieve in the twenty-first century values between 540 and 970 ppm.
This increased concentration of carbon dioxide is responsible for 70% of global
warming in progress. The world is facing a challenge that is not to allow global
warming in the twenty-first century more than two degrees Celsius without which will
have to cope with the catastrophic consequences of climate change. To prevent global
warming exceeds 2 °C will need a radical decarbonisation of the global economy. This
is a task difficult to perform, but still possible. In this sense, the world must limit all
emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to one trillion tonnes.
A global commitment aimed at limiting the increase in global warming to 2 °C was
reached in December 2015, in the Paris Climate Conference, COP 21. The studies of the
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) of the UN recommend the
reduction of emissions greenhouse gases responsible for global warming in the range of
60% to 70% by mid-century. In other words, the per capita emissions should converge
to no more than two tons of CO equivalent (COe) by 2050. To achieve this goal will
have to be in every country in the world a huge effort to dramatically reduce emissions
greenhouse gases.
Numerous scholars of global warming report that there are two ways to respond to
climate change on the planet. The first is to drastically reduce the emission of polluting
gases. The second measure is to seek to adapt the best possible way to change the world
where will live in the coming decades. These changes are inevitable, even if you can
reduce human involvement in the greenhouse, because a third of the warming has
natural causes. To avoid the catastrophic future that is expected for humanity resulting
from global warming, it is essential the implementation of the sustainable development
model, which aims to meet the current needs of the Earth's population without
compromising its natural resources, bequeathing them to future generations. This means
that the model of sustainable development should be implemented aimed at reconciling
the environment with economic and social factors.
To implement sustainable development, it is imperative to reduce global carbon
emissions by promoting changes in the current global energy based mainly on fossil
fuels (coal and oil) by other based on renewable energy resources, in hydroelectricity, in
biomass and in wind and solar sources to avoid or minimize global warming and, hence,
the occurrence of catastrophic changes in the Earth's atmosphere. It is also necessary to
improve energy efficiency by developing actions that lead to achieving energy savings
in the city and in the countryside, in buildings, in agriculture, industry and transport in
general contributing thereby to reducing global carbon emissions and therefore the
greenhouse effect.
The efforts in energy efficiency must ensure that the auto-vehicles and equipment of
domestic uses, agricultural and industrial have higher yield, the buildings are designed
aiming at maximum lighting economy, cooling and heating, agriculture and industry are
modeled in the sense that they require a minimum of energy resources and raw
6. 6
materials, also contemplating the self-production of energy using waste from its
production processes, and finally, the use of new alternative of transportation from the
bicycle to those of high capacity based in railways, among other initiatives.
It is necessary to combat pollution of land, air and water, reducing waste with recycling
of the materials currently used and discarded. In this perspective, the essential materials
should only be used in production processes and in other applications only as a last
resort. When used in several applications, it must first be reused many times; secondly,
they should be recycled to form a new product; thirdly, they must be burned in order to
extract all the energy they contain, and only ultimately must be removed to a landfill.
It is essential to adjust the growth of the population to the resources available on the
planet Earth, reducing their birth rates, particularly in countries and regions with high
rates of population growth. Today, the Earth's population is 6.1 billion people. In 2030,
is expected to reach 9 billion. By the year 2100 will exceed 11 billion inhabitants
According to UN studies, considering the average vegetable energy consumption in
food, seeds and animal feed and the technical advance, the potential production of food
in the world could hold just over 11 billion people. With a population of 11 billion
people, the Earth cannot resist such a demand for natural resources.
Sustainable development also aims to reduce social inequalities, contemplating the
adoption of measures that contribute to supply the basic needs of the population, such as
food, clothing, housing, health services, employment and a better quality of life. For
there to be sustainable development, it is therefore necessary that all human beings have
met their basic needs and are provided opportunities to realize their aspirations for a
better life.
This means that economic growth and wealth resulting from it should be shared by
everybody, that education services enable increase skill levels to work and culture of the
world population, that health services are effective in combating child mortality and
contribute to the increase in population life expectancy, that all men and women on the
planet Earth have decent housing and that have public and private investments at the
level necessary to contribute to the reduction of mass unemployment as a result of the
general crisis of world capitalist system that records today and that tends to worsen in
the future.
For these reasons, it was evident that the information contained in this chapter are the
result of broad and deep scientific research work carried out for centuries by numerous
scientific institutions. Besides contributing to the development of research and
evaluation of the environment at local and global scales, work done by many scientists
around the world presented solutions to the passage of current unsustainable model of
development for the sustainable development model.
* Fernando Alcoforado, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and
consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is
the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova
(Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado.
Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e
Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX
e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of
the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe
7. 7
Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011),
Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012) and
Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2015).