This document summarizes various neurological and musculoskeletal medications. It describes 8 categories of neurological medications including anticonvulsants, antiparkinson agents, cholinesterase inhibitors, antidepressants, antimanic agents, antipsychotics, hypnotics, and antianxiety medications. It provides examples of medications in each category, their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects, nursing considerations, and patient education points. It also summarizes 3 categories of musculoskeletal medications: skeletal muscle relaxants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antigout agents.
Clinical toxicology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Anti Tubercular Drugs - Mechanism of Action and Adverse effects Thomas Kurian
A brief outline of the mechanism of action and adverse effects of anti tubercular drugs
Only First line and second line drugs are dealt with.First line drugs may be useful for MBBS students and the rest is directed for postgraduate students.
Hope you find it useful.
chemotherapy or cancer chemotherapy is the treatment modality used for the treatment of a tumor or cancerous disease this ppt give a detailed use of drugs used for the cancer and what all the pracuation can be taken while handling it and can be used as study material for bsc and gnm for their examination purpose as well as apply their knowledge in their clinical practice
Clinical toxicology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Anti Tubercular Drugs - Mechanism of Action and Adverse effects Thomas Kurian
A brief outline of the mechanism of action and adverse effects of anti tubercular drugs
Only First line and second line drugs are dealt with.First line drugs may be useful for MBBS students and the rest is directed for postgraduate students.
Hope you find it useful.
chemotherapy or cancer chemotherapy is the treatment modality used for the treatment of a tumor or cancerous disease this ppt give a detailed use of drugs used for the cancer and what all the pracuation can be taken while handling it and can be used as study material for bsc and gnm for their examination purpose as well as apply their knowledge in their clinical practice
The aim of this lecture is to provide
an overview of the management of various toxic exposures.
emergency medical services that should be immediately contact to provide advanced life support for patient with unstable vital signs resulting from a poisoning exposure.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. Neurological (including anesthetics)
1. Anticonvulsants
a. action - modifies bioelectric activity at subcortical and cortical areas
b. examples
i. diazepam (Valium)
ii. magnesium sulfate
iii. phenytoin (Dilantin)
iv. phenobarbital (Luminal)
c. use: prevents seizures
d. adverse effects
i. blood dyscrasias
ii. gastric effects - nausea,vomiting
iii. CNS depression - dizziness, drowsiness
iv. phenytoin: ataxia, hirsutism, hypotension
e. contraindications
i. hypersensitivity
f. nursing interventions
i. give medication with food
ii. wiith phenytoin: monitor condition of oral mucosa, don't mix
with other IV fluids, monitor blood lab results, monitor urine
iii. renal, liver, and blood studies
iv. teach clients
avoid alcohol
notify physician of unusual symptoms
carry medical alert information
take medication on schedule; do not discontinue
avoid driving and other potentially hazardous activities
phenytoin: good oral hygiene, frequent dental visits
2. Antiparkinson agents
a. action
i. anticholinergics: block or compete at central acetylcholine receptors
ii. dopamine agonists: activation of dopamine receptors
2. iii. reinforce client education
do not stop taking antiparkinsonian meds suddenly: may
precipitate parkinsonian crisis
continue medical supervision
avoid alcohol while on therapy
take with meals
caution with hazardous activities
to change position slowly to prevent orthostatic
hypotension
levodopa
o minimize Vitamin B6 in diet, because it hinders
drug's effectiveness
o do not take OTC medications without health
care provider's approval
o sweat and urine may be dark colored
o toxicity: personality changes, increased
twitching, grimacing, tongue protrusion
3. Cholinesterase inhibitors
3. a. action
i. prevents breakdown of acetylcholine at nerve endings
ii. facilitates transmission of impulses across myoneural junction
iii. strengthens muscle contractions including respiratory muscles
b. examples
i. edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) for diagnostic purposes
ii. neostigmine bromide (Prostigmin)
iii. ambenonium chloride (Mytelase)
c. use: treat myasthenia gravis
d. adverse effects
i. gastric irritation: nausea,vomiting, diarrhea
ii. hypersalivation
iii. CNS disturbances
iv. orthostatic hypotension
v. toxicity: pulmonary edema,respiratory failure, bronchospasm
e. contraindications
i. intestinal obstruction, renal obstruction
ii. peritonitis
f. nursing interventions
i. monitor client response to medication; may need to adjust
dosage
ii. monitor vital signs during period of dosage adjustment
iii. keep atropine sulfate available for overdosage
iv. administer medication with food
v. administer medication as per schedule
vi. teach client
wear medic alert jewelry and ID
change position cautiously; sit at first feeling of
faintness.
4. Antidepressants
a. action: increase norephinephrine at subcortical neuroeffector sites
b. examples
i. norepinephrine blockers (tricyclic, TCAs): amitriptyline (Elavil),
imipramine (Tofranil)
ii. monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): isocarboxazid
(Marplan), phenelzine sulfate (Nardil)
iii. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: fluoxetine (Prozac),
sertraline (Zoloft)
c. use: treat melancholia, depression
d. adverse effects
i. norepinephrine blockers
potentiate anticholinergics and CNS depressants
orthostatic hypotension
drowsiness, dizziness, confusion
CNS stimulation
ii. MAOIs
potentiate alcohol, barbiturates, antihistamines
hypertensive crisis with ingestion of foods high in
tyramine (pickled herring, beer, wine, cheese,chocolate)
orthostatic hypotension
4. iii. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
may interact with tryptophan
insomnia
headache
sexual dysfunction
gastric irritation
e. contraindications
i. acute schizophrenia
ii. mixed mania and depression
iii. suicidal tendencies
iv. narrow angle glaucoma
f. nursing interventions
i. monitor effect of medication
ii. maintain suicide precautions especially as depression lifts
iii. give SSRIs in morning; TCAs at bedtime
iv. teach client
do not take OTC medication without physician approval
avoid hazardous activities
effect of medication may take up to four weeks
MAOIs: teach client to avoid food containing tyramine;
monitor client for hypertensive crisis
SSRIs and MAOIs should not be given concurrently or
close together
5. Antimanic agents
a. action: reduces adrenergic neurotransmitter levels in cerebraltissue
b. examples
i. antimanic agents: lithium carbonate (Lithane)
ii. alternative antimanic agents: carbamazepine (Tegretol),
clonazepam (Klonopin)
c. use: control of manic phase of mood disorders; bipolar disorder
d. adverse effects
i. metallic taste
ii. hand tremors
iii. excess voiding and extreme thirst
iv. slurred speech
v. disorientation
vi. cogwheel rigidity
vii. renal failure
viii. respiratory depression
e. nursing interventions
i. monitor blood levels
ii. avoid concurrent administration of adrenergic drugs
iii. evaluate client's response to medication
iv. teach client
effect of medication may take severalweeks
high intake of fluids and normal sodium
toxicity signs: diarrhea, vomiting, weak muscles,
confusion etc.
take medication with meals
6. Antipsychotics
5. a. action blocks dopamine hydrochloride receptors in the CNS and
sympathetic nervous system
b. examples
i. phenothiazines: chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine
(Mellaril)
ii. benzisoxazole: risperidone (Risperdal)
iii. thioxanthenes: chlorprothixene (Taractan)
iv. butyrophenones: haloperidol (Haldol)
c. use: treatment of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, psychosis,
Tourette's syndrome, bipolar disorder
d. adverse effects
i. excessive sedation
ii. jaundice
iii. orthostatic hypotension
iv. urinary retention
v. anorexia
vi. dry mouth
vii. hypersensitivity reactions (such as photoallergic reaction,
impotence, cardiac toxicity)
viii. blood dyscrasias - agranulocytosis
ix. extrapyramidal side effects:dystonia, pseudoparkinsonism,
akathisia, akinesia, tardive dyskinesia
x. neuroleptic malignant syndrome: fever,muscle rigidity,
agitation, confusion, deliruim, respiratory failure
e. nursing interventions
i. assess client's response to therapy
ii. monitor for signs of infection, liver toxicity, extrapyramidal
symptoms
iii. monitor blood work if long-term therapy
iv. monitor vital signs
v. give medication at bedtime
vi. teach client
avoid alcohol use
avoid driving or other hazardous activities
avoid exposure to direct sunlight
good oral hygiene
report extrapyramidal symptoms or signs of infection to
physician
drink plenty of water
7. Hypnotics
a. action: depress CNS
b. examples
i. barbiturates: pentobarbital (Nembutal), secobarbital (Seconal):
physical dependency may result with long term use
ii. acetylinic alcohol: ethchlorvynol (Placidyl)
iii. chloral derivatives: chloral hydrate (Noctec)
c. uses: insomnia, sedation
d. adverse reactions
i. respiratory depression
ii. hypotension
6. iii. barbiturate toxicity: hypotension, pulmonary constriction, cold
and clammy skin, cyanosis of lips, insomnia, hallucinations,
delirium
e. contraindications
i. hypersensitivity
ii. pregnancy
f. nursing interventions
i. monitor client response to medication
ii. teach client
take medication exactly as prescribed
avoid alcohol and other depressant use
avoid driving and other hazardous activities while under
the influence
8. Antianxiety (Anxiolytic)
a. action: depress CNS
b. examples
i. benzodiazepines: alprazolam (Xanax), chlordiazepoxide
(Librium):physical dependency and withdrawl finsings after long
term use
ii. azapirones: buspirone (Buspar)
c. uses: anxiety, sleep disorders, alcohol withdrawl
d. adverse reactions
i. CNS disturbances: dizziness drowsiness, lethargy, orthostatic
hypotension
ii. skin rash
iii. blood dyscrasias
e. contraindications
i. hypersensitivity
ii. acute narrow angle glaucoma
iii. liver disease
f. nursing interventions
i. notify health care provider if systolic BP drops 20mm Hg
ii. administer with food or milk
iii. teach client
take medication as prescribed
do not take OTC medication without health care
provider's approval
use caution when driving or hazardous activities
action potentiated with alcohol or sedatives
never abruptly stop taking benodiazepine
with chlordiazepoxide- avoid excessive sunlight
Managing musculoskeletal conditions
1. Skeletal muscle relaxants
a. use: relax muscles, treat spasm disorders b
7. 2. Nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
a. action: interferes with prostaglandin synthesis
b. examples: ibuprofen (Motrin), indomethacin (Indocin)
i. first generation (COX-1 inhibitor) - salicylates (aspirin - Bayer,
Ecotrin), ibuprofen(Motrin, Advil), naproxen (Naprosyn)
ii. second generation (COX-2 inhibitor)- celecoxib (Celebrex)
c. use: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, dysmenorrhea
d. adverse effects
i. gastric disturbances- lessened with administration of COX-2
inhibitors
ii. skin rash
iii. blood dyscrasias/bleeding
iv. CNS disturbances
v. nephrotoxicity
e. contraindications
i. hypersensitivity
ii. asthma
iii. renal disease
iv. liver disease
f. nursing interventions
i. administer one hour before or two hours after meals
8. ii. monitor blood work, vital signs
iii. monitor response to medication
3. Antigout agents
a. action: increases excretion of uric acid and decreases uric acid formation
b. examples
i. allopurinol (Zyloprim)
ii. colchicine (Novocolchine)
iii. probenecid (Benemid)
c. use: prevent gout attacks
d. adverse effects
i. gastric effects:nausea and vomiting, indigestion
ii. blood dyscrasias
iii. liver damage
iv. skin rash
v. gi disturbances
e. contraindications: hypersensitivity
f. nursing interventions
i. increase fluid intake to prevent renal calculi
ii. monitor fluid intake and output
iii. administer with meals
iv. monitor blood work, including serum uric levels, and electrolyte
levels
v. instruct client
I. lose weight if needed
II. avoid high purine foods (organ meats, sardines, shellfish,
etc.)
III. avoid fermented beverages such as beer, ale, wine
Ophthalmic Agents:
1. Miotics - constrict the pupil of the eye,pullingthe irisawayfromfiltratingangle andimproving
outflowof aqueous humor
Examples:
Pilocapine Hcl
Physostigmine
Timolol maleate (Timoptic)
S/E
Twitchingof eyelids(inc.cholinergicstimulation)
Brow ache
10. 5. Osmoticagents:administeredsystematicallytodecrease bloodosmolality,whichmobilizesfluid
fromthe eye toreduce volume of intraocularfluid
Example:
Glycerin(glycerol)
Mannitol (Osmitrol)
S/E
HA (cerebral dehydration)
N/v(F-Eimbalance)
NursingCare
Instructthe patientregarding:effectsdrugs,propermethodapplication&needmedical
supervision
Provide care formydriatrics:
Cautionthatvisionwill be Blurredtemporarily
Sunglasseswillrelieve photophobia
Avoidhazardoussports
Assessof worseningof S/E
Diet:Richdense-nutrientssuchasfruits,vegetables,whole grains&legumes
Ophthalmic / Eye Medication
Administration of Eye Medication
Objectives
To provide an eye medication the client requires to treat an infection or other reason.
Considerations
The eye is the most sensitive organ to which the nurse applies medications. Care must be
taken to prevent instilling medication directly into cornea.
Instilling wrong concentration may cause local irritation of the eyes as well as systemic
effects
Equipment
Medication bottle with eye dropper or ointment tube
Cotton ball or tissue
Eye patch or tape (optional)
PROCEDURE RATIONALE
* Clean the eyelid /lashes if necessary using a cotton soak in
sterile saline. Wiping from inner to outer canthus, one cotton for each
eyes.
Eye Drops
- Squeeze prescribed dose in the Eyedropper. Ensure correct dosage
11. - Place a tissue below the lower lid Cotton or tissue absorbs medication that escapes eye
- Gently press downward with thumb or forefinger against bony orbit.
- Exposes lower conjunctival sac by pulling down on cheek.
- Prevents pressure and trauma to eyeball and prevents fingers from touching eye.
- While client looks up, drop prescribed dose into center of the conjunctival sac.
Prevent damage directly to the cornea. Reduces stimulation of blink reflex.
- While client closes and move eyes, place finger on either side of the nasolacrimal duct for 1
minute. Prevents overflow of medication into nasal passage and possible systemic effect.
Eye Ointment
- Separate client’s eyelids and grasp lower lid, exert downward pressure over the cheek.
- Instruct patient to look up
- Apply ointment along inside edge of the lower eyelid from inner to outer canthus.
Distributes medication without traumatizing eye
- Wipe excess medication Promtes comfort and facilitate cleanliness
Eye Irrigation
Have patient sit or lie with head tilted toward side of affected eye
Clean from inner toward outer canthus to prevent debris entering lacrimal ducts
Expose lower conjunctival sac, hold irrigator about 2.5 cm (1‖) from eye, direct flow from
inner to outer canthus
Irrigate until solution is clear or all of the solution has been used
Use only enough force to remove secretions gently
Avoid touching any part of eye
Dry area with cotton balls or gauze sponge
Chart irrigation, appearance of eye, drainage, and patient’s response
Otic ( Ear ) Medication
Includes instillations and irrigations
Instillations:
To soften earwax
To reduce inflammation
To treat infection
To relive pain
Irrigations:
12. To remove cerumen or pus
To apply heat
To remove a foreign body or object
Administration of Ear Medication
Objectives
To soften earwax so that it can be readily removed at
a later time
To provide local therapy to reduce inflammation,
destroy infective organism.
To relieve pain
Equipment
Medication bottle with dropper
Cotton tipped applicator
Cotton ball
- Warm medication by running warm water over the bottle. Prevents nausea and vertigo that may
occur if the medication is too cold
- Place the client in side- lying position with the affected ear facing up. The nurse should
stabilize the client’s head with his or her hand. Provide easy access to ear for instillation of
Infants: draw the auricle gently downward and backward.
Adults / Children : lift pinna upward and backward Straightening of ear canal provides direct
access to deeper external ear structures.
- Instill the medicine into the ear canal holding the dropper 1 cm above ear canal
Forceful instillation of medicine into occluded canal can cause injury to eardrum.
- Ask the client to maintain the position for 2-5 minutes. Apply gentle massage or pressure to
tragus of ear with finger. Allows complete distribution of medication. Pressure and massage
moves medication inward.
Guidelines for Removing Excessive/ Impacted Cerumen
Place 5 to 10 drops of the cerumen-softening solution into the ear canal, and allow it to
remain for at least 15 minutes.
Prepare a warm (not hot) solution of plain water or other solution as directed by your doctor.
Eight ounces of solution should be sufficient to clean out the ear canal.
To catch the returning solution, hold a container under the ear being cleaned. An emesis
basin is ideal because it fits the contour of the neck.
Tilt the head down slightly on the side where the ear is being cleaned.
Gently pull the earlobe down and back to expose the ear canal as shown in drawing A.
Place the open end of the syringe into the ear canal with the tip pointed slightly upward
toward the side of the ear canal, as shown in the drawing. Do not aim the syringe into the
back of the ear canal. Make sure the syringe does not obstruct the outflow of solution.
Squeeze the bulb gently—not forcefully—to introduce the solution into the ear canal and to
avoid rupturing the eardrum. (Note: Only health professionals trained in aural hygiene should use
forced water sprays [e.g., Water Pik] to remove cerumen.)
13. Do not let the returning solution come into contact with the eyes.
If pain or dizziness occurs, remove the syringe and do not resume irrigation until a doctor is
consulted.
Make sure all water is drained from the ear to avoid predisposing to infection from water-
clogged ears.
Rinse the syringe thoroughly before and after each use, and let it dry.
Store the syringe in a cool, dry place (preferably, in its original container) away from hot
surfaces and sharp instruments.
Do this procedure twice daily for no longer than 4 consecutive days.