This document provides an overview of common medicinal plants and their extraction methods. It discusses several plants including aloe vera, neem, tulsi, amla, garlic, ginger, hartaki, and hibiscus rosa sinensis. For each plant, it describes nutritional values, medicinal uses, and some drugs or products derived from the plant. It also explains various extraction methods such as infusion, maceration, decoction, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction that can be used to isolate active compounds from plants.
Drugs from Plants : Extraction, Purification & Analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
Phytochemicals: Extraction, Purification & Analysis.
Introduction, Some of the medicinal plants & uses, different processes of extraction & purification. Analysis requirement & Analytical technique.
In that topic their is describe the different types of Extraction Methods, Parameters for Selecting appropriate Extraction methods, types of Extract, types of Separation techniques, types of distillation, chromatographic techniques.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about PAPAIN. Papain is the dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya L., belonging to family Caricaceae. The epicarp adheres to the orange-coloured, fleshy sarcocarp, which surrounds the central cavity. This cavity contains a mass of nearly black seeds. The plant is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Hawai, and Florida. The plant is 5–6 m in height bearing fruits of about 30 cm length and a weight up to 5 kg.
•
Portion explained:
1. Biological Source of Papain
2. Geographical Source of Papain
3. Preparation of Papain
4. Characteristics of Papain
5. Test of Papain
6. Chemical Constituents of Papain
7. Uses of Papain
Drugs from Plants : Extraction, Purification & Analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
Phytochemicals: Extraction, Purification & Analysis.
Introduction, Some of the medicinal plants & uses, different processes of extraction & purification. Analysis requirement & Analytical technique.
In that topic their is describe the different types of Extraction Methods, Parameters for Selecting appropriate Extraction methods, types of Extract, types of Separation techniques, types of distillation, chromatographic techniques.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about PAPAIN. Papain is the dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya L., belonging to family Caricaceae. The epicarp adheres to the orange-coloured, fleshy sarcocarp, which surrounds the central cavity. This cavity contains a mass of nearly black seeds. The plant is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Hawai, and Florida. The plant is 5–6 m in height bearing fruits of about 30 cm length and a weight up to 5 kg.
•
Portion explained:
1. Biological Source of Papain
2. Geographical Source of Papain
3. Preparation of Papain
4. Characteristics of Papain
5. Test of Papain
6. Chemical Constituents of Papain
7. Uses of Papain
Medicinal plants are important and basic drugs sources from ancient times. In this presentation we discussed some of the phytoconstituents of plants which are useful in daily life.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Catheranthus roseus is a flowering plant belongs to the family Apocyanaceae. A number of alkaloids present in the plant parts and are medicinally useful.
Medicinal plants are important and basic drugs sources from ancient times. In this presentation we discussed some of the phytoconstituents of plants which are useful in daily life.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Catheranthus roseus is a flowering plant belongs to the family Apocyanaceae. A number of alkaloids present in the plant parts and are medicinally useful.
If you are looking to treat Anemia with ayurvedic herbs then you are at right place. In this ppt we are going to share some of the important tips regarding ayurvedic remedies for anemia in order to get preventive measures from this dreadful disease/
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
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Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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1. Common Medicinal
Plants & Their
Extraction
Presented By: Al Amin Dhrubo (031181024)
Arup Sen (031181049)
Fatema Tuz Zohra (031181063)
Sanjida Halim (031181066)
Fatema Shikder (031181062)
B.Pharm, 1st Sem
UODA
2. MEDICINAL PLANTS
A plants that has similar properties as conventional pharmacutical drugs.
SOME COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS
Aloe vera Neem
Tulsi Amla
Garlic
Ginger
Hartaki
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis
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7. PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Vitamin A
Protein, calcium, iron
K,Ca,Mg,Na,P,N
MEDICINAL USES OF NEEM
All parts of the Neem tree – Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, Root and Barks have
been used for the treatment of many diseases.)
As an Antiseptic
Antibacterial potential
Inhibits fungal infection
Improves Gastric health
Provides Constipation, Bloating and Cramping
Control Diabetes
Treats Malaria
Prevent Chronic Diseases
Lower risk of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases.
Helps to prevent Sexual transmitted disease
Skin & Hair treatment
Dental cure
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13. PHYTOCHEMICAL COSTITUATION
VITAMINS:
A, C, D,E, K, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin B6, Folate, B12, Pantothenic Acid,
Choline, Betaine
MINERALS:
Calcium,Iron,Magnesium,Phosphorus,Potassium,Sodium,Zinc,Copper,Mangane
s, fluoride
MEDICINAL USES OF AMLA
o Excellent Source Of vitamin C
o Cures a Sore Throat
o Fight against Heart Diseases
o Reduces Blood Suger
o Prevents constipation
o Reduces the Risk of Cancer
o Increasing Diuretic Activity
o Prevents formation of Gall Blooder Stone
o Hair and Skin Treatment
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19. PHYTOCHEMICAL COSTITUATION
VITAMINS:
Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5)
Vitamin B6,Folate (B9) ,Vitamin C
MINERALS:
Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Zinc
MEDICINAL BENIFITES
o Help Relieves Nausea
o Protects against Stomach Ulcers
o Fight against Fungal Infection
o Inhibits Cancer Growth
o Regulates blood sugars
o Lowers cholesterol levels
o Relieves Joint and Muscle Pain
o Improves Brain Function
o Block Bacterial infections
o Promotes proper Digestion
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25. PHYTOCHEMICAL COSTITUATION
Leaves and stems contain β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, taraxeryl acetate and
three cyclopropane compounds and their derivatives.
Flowers contain cyanidin diglucoside, flavonoids and vitamins, thiamine,
riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid
MEDICINAL USES
Treating tuberculosis and lung disease
Treating the disease cough
Treating the tonsils to swell
Can stop bleeding
Treating hair loss
Nourish hair
Treating ulcers
Hibiscus Tea Can Cure Cancer
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28. What is extraction?
Extraction is the method of removing active constituents from a solid or
liquid by means of liquid solvent.
Separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from
the inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in standard
extraction procedures.
By treatment with a solvent on the basis of the physical nature of crude
drug to be extracted, liquid or solid, the extraction process may be
liquid-liquid
or
solid—liquid
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29. CHOICE OF SOLVENT
The choice of solvent depends on charectaristics of the secondery
metabolates like Polarity, pH, Thermal stability
The solvent should- Non-Toxic, Inflammable, Easy to remove.
GENERALLY USED SOLVEMT
• Water
• Aliphatic alcohols with upto three Carbon atoms
• Ether
• Chloroform
• Glycerine
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30. EXTRACTION PROCESS
Various process involved for extraction-
Infusion
Decoction
Digestion
Maceration
Percolation
Soxhlet extraction or
Soxhelation process. @dhruboamin
31. EXTRACTION PROCESS
INFUSION
It consists of pouring water over the drugs and then
allowing it to keep in contact with water for the stated
period, usually 15 minutes, with occasional stirring
and finally filtering off the liquid.
The boiling water is commonly used as a solvent, since it
has a greater solvent action than cold water.
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32. TYPES OF INFUSION
TWO TYPES OF INFUSION
FRESH INFUSION
CONCENTRATED INFUSION
FRESH INFUSION:
Aqueous liquid used as a menstruum.
It is prepared by…
Coarse drug + Hot water then filtrate after some time.
As per pharmacopoeia it is used within 12 Hrs after
formulation.
e.g. fresh infusion of Orange.
CONCENTRATED INFUSION:
It is eight times stronger than fresh infusion.
In that 20 to 25 % alcohol conc. used as a menstruum.
It is prepared by double or triple maceration process.
It can be stored for a longer time of period.
e.g. Concentrated infusion of Quassia
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33. EXTRACTION PROCESS
MACERATION
Maceration is the extraction process of crude drug from crushed or
pressed plant and animal materials, which is soaked in a suitable solvent
stirring at room temperature.
TYPES OF MACERATION
SIMPLE MACERATION
MACERATION WITH ADJUSTMENT
MULTIPLE MACERATIONON
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34. EXTRACTION PROCESS
MACERATION
Maceration is the extraction process of crude drug from crushed or
pressed plant and animal materials, which is soaked in a suitable solvent
stirring at room temperature.
TYPES OF MACERATION
SIMPLE MACERATION
MACERATION WITH ADJUSTMENT
MULTIPLE MACERATIONON
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35. EXTRACTION PROCESS
MACERATION
Maceration is the extraction process of crude drug from crushed or
pressed plant and animal materials, which is soaked in a suitable solvent
stirring at room temperature.
TYPES OF MACERATION
SIMPLE MACERATION
MACERATION WITH ADJUSTMENT
MULTIPLE MACERATIONON
36. SIMPLE MACERATION
(For organized drugs- Roots, Stems, Leaves etc.)
Alcohol is used as a menstruum.
In this process, the drug is placed with the menstruum in a closed
vessel for seven days.
At this period shaking is done occasionally.
After seven days, the liquid is strained & marc is pressed.
The expressed liquid is mixed with strained liquid.
Then again filter for obtaining the clear liquid.
The final volume is not adjusted.
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37. MACERATION WITH ADJUSTMENT
(For Unorganized drugs- Gum, Resins, Gum-resins, Oleo gum-resins.)
In this process, the unorganized drug is placed with 4/5th
volume of menstruum in a closed vessel for seven days.
At this period shaking is done occasionally.
After the stated period, the liquid is filtered & not necessary to
press the marc.
After that, the final volume is adjusted with the remaining
quantity of 1/5th volume of menstruum through the filter.
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38. DOUBLE MACERATION PROCES
It is carried out in the same way as simple maceration process, but menstruum
used in divided into two parts.
In that process drug is macerated twice by using the
menstruum which is divided into two parts in a such manner
that the same volume is used for each maceration.
The volume of menstruum required is calculated as follows
i. Volume of menstruum req. for first maceration:
Total Vol. of menstruum - Vol.to be retained by the drug + Vol.to be retained
by the drug
ii. Volume of menstruum req. for second maceration:
Total vol.of menstrum – Vol. of menstruum
In that process the whole drug is macerated for 48 hrs with
quty. of menstruum for first maceration.
Strain the liquid & press the marc after 48 hrs.
Then again macerated for 24 hrs with remaining quty. of
menstruum for second maceration.
Strain the liquid & press the marc after 24 hrs.
Then mix the liquids obtained from the two maceration &
allows it to stand for 14 days & then filter.
e.g. Concentrated infusion of orange
Concentrated compound infusion of chirata
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40. EXTRACTION PROCESS
DECOCTION
In this process, the drug is boiled with water for a stated
period usually 10 minutes. And the starting ratio of crude drug to water is
1:4.
After boiling, the liquid is strained and water is passed
through the content of the strainer to make the required
volume.
This process is mainly used for vegetable drugs of hard and
woody nature having thermostable water soluble
Constituents.
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41. Extraction process
PERCOLATION
This is the procedure used most frequently to extract active
ingredients in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extracts.
A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open at both ends) is generally
used.
STEPS IN PERCOLATION :
SIZE REDUCTION: The drug to be extracted is subjected to suitable degree
of size reduction, usually from coarse powder to fine powder.
IMBIBITION: During imbibition the powdered drug is moistened with a
suitable amount of menstruum and allowed to stand for four hours in a well
closed container.
PACKING: After imbibition the moistened drug is evenly packed into the
percolator.
MACERATION: After packing sufficient menstruum is added to saturate
the material. The percolator is allowed to stand for 24 hours to macerate
the drug.
PERCOLATION: The lower tap is opened and liquid collected therein is
allowed to drip slowly at a controlled rate until 3/4th volume of the
finished product is obtained
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43. EXTRACTION PROCESS
SOXHLET EXTRACTION
A Soxhlet extractor is lab equipment designed
for processing certain kinds of solids.
This process apply when, the drug are not freely soluble in
the solvent.
The powdered plant material is packed in a thimble.
The solvent is boiled in a flask. The evaporated solvent
passes through the side tube of the extractor and
condensed in the condenser, fitted at the top of the
extractor.
The condensed hot solvent runs into the thimble and soaks
the material & extracts the constituents.
When the chamber holding the thimble becomes full the
solvent siphons down to the flask and the process is
continuously repeated till extraction is complete.
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44. CONCLUSION
Medicinal plants can be a a good alternative for many diseases and
conditions.
Extraction is essential for isolation of different chemical constituent from
crude drug material.
Extraction depends on properties of material to be extracted. Hence it is
necessary to study extraction methods in detail.
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45. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
Our honorable Course teacher Prof. MUJIB KHAN for gave us the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic, which also helped us
in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things.
We are really thankful to them. This assignment cannot be completed
without the effort and co-operation from our group members MD. Al Amin
Dhrubo, Arup Sen, Fatema Shikder, Sanjida Halim and Fatema Tuz
Zohra.
Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to our friends and
respondents for the support and willingness to spend some times with us to
fill in the questionnaires.
THANK YOU
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