Liver disease done by abdullah mutair

1. DONE BY:
ABDULLAH MUTAIR SALEM

2. Liver disease
Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disease of the liver.
Signs and symptoms
coagulopathies blood sugar problems, immune disorders, abnormal absorption of fats, and metabolism problems.
The malabsorption of fats may lead to symptoms that include indigestion, reflux, deficit of fat soluble vitamins,
hemorrhoids, gallstones, intolerance to fatty foods, intolerance to alcohol, nausea and vomiting attacks, abdominal
bloating, and constipation.
Nervous system disorders include depression, mood changes, especially anger and irritability, poor concentration and
"foggy brain", overheating of the body, especially the face and torso, and recurrent headaches (including migraine)
associated with nausea.
The blood sugar problems include hypoglycaemia.
Hypercholesterolemia: elevated LDL cholesterol, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, clogged arteries
leading to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes, build up of fat in other body organs (fatty degeneration of
organs), lumps of fat in the skin (lipomas and other fatty tumors), excessive weight gain (which may lead to obesity),
inability to lose weight even while dieting, sluggish metabolism, protuberant abdomen (pot belly), cellulite, fatty liver, and
a roll of fat around the upper abdomen (liver roll) etc. Or too low levels of lipids: hypocholesterolemia: low total
cholesterol, low LDL and VLDL cholesterol, low triglycerides.
Types
There are more than a hundred kinds of liver disease.[2] The most widely spread are as follows:
 Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is caused mainly by various viruses (viral hepatitis) but also by some liver
toxins (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis), autoimmunity (autoimmune hepatitis) or hereditary conditions.
 Alcoholic liver disease is any hepatic manifestation of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver disease,
alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Analogous terms such as "drug-induced" or "toxic" liver disease are also used to
refer to the range of disorders caused by various drugs and environmental chemicals.
 Fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in
liver cells. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of disease associated with obesity and metabolic
syndrome, among other causes. Fatty liver may lead to inflammatory disease (i.e. steatohepatitis) and, eventually,
cirrhosis.
 Cirrhosis is the formation of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) in the place of liver cells that have died due to a variety of
causes, including viral hepatitis, alcohol overconsumption, and other forms of liver toxicity. Cirrhosis causes
chronic liver failure.

3.  Primary liver cancer most commonly manifests as hepatocellular carcinoma and/or cholangiocarcinoma; rarer forms
include angiosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma of the liver. (Many liver malignancies are secondary lesions that have
metastasized from primary cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, breast,
or prostate.)
 Primary biliary cirrhosis is a serious autoimmune disease of the bile capillaries.
 Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the bile duct, which is believed to be
autoimmune in origin.
 Centrilobular necrosis of liver can be caused by leakage of enteric toxins into cirulation. Salmonella toxins in ileum
have been shown to cause severe damage to liver hepatic cells [3]
 Budd–Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein, which in some cases may lead
to cirrhosis.
 Hereditary diseases that cause damage to the liver include hemochromatosis, involving accumulation of iron in the
body, and Wilson's disease, which causes the body to retain copper. Liver damage is also a clinical feature of alpha
1-antitrypsin deficiency and glycogen storage disease type II.
 In transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis, the liver produces a mutated transthyretin protein which has severe
neurodegenerative and/or cardiopathic effects. Liver transplantation can provide a curative treatment option.
 Gilbert's syndrome, a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism found in about 5% of the population, can cause mild
jaundice.
10 things that can cause liver disease
Alcohol: Heavy alcohol consumption is the most common cause of liver damage. When you drink
alcohol, the liver gets diverted from its other functions and focuses mainly on converting alcohol to
a less toxic form. Absorption of alcohol by the liver causes fatty liver disease, inflammation of the
liver and cirrhosis
Obesity: People who are obese have excess amount of body fat which tends to accumulate around
the liver, causing what is known as a fatty liver disease. Obesity is also linked to cirrhosis of liver
and liver failure
Diabetes: Having diabetes increases the risk of liver disease by 50 percent. People with diabetes
due to insulin resistance have high levels of insulin in their blood, which triggers abdominal weight
gain. This causes the liver to store fat internally, causing fatty liver disease
High salt intake: High salt intake is well known to increase blood pressure, but it can also cause
fatty liver disease by building up fluid in the liver (water retention) and swelling it up

4. Smoking: Although cigarette smoke does not have a direct effect on liver function, harmful
chemicals in cigarette smoke increase oxidative stress of the system after reaching the liver,
causing irreversible damaging to the liver cells
Overuse of Medications: Overuse of over-the-counter drugs and certain prescription drugs is
known to cause liver damage. Some of these drugs include antidepressants, mood stabilizers,
corticosteroids (used for treating inflammation) and pain relievers. It’s therefore important to review
the side effects and adverse effects of medications before taking them
Nutritional supplements: Research suggests that dietary or nutritional supplements can increase
the production of certain liver enzymes when taken in excess amounts, causing damage
Inappropriate use of alternative medicines: You may switch to alternative remedies to avoid the
side-effects of medicines. But herbal remedies, too, can be harmful to the liver in excess amounts
Chemotherapy: People undergoing chemotherapy for cancer treatment have a risk of damaging
their livers because of the associated side-effects of the drugs
 Infections and Illness:
Viral hepatitis A, B and C and autoimmune hepatitis attack the liver cells directly causing
inflammation. Without proper treatment, hepatitis can cause cirrhosis of the liver (hardening and
scarring of liver tissue) and may gradually lead to liver failure.
Tuberculosis, although clinically silent, can affect the liver once the bacteria causing tuberculosis
gain entry into the liver and colonize it. In an attempt to fight infection, the liver responds to
colonizing bacteria, leading to a tumor formation. This condition is called as hepatic tuberculosis.
Intestinal infections caused by the yeast Candida interferes with the detoxification function of the
liver causing damage.
Pesticides and heavy metals: Exposure to chemicals in pesticides and heavy metals through
vegetables, fruits and adulterated foods and can also damage the liver. These toxins get stored in
liver over a lifetime to cause liver damage