introduction>muscles of respiration>muscles are involved>respiratory pressure>movement of thoracic cage and lungs during respiration>movement of expiration
Barometric pressure falls with increasing altitude, but composition of air remain same.
Study is important for:Mountaineering
Aviation & Space flight
Permanent human settlement at highlands
Altitude physiology typically focuses on people above 2500 m; ∼8000 ft. Altitudes above that are sometimes subdivided into very high (3500–5500 m; ∼11,500–18,000 ft) and extreme (>5500 m; >18,000 ft). An estimated 40 million people travel each year to altitudes >2500 m (∼8000 ft),1 and as many or more travel to altitude for leisure and sports, and work in mines, military or border operations, and the like. Altitude medicine considers the clinical disorders associated with acclimatization by the travelers, workers and migrants, and with adaptation by people with lifetimes or populations with millennia of residence (an estimated 83 million people).
With a hurried ascent, many (∼80%) will report a transient headache (high-altitude headache or [HAH]), and some will develop one of three forms of acute high-altitude illness: acute mountain sickness (AMS) and HAH, high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). AMS and HAH are annoying and interfere with activity and work, however, HACE and HAPE can be fatal with mortality rates approaching 30%. Among some residents, chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and right ventricular hypertrophy develop over months to years of residence at altitude. Birth weights are generally lower and the rate of small-for-gestational-age babies and congenital heart defects are higher than that in lowland populations.
lecture 5: it's good for as to take a breif about how does atmospheric air will pass to our lungs then to blood, for transportation and utilization of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide. Many issue are related when gas exchange is performed.
Gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood occurs by diffusion, as will be discussed in the next chapter. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs passively, according to their concentration differences across the alveolar-capillary barrier. These concentration differences must be maintained by ventilation of the alveoli and perfusion of the pulmonary capillaries.
Alveolar ventilation brings oxygen into the lung and removes carbon dioxide from it. Similarly, the mixed venous blood brings carbon dioxide into the lung and takes up alveolar oxygen. The alveolar Image not available. and Image not available. are thus determined by the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary perfusion. Alterations in the ratio of ventilation to perfusion, called the Image not available., will result in changes in the alveolar Image not available. and Image not available., as well as in gas delivery to or removal from the lung.
Alveolar ventilation is normally about 4 to 6 L/min and pulmonary blood flow (which is equal to cardiac output) has a similar range, and so the Image not available. for the whole lung is in the range of 0.8 to 1.2. Image not available. However, ventilation and perfusion must be matched on the alveolar-capillary level, and the Image not available. for the whole lung is really of interest only as an approximation of the situation in all the alveolar-capillary units of the lung. For instance, suppose that all 5 L/min of the cardiac output went to the left lung and all 5 L/min of alveolar ventilation went to the right lung. The whole lung Image not available. would be 1.0, but there would be no gas exchange because there could be no gas diffusion between the ventilated alveoli and the perfused pulmonary capillaries.
Oxygen is delivered to the alveolus by alveolar ventilation, is removed from the alveolus as it diffuses into the pulmonary capillary blood, and is carried away by blood flow. Similarly, carbon dioxide is delivered to the alveolus in the mixed venous blood and diffuses into the alveolus in the pulmonary capillary. The carbon dioxide is removed from the alveolus by alveolar ventilation. As will be discussed in Chapter 6, at resting cardiac outputs the diffusion of both oxygen and carbon dioxide is normally limited by pulmonary perfusion. Thus, the alveolar partial pressures of both oxygen and carbon dioxide are determined by the Image not available. If the Image not available. in an alveolar-capillary unit increases, the delivery of oxygen relative to its removal will increase, as will the removal ...
Introduction to respiration and mechanics of ventilation (the guyton and hall...Maryam Fida
Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
Respiration is classified into two types:
1. External respiration
It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.
2. Internal respiration
It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
Respiration occurs in two phases:
Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere.
2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs.
During normal breathing, inspiration is an active
process and expiration is a passive process.
Respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the
structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice
2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
RESPIRATORY UNIT
Respiratory unit is defined as:
“The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract.
STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Antrum
5. Alveoli
Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times
Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles.
The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters
Barometric pressure falls with increasing altitude, but composition of air remain same.
Study is important for:Mountaineering
Aviation & Space flight
Permanent human settlement at highlands
Altitude physiology typically focuses on people above 2500 m; ∼8000 ft. Altitudes above that are sometimes subdivided into very high (3500–5500 m; ∼11,500–18,000 ft) and extreme (>5500 m; >18,000 ft). An estimated 40 million people travel each year to altitudes >2500 m (∼8000 ft),1 and as many or more travel to altitude for leisure and sports, and work in mines, military or border operations, and the like. Altitude medicine considers the clinical disorders associated with acclimatization by the travelers, workers and migrants, and with adaptation by people with lifetimes or populations with millennia of residence (an estimated 83 million people).
With a hurried ascent, many (∼80%) will report a transient headache (high-altitude headache or [HAH]), and some will develop one of three forms of acute high-altitude illness: acute mountain sickness (AMS) and HAH, high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). AMS and HAH are annoying and interfere with activity and work, however, HACE and HAPE can be fatal with mortality rates approaching 30%. Among some residents, chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and right ventricular hypertrophy develop over months to years of residence at altitude. Birth weights are generally lower and the rate of small-for-gestational-age babies and congenital heart defects are higher than that in lowland populations.
lecture 5: it's good for as to take a breif about how does atmospheric air will pass to our lungs then to blood, for transportation and utilization of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide. Many issue are related when gas exchange is performed.
Gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood occurs by diffusion, as will be discussed in the next chapter. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs passively, according to their concentration differences across the alveolar-capillary barrier. These concentration differences must be maintained by ventilation of the alveoli and perfusion of the pulmonary capillaries.
Alveolar ventilation brings oxygen into the lung and removes carbon dioxide from it. Similarly, the mixed venous blood brings carbon dioxide into the lung and takes up alveolar oxygen. The alveolar Image not available. and Image not available. are thus determined by the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary perfusion. Alterations in the ratio of ventilation to perfusion, called the Image not available., will result in changes in the alveolar Image not available. and Image not available., as well as in gas delivery to or removal from the lung.
Alveolar ventilation is normally about 4 to 6 L/min and pulmonary blood flow (which is equal to cardiac output) has a similar range, and so the Image not available. for the whole lung is in the range of 0.8 to 1.2. Image not available. However, ventilation and perfusion must be matched on the alveolar-capillary level, and the Image not available. for the whole lung is really of interest only as an approximation of the situation in all the alveolar-capillary units of the lung. For instance, suppose that all 5 L/min of the cardiac output went to the left lung and all 5 L/min of alveolar ventilation went to the right lung. The whole lung Image not available. would be 1.0, but there would be no gas exchange because there could be no gas diffusion between the ventilated alveoli and the perfused pulmonary capillaries.
Oxygen is delivered to the alveolus by alveolar ventilation, is removed from the alveolus as it diffuses into the pulmonary capillary blood, and is carried away by blood flow. Similarly, carbon dioxide is delivered to the alveolus in the mixed venous blood and diffuses into the alveolus in the pulmonary capillary. The carbon dioxide is removed from the alveolus by alveolar ventilation. As will be discussed in Chapter 6, at resting cardiac outputs the diffusion of both oxygen and carbon dioxide is normally limited by pulmonary perfusion. Thus, the alveolar partial pressures of both oxygen and carbon dioxide are determined by the Image not available. If the Image not available. in an alveolar-capillary unit increases, the delivery of oxygen relative to its removal will increase, as will the removal ...
Introduction to respiration and mechanics of ventilation (the guyton and hall...Maryam Fida
Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
Respiration is classified into two types:
1. External respiration
It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.
2. Internal respiration
It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
Respiration occurs in two phases:
Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere.
2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs.
During normal breathing, inspiration is an active
process and expiration is a passive process.
Respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the
structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice
2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
RESPIRATORY UNIT
Respiratory unit is defined as:
“The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract.
STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Antrum
5. Alveoli
Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times
Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles.
The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters
FUNCTIONS OF THE BRONCHIOLES And it's uses PDF.pdfMaryphiri7
This talks about the the function of the bronchioles and the disorders of the function of the bronchioles so in this presentation I will talk about the importance and why it is important
Muscles of the axial skeleton. Pictures of the muscles, origins, insertions, actions. Does not include all the muscles we discussed in class, but includes some fun photos & side notes.
Thoracic and rib cage anatomy, biomechanics, and pathomechanicsRadhika Chintamani
This slide show describes about thoracic and rib cage in detail with its anatomy, kinetics and kinematics along with force couple. the slideshow also describes about the pathology and pathomechanics related to the topic
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. TOPIC: MECHANISM OF BREATHING
Represented by—
Debayan Dey; Reg.no.:171860210024; Roll no.:18601917115
Debarati Kar; Reg. no:171860210023; Roll no.:18601917116
Chandrima Saha;Reg no:171860210022;Roll no:18601917117
2. INTRODUCTION: During
normal quite breathing
inspiration is an active process;
expiration is a passive process.
The thoracic cage and lungs
increase and decrease in size
during inspiration and
expiration respectively. Different
muscles and pressures help all
these movement.
3. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
There are two types of respiratory muscles– A. Inspiratory
B. Expiratory
During normal breathing the muscles which help in respiration we called
primary respiration muscles. They are two types:
1. PRIMARY INSPIRATORY MUSCLES:
a. Diaphragm: Supplied by thoracic nerve
b. External intercostals muscle: Supplied by intercostals nerve.
2. PRIMARY EXPIRATORY MUSCLES:
a. Internal intercostals muscle: supplied by intercostals nerve.
3. ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY MUSCLES: During forced respiration, some more
muscles are put into action.
a. Accessory inspiratory muscles: Sternomastoid, Scalene, Elevator of scapulae,
Anterior serrate, Pectorals.
b. Accessory expiratory muscles: Abdominal muscle.
5. RESPIRATORY PRESSURE
There are two types of pressure, which help in respiration.
1. TNTRAPLURAL PRESSURE: Exist in plural cavity. It is exerted by
sanction of fluid living plural cavity.
VALUES: Inspiration: -6mmHg Expiration: -2mmHg
2. INTRA ALVEOLAR PRESSURE: Pressure existing in alveoli of lungs.
This pressure helps in air flow in and out of alveoli.
VALUES: Inspiration: -4mmHg Expiration: +4mmHg
Other Pressures:-
TRANS PULMONARY PRESSURE: It is the difference between the
intra alveolar pressure and intra pleural pressure in the pleural
cavity, During human ventilation, air flows because of pressure
gradients. It is measure of elastic forces in lungs which cause
tendency of lungs to collapse.
6. MOVEMENT OF THORACIC CAGE AND
LUNGS DURING INSPIRATION
Thoracic cage- During inspiration thoracic cage enlarged in all
diameters due to the elevation of ribs in caused by movement of ---
a) Thoracic lid- Sterner first pair of ribs form lid. Where scalene muscle
contract, ribs move upward and increase the diameter of thoracic cage.
b) Upper costal series- 2-6th pairs of ribs constitute upper costal series,
constriction of the intercostals muscle elevates the ribs and sternum is
moved upward forward and increase diameter. At the same time ribs central
portion move upwards and outwards to a more horizon position increasing
transverse diameter of the thoracic cage.
c) Lower costal series- 7-10th pair of ribs forms the lower costal series.
These ribs also increase diameter similar to the upper series. 11th and 12th pair
does not take part in respiration.
d) Diaphragm- During inspiration due to contraction of diaphragm, it is
moved upward and becomes flatteneal which increases diameter of thoracic
cage.
7. Lungs- During inspiration due to increase in size of thoracic cage
negative pressure is increased in thoracic cavity which causes expansion of
lungs.
8. Expiration is a passive process. During expiration-----
• Thoracic cage: During the end of inspiration the
inspiratory muscles are in relaxed condition. Gravitational pull of
rib cage downwards reduces the size and volume of the thoracic
cavity.
Decrease in the volume induces the rise of pleural pressure
towards the less negative levels.
Lungs: Lungs have a tendency to collapse due to its elastic
nature. As a result alveolar pressure is increased and possess
positive value in respect with the atmospheric pressure.
the difference between this two pressures induces air being
expelled from the lungs and helps in expiration.
9. Ross and Wilson Anatomy & physiology in health
and illness by Anne Waugh & Allison Grant.(12th
edition)—page no.254-258
Text book of Medical Physiology –Arthur C, Guyton
and John. E.Hall. – page no.316-323
