measuring temperature
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Thermometers are used to directly measure air temperature from weather stations on the ground. Radiosondes lifted by weather balloons measure temperature profiles throughout the atmosphere and transmit data back to scientists. Satellites do not directly measure temperature but can calculate it from measurements of radiation and brightness over large areas from space, though with lower resolution than other methods.
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Human resources section_5-textbook_on_public_health_and_community_medicine
Human resources section_5-textbook_on_public_health_and_community_medicine
More from SERC at Carleton College
StatVignette03_Sig.Figs_v04_07_15_2020.pptx
This document discusses the concept of significant figures and how to determine the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations. It defines significant figures as the "important digits" that indicate the precision of a measurement. Rules are provided for determining significant figures depending on leading or trailing zeros and whether the number is read from left to right or right to left. Examples demonstrate applying these rules and how to round final answers in calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division based on the least precise measurement used. The key takeaway is that significant figures convey precision and final answers should not be more precise than the least precise input.
StatVignette06_HypTesting.pptx
This document discusses hypothesis testing. It explains that hypothesis testing is used to determine if data is statistically significant enough to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The key aspects covered are:
- Identifying when hypothesis testing is appropriate
- Distinguishing between the null and alternate hypotheses
- Determining whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on comparing a test statistic to a critical value from a distribution table
Unit 1 (optional slides)
This document discusses how scientists measure the hydrologic cycle. It describes traditional methods like stream gaging stations, groundwater wells, and SNOTEL stations to monitor streams, groundwater levels, and snowpack. It also discusses newer geodetic methods like GPS and GRACE satellites that can measure subtle changes in gravity or ground movement related to water storage and flow. These comprehensive measurements across different reservoirs help scientists better understand the complex global hydrologic cycle.
Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
The document discusses how the coastline of North America during the Cretaceous Period 80 million years ago, with a Western Interior Seaway dividing the continent, still influences patterns today. It notes that the fertile soil deposited along this ancient coastline attracted slave plantations, and after emancipation the populations remained high in African Americans. As a result, modern voting patterns follow the same curve as the long-gone Cretaceous coastline, with counties with larger African American populations voting predominantly Democrat.
Climate and Biomes PPT 2
This PowerPoint document provides instructions for an activity to analyze climate and biomes using data on cities from around the world. Students will sort city climate information cards into biome categories, plot locations on a map, and fill out a worksheet characterizing climate and biome for each city. The PowerPoint includes over 50 slides providing detailed climate and location data on cities to support categorizing into biomes.
weather tracking ppt
This document provides instructions for tracking weather systems using maps. Students are asked to print maps showing the location of low pressure centers over time. By examining the date and time stamps, students track one low pressure system as it moves across the United States over several days, recording its location on blank maps. They then connect the locations with a line to show the storm's path. Students also have the option to track additional storms, measure distances traveled between maps to calculate speed, or use software to analyze and animate the map images.
Presentation: Unit 1 Introduction to the hydrological cycle
This document provides an overview of traditional and geodetic methods for measuring water resources. It discusses the hydrological cycle and key reservoirs and fluxes. Traditional measurements like gauging stations and SNOTEL stations that measure snowpack are introduced. Geodetic methods using GPS and gravity satellites are presented as newer techniques to measure vertical land motion, snow depth, soil moisture, and groundwater levels. Declining trends in snowpack and streamflow in Montana watersheds are highlighted as impacts of climate change on water resources. Stakeholders in water resources like local residents, industry, and government are identified.
StatVignette05_M3_v02_10_21_2020.pptx
This document defines and compares the three main measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode. It explains that the mean is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number of values, the median is the middle value when the values are arranged in order, and the mode is the most frequently occurring value. The document also notes that outliers can affect the mean more than the median or mode. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate how an outlier impacts each measure. The key takeaway is that the mean, median and mode are important for summarizing large datasets with a single representative value.
KSKL chapter 8 PPT
Soils are essential to supporting life and human civilization. As populations grow, pressures on soils increase and maintaining soil health is important. Throughout history, human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and poor irrigation have led to soil degradation problems like erosion, desertification, and salinization. This has negatively impacted societies by reducing agricultural productivity and sometimes causing civilizations to fail. However, more recent initiatives show people rediscovering the importance of soils and taking steps to promote sustainable land use and soil conservation.
KSKL chap 5 PPT
The document discusses soil classification systems and soil surveys. It explains that soil taxonomy is a hierarchical system used to classify soils based on observable properties like color, structure, and chemistry. Soils are grouped into increasingly broader categories from the most specific level of series up to the broadest level of order. Soil surveys involve soil scientists mapping and describing soils in a given area in order to group soils with similar properties. The classifications aim to convey information about soil formation and management needs.
KSKL_Chapter 4_ Chem Properties of Soils.pptx
The document discusses nutrient management and soil fertility. It outlines key nutrients needed by plants and their analogous benefits for human health, including nitrogen for growth, potassium for water uptake and disease resistance, and calcium for growth and strong bones. It also addresses how soil pH impacts nutrient availability and describes common nutrient deficiencies like zinc deficiency that causes stunted growth and yellowing.
Degraded Soil Images.pptx
This document discusses several issues that can negatively impact soil quality including disturbed and degraded soil, desertification, deforestation, salinization, run-off, mineral extraction, and wind erosion. These processes can damage soil structure and reduce fertility.
Educators PPT file chapter 7
The document discusses the major biomes of the world and the soils typically found within each one. It describes the key biomes as tropical rainforests, temperate forests, boreal forests, grasslands, tundra, deserts, shrublands, and wetlands. Each biome is defined by its climate, vegetation, and characteristic soil orders that form as a result of the particular environmental conditions within that biome.
Educators PPT file chapter 2
This document discusses the physical properties and formation of soil. It describes how soil characteristics like color, texture, structure, and horizons/profiles influence water movement, storage, erosion, and plant growth. Soil formation is influenced by climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time in a process known as CLORPT. The physical properties of soil determine how quickly water can infiltrate and percolate through different soil types.
Educators PPT file chapter 6
This document discusses various natural and human-caused processes that can degrade soils, as well as best management practices to mitigate soil degradation. It covers topics like erosion from water and wind, desertification, acidification, salinization, effects of deforestation, urbanization, construction projects, land application of manures and wastes, and mining reclamation. Sustainable land management and soil conservation techniques aim to renew resources rather than deplete them over time through practices like maintaining vegetative cover, controlling grazing intensity, and properly applying nutrients from wastes.
Educators PPT chapter 3
This chapter discusses the living components of soil, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and fauna. Bacteria and fungi play important roles in nutrient cycling and forming soil structure. Fungi exist as filaments called hyphae that can form partnerships with plant roots. Protists include amoebas, ciliates, and flagellates that consume bacteria and debris. Larger soil fauna include earthworms, nematodes, springtails, and arthropods that further break down organic matter and improve soil structure through bioturbation. The variety of organisms in soil work together to create a living system that supports plant growth.
Unit 4 background presentation
This document discusses the 2012-2017 California drought and its impacts. It provides historical context on droughts in California and examines precipitation data. Specific topics covered include:
1. The spatial extent and timing of the 2012-2017 drought across California and how it compares to historical droughts.
2. How precipitation was measured using tools like snow pillows and GPS reflection to track snow levels.
3. The societal impacts of the drought, including mandatory water rationing and transformations to California's landscape and economy.
Presentation: Unit 3 background information
This document discusses using GPS vertical positioning to monitor groundwater storage changes. It begins by explaining that groundwater mining is a global problem, and that extracting groundwater causes the land surface to rise as the total water storage decreases. It then discusses how GPS networks can detect these vertical position changes at the sub-centimeter level on a daily basis, allowing monitoring of seasonal water changes. Finally, it notes that long-term groundwater pumping can lead to both reversible and irreversible subsidence exceeding several meters, and provides examples from California's Central Valley.
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
This document discusses methods for characterizing groundwater storage, including traditional well measurements and satellite-based GRACE observations. It defines terrestrial water storage as all water on the land surface, and explains that groundwater often dominates variations in storage. Wells measure groundwater levels, with changes indicating replenishment or depletion over time. GRACE satellites detect changes in mass distribution and associated gravity field variations to infer changes in total water storage, including groundwater, at coarse spatial scales. The document provides examples of using both approaches to monitor groundwater in key aquifers.
Introduction to GPS presentation
The document provides an introduction to GPS/GNSS basics, including:
- GPS uses 24-32 satellites in medium Earth orbit that transmit positioning and timing data. Receivers need signals from 4 satellites to calculate a 3D location.
- Ground control stations monitor the satellites and send updates to synchronize their atomic clocks and orbital data.
- GPS determines location by calculating distances to satellites using signal transmission times and triangulating the receiver's position.
- Precise GPS uses permanent stations with stable monuments to collect data over many years, achieving sub-centimeter positioning and millimeter-per-year velocity estimates.
More from SERC at Carleton College (20)
Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
Presentation: Unit 1 Introduction to the hydrological cycle
Presentation: Unit 1 Introduction to the hydrological cycle
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
measuring temperature
- 1. How do we measure air temperature?
- 2. Why measure temperature? In order to get a full picture of climate, scientists and other observers, measure and record many types of climate variables. Temperature is one descriptor of climate. The temperature of the air is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the air sample. It is the most important and common climate variable that is measured. In order to answer questions about climate, we can look at temperature patterns over both time and space.
- 3. How do we measure air temperature? From the ground Thermometers, shielded from direct solar energy in small weather stations such as the one pictured right, are used to directly measure temperature. There are many types of thermometers and temperature sensors. The most common type of thermometer is liquid-in- glass, which has been in use since the mid 1880s. Modern automatic electronic temperature sensors are shielded from direct sunlight. The shields are vented to allow for free air flow over the sensor. Shielded automatic temperature sensor Typical weather monitoring station, including glass max-min thermometers.
- 4. From the air Radiosondes, small instruments lifted aloft by weather balloons, measure the temperature of the air at various heights in the atmosphere. The information from these instruments is radioed back to scientists on the ground, where it recorded by computers. Radiosonde data provide a vertical profile of the atmosphere one location. Think of it like coring the atmosphere. How do we measure air temperature? Radiosonde instrument package Betsy Youngman flying a tethered weather balloon with attached radiosonde.
- 5. From space Satellites do not directly measure temperature. They measure incoming and outgoing radiation or brightness. Using these quantities scientists are able to calculate Earth’s temperature at various heights in the atmosphere. The advantage of satellites is they can cover large distances and see the whole globe. However, because they are so far away and measure such large areas, they have a lower resolution over small areas, such as your own back yard. How do we measure air temperature? NOAA satellite Brightness temperature from satellite data
- 6. Want to learn more about how air temperature is measured? Here are several resources to investigate: Remote Sensing Systems http://www.remss.com/measurements/upper-air-temperature Australian Government Department of Meteorology http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/airtemp-measure.shtml Weather Instruments and Equipment Explained http://www.nwclimate.org/guides/meteorological-instrumentation/ USCRN U.S. Climate Reference Network https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/crn/ How do we measure air temperature?
Editor's Notes
- Image Source: NOAA climate reference network StationsbySite.ppt
- Image Source: NOAA
- Radiation sensor: http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/instruments/weather_instruments.htm Weather station: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/airtemp-measure.shtml
- Radiosonde image: http://www.erh.noaa.gov/gyx/weather_balloons.htm Weather balloon: Betsy Youngman
- Image Source Satellite: : http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/satellite-data