The document discusses conflicts in the Middle East, including:
1) The Ottoman Empire ruled the region for centuries before collapsing after WWI.
2) Ataturk modernized Turkey in the 1920s-30s by banning traditional dress, establishing a secular government, and adopting the Latin alphabet.
3) Conflicts have arisen from terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda, disputes over nuclear programs in Iran and Iraq under Saddam Hussein, and the founding of Israel amid regional Arab-Israeli tensions.
The poem Ballad of Mulan describes the legendary Chinese heroine Hua Mulan who disguised herself as a man to take her father's place in the army. The exact time period of the story is uncertain, with sources placing it during different dynasties between the 4th-7th centuries AD. While it is unclear if Mulan was a real historical figure, she became a symbol of female bravery and sacrifice in Chinese culture.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the mightiest and longest-lasting dynasties in world history. This Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and North Africa for more than 600 years. The chief leader, known as the Sultan, was given absolute religious and political authority over his people.
The document discusses the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors. It describes how Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and established an empire that stretched from China to Eastern Europe. The empire was later divided into four khanates that were largely successful in their military conquests due to factors like their superior horsemanship and mobile warfare tactics. The impact of the Mongol invasions varied in different regions, with some areas experiencing an era of relative peace and communication under Mongol rule while others faced severe destruction.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greece and Alexander the Great's conquests. It discusses key events leading up to the Persian Wars such as the Ionian Rebellion and the battles of Marathon and Thermopylae. It then covers Alexander's training under Philip II, his major battles against Darius III including Gaugamela, and his conquests across Persia and India before his death. Finally, it summarizes how Alexander's generals divided his empire after his death.
This document provides background information on T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") and analyzes his competence as a commander during the Arab Revolt of World War I. It discusses Lawrence's background and role in facilitating the revolt alongside Emir Feisal. While Lawrence lacked formal command authority, the document explores the concept of "command without authority" or "inductum absque imperium" in this context. It then evaluates Lawrence's leadership and application of operational art principles during the revolt in three parts: his interpretation and suitability for command; his leadership skills; and his ability to influence without official power.
The document summarizes the rise of the Mongol Empire from its founding by Temujin (who took the name Chinggis Khan) in the 12th century through its expansion across Asia and Eastern Europe led by Chinggis Khan and subsequent Khans, until its eventual decline in the late 14th century. It describes how Chinggis Khan united the Mongol tribes and established the largest contiguous land empire in history. The Mongols conquered vast territories including northern China, Russia, and the Middle East through their formidable cavalry and archery skills. Though initially very violent, the Mongol Empire also facilitated trade and cultural exchange across its domains before eventually fracturing into smaller khanates.
2013 - 2015 OUR COMMON EUROPEAN ROOTS MEETINGS AND TOPICS
3rd project meeting – 23rd – 28th March 2014 at
Özel Çağ Koleji,
Mersin, Tarsus, Turkey
Topic : “Historical roots: in search of the history that unites us. Great social events”.
The poem Ballad of Mulan describes the legendary Chinese heroine Hua Mulan who disguised herself as a man to take her father's place in the army. The exact time period of the story is uncertain, with sources placing it during different dynasties between the 4th-7th centuries AD. While it is unclear if Mulan was a real historical figure, she became a symbol of female bravery and sacrifice in Chinese culture.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the mightiest and longest-lasting dynasties in world history. This Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and North Africa for more than 600 years. The chief leader, known as the Sultan, was given absolute religious and political authority over his people.
The document discusses the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors. It describes how Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and established an empire that stretched from China to Eastern Europe. The empire was later divided into four khanates that were largely successful in their military conquests due to factors like their superior horsemanship and mobile warfare tactics. The impact of the Mongol invasions varied in different regions, with some areas experiencing an era of relative peace and communication under Mongol rule while others faced severe destruction.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greece and Alexander the Great's conquests. It discusses key events leading up to the Persian Wars such as the Ionian Rebellion and the battles of Marathon and Thermopylae. It then covers Alexander's training under Philip II, his major battles against Darius III including Gaugamela, and his conquests across Persia and India before his death. Finally, it summarizes how Alexander's generals divided his empire after his death.
This document provides background information on T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") and analyzes his competence as a commander during the Arab Revolt of World War I. It discusses Lawrence's background and role in facilitating the revolt alongside Emir Feisal. While Lawrence lacked formal command authority, the document explores the concept of "command without authority" or "inductum absque imperium" in this context. It then evaluates Lawrence's leadership and application of operational art principles during the revolt in three parts: his interpretation and suitability for command; his leadership skills; and his ability to influence without official power.
The document summarizes the rise of the Mongol Empire from its founding by Temujin (who took the name Chinggis Khan) in the 12th century through its expansion across Asia and Eastern Europe led by Chinggis Khan and subsequent Khans, until its eventual decline in the late 14th century. It describes how Chinggis Khan united the Mongol tribes and established the largest contiguous land empire in history. The Mongols conquered vast territories including northern China, Russia, and the Middle East through their formidable cavalry and archery skills. Though initially very violent, the Mongol Empire also facilitated trade and cultural exchange across its domains before eventually fracturing into smaller khanates.
2013 - 2015 OUR COMMON EUROPEAN ROOTS MEETINGS AND TOPICS
3rd project meeting – 23rd – 28th March 2014 at
Özel Çağ Koleji,
Mersin, Tarsus, Turkey
Topic : “Historical roots: in search of the history that unites us. Great social events”.
The Mongols created the largest land-based empire in human history under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 1200s-1300s. Though they were initially seen as destroyers, the Mongol empire brought a period of peace and stability that lasted around 100 years, reviving silk road trade and connecting East and West. While they did not have a major long-term cultural impact, the Mongols' infrastructure improvements boosted exchange of goods, ideas, and crops across Eurasia.
This document provides biographical information about Alexander the Great and describes some of his major battles. It discusses how Alexander was trained by Aristotle and never lost a battle as he conquered the known world from ages 20-33. It summarizes Alexander's victories over Darius III at the battles of Granicus in 334 BCE, Issus in 333 BCE, and Gaugamela in 331 BCE. It also describes Alexander's seven month siege of the island city of Tyre in 332 BCE. The document analyzes the tactics, strengths, and casualties of Alexander's armies and the Persian forces he defeated in these pivotal battles.
The document summarizes the rise and conquests of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors in the 13th century. It describes how Temujin united the Mongol tribes and took the name Genghis Khan. Under his leadership, the Mongols created a powerful military force that went on to conquer vast territories across Asia and Eastern Europe. One notable victory was at the Battle of Leignitz, where Mongol forces defeated a larger European army through superior tactics and use of cavalry and archers. The Mongol Empire continued expanding after Genghis Khan's death.
The document summarizes the Mongol empire, which originated from nomadic tribes in East Asia and became the largest land empire in history under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 13th-14th centuries. The Mongols conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe through skilled horse riding and warfare. At its peak, the Mongol empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, covering around 16% of Earth's land. The empire later fractured into khanates ruled by Genghis Khan's descendants in regions like Russia, India, and China, leaving a cultural legacy but also causing immense destruction and spreading pandemics during its rapid rise and expansion.
This summarizes the key historical figures outlined in Sarah Macedo's book "Empires of the Sea". It introduces Mehmet II who conquered Constantinople and sought to expand the Ottoman Empire's control of the Mediterranean. It also outlines Philip de L’Isle Adam who led the defense of Rhodes against Suleiman's attack. The summary discusses the Barbary pirate Oruch who was enslaved by Christians at Rhodes and later formed a pirate group. It also mentions Jerome Maurand, a French priest who wrote about his voyage with Barbarossa, providing first-hand accounts of attacks on Christian towns. Finally, it briefly outlines Pasha Ibrahim who promoted the idea of a single global empire, and
The document summarizes key aspects of Chinese history from the Tang to Ming dynasties. It notes that the Tang dynasty (618-907) unified China under Emperor Taizong and established tributary states in Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea. The Song dynasty (960-1279) had a strong economy focused on farming and trade, producing porcelain exported to East Africa. Chinese society was stratified with gentry, peasants, and merchants at the bottom. The Mongol Empire conquered China in the 1200s under Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan before the Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule in 1368, restoring the civil service system.
Olympias was the fourth wife of King Philip II of Macedon and mother of Alexander the Great. She was a member of a snake-worshipping cult and had a stormy relationship with Philip due to his infidelity. When Philip married Cleopatra, tensions increased and some believe Olympias organized Philip's murder in 337 BC.
The document defines key terms from the Middle Ages, including:
- The Middle Ages lasted from 500-1500 AD and is also called the medieval period.
- A pope is the head of the Christian church and one pope wanted Europeans to take back the Holy Land, the area where Jesus lived in Southwest Asia.
- Gothic architecture featured pointed ceilings, tall towers and stained glass windows.
- Feudalism was a system where nobles exchanged land for military service from knights. Manors were large estates owned by nobles or knights that controlled most economic activities in Europe.
- The Black Death was a series of deadly plagues from 1347-1351 that killed millions across Europe
The document discusses the 1571 Battle of Lepanto between the Holy League led by Spain and Venice and the Ottoman Empire led by Müezzinzade Ali Pasha. It provides details on the strengths and deployments of both sides' fleets in the Gulf of Patras. The battle resulted in a major victory for the Holy League, destroying over 200 Ottoman ships and halting their expansion in the Mediterranean, though the Holy League was unable to fully capitalize on the victory due to the late season. The Ottoman navy was able to rebuild but remained less experienced for decades after losing many crews and soldiers at Lepanto.
The document provides an overview of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires between 1500-1750. It discusses their origins, expansion, institutions, economic and political developments, and decline. It also covers the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and East Africa during this period and the rise of European colonialism in the region by the Dutch and Portuguese.
The document summarizes key aspects of Japan's Heian period (794-1185), when Kyoto served as the imperial capital. It describes how Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian-kyo to escape disasters in Nagaoka-kyo. The imperial palace in Kyoto was rebuilt several times after fires and served as the official residence of the imperial family until 1869. It also notes that Murasaki Shikibu's "The Tale of Genji" was the world's first novel and centered on life in the Heian court.
Philip of Macedon turned the once weak kingdom of Macedonia into a powerful military state by reforming its army. He then conquered much of Greece, including defeating Greek forces at the Battle of Chaeronea. When Philip died, his son Alexander took control of the powerful Macedonian kingdom at age 20. Alexander then embarked on a massive conquest, spreading Greek culture as he went. He established colonies as he moved across Egypt and Persia. After conquering vast lands stretching over 20,000 miles, Alexander began combining Greek and Persian forces and adopting local customs to encourage conquered peoples to embrace Greek culture and avoid rebellion. Alexander died at age 33, and his giant empire was divided into 34 kingdoms ruled by his generals.
The document provides an overview of world history from 1450-1750, covering major themes, events, and civilizations during this period:
1. It discusses the rise and fall of several gunpowder empires including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India.
2. It also covers the age of exploration led by European powers like Portugal, Spain, the Dutch, and British as they sought new trade routes and established global colonial empires in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
3. The document outlines the resulting globalization of trade, spread of religions, and changes to political and social structures around
King Philip II of Macedonia conquered Greece in the 4th century BC, uniting the region under his rule. His son, Alexander the Great, then led Macedonian forces to invade Persia between 334-323 BC, defeating King Darius II and conquering the vast Persian Empire. Alexander established the city of Alexandria in Egypt and extended his empire as far as modern-day India before his death at age 32, leaving behind one of the largest empires in the ancient world and spreading Greek culture across his domains.
Scramble for Africa AS History FlashcardsAmber Furmage
These are my Scramble for Africa Flashcards to be put into small booklets etc. I know some of the text got displaced when uploading here for some reason but you can always fix that yourselves. Feel free to use for revision purposes.
AS Level History Scramble for and Decolonization of AfricaAmber Furmage
1) The document summarizes key events in the scramble for and colonization of Africa between the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the perspective of various historians and theories.
2) It provides a timeline of events related to the colonization of specific African countries and regions like Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria, Uganda, South Africa, and the Gold Coast.
3) The theories provided seek to explain the economic, political, and strategic motivations behind Europe's colonization of Africa during this time period from both metropolitan and peripheral views.
The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 by Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. It grew to be a powerful Sunni Islamic empire and caliphate under rulers like Murad I, Mehmed II, and Suleiman the Magnificent. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, establishing Istanbul as the new capital and center of the Islamic world. In the 16th century, Suleiman expanded the empire significantly through his military campaigns in Europe and Asia. However, the empire began a slow decline in the late 16th century as its institutions and military failed to modernize. By the 19th century, the empire was weakened and faced defeats and invasions.
Introduction To Ottoman Empire - Arts And ArchitectureMaryamArif28
Forced to evacuate their homes on the plains of Asia by the Mongols, the migrating Turkish tribes converted to Islam during the eighth and ninth centuries. By the tenth century, one of the Turkish tribes, the Seljuks, had become a major power in the Islamic world and embraced a stable life that included Islamic teaching, middle class, and taxation.
The document provides background information on the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question. It discusses the origins and rise of the Ottoman Empire as well as reasons for its success. It then outlines the conflicting interests that European powers had in the declining Ottoman Empire, setting the stage for tensions. The document also summarizes the Crimean War, including its causes related to the Eastern Question, key battles, and casualties for the involved powers.
The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 in Turkey and lasted over 600 years, becoming one of the largest and most powerful empires in history. It grew rapidly by conquering neighboring lands and allowing conquered peoples to maintain their own cultures and religions as long as they paid taxes. The empire reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, controlling territory from Hungary to the Persian Gulf. However, it began declining after his death, and was weakened by nationalism and debt, culminating in its defeat in World War I when the Ottoman lands were divided among Allied powers.
The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 in Turkey and lasted over 600 years, becoming one of the largest and most powerful empires in history. It grew rapidly by conquering neighboring lands and allowing conquered peoples to maintain their own cultures and religions as long as they paid taxes. The empire reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, controlling territory from Hungary to the Persian Gulf. However, it began declining after his death, and was weakened by nationalism and debt, culminating in its defeat in World War I when the Ottoman lands were divided among Allied powers.
The Mongols created the largest land-based empire in human history under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 1200s-1300s. Though they were initially seen as destroyers, the Mongol empire brought a period of peace and stability that lasted around 100 years, reviving silk road trade and connecting East and West. While they did not have a major long-term cultural impact, the Mongols' infrastructure improvements boosted exchange of goods, ideas, and crops across Eurasia.
This document provides biographical information about Alexander the Great and describes some of his major battles. It discusses how Alexander was trained by Aristotle and never lost a battle as he conquered the known world from ages 20-33. It summarizes Alexander's victories over Darius III at the battles of Granicus in 334 BCE, Issus in 333 BCE, and Gaugamela in 331 BCE. It also describes Alexander's seven month siege of the island city of Tyre in 332 BCE. The document analyzes the tactics, strengths, and casualties of Alexander's armies and the Persian forces he defeated in these pivotal battles.
The document summarizes the rise and conquests of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors in the 13th century. It describes how Temujin united the Mongol tribes and took the name Genghis Khan. Under his leadership, the Mongols created a powerful military force that went on to conquer vast territories across Asia and Eastern Europe. One notable victory was at the Battle of Leignitz, where Mongol forces defeated a larger European army through superior tactics and use of cavalry and archers. The Mongol Empire continued expanding after Genghis Khan's death.
The document summarizes the Mongol empire, which originated from nomadic tribes in East Asia and became the largest land empire in history under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 13th-14th centuries. The Mongols conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe through skilled horse riding and warfare. At its peak, the Mongol empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, covering around 16% of Earth's land. The empire later fractured into khanates ruled by Genghis Khan's descendants in regions like Russia, India, and China, leaving a cultural legacy but also causing immense destruction and spreading pandemics during its rapid rise and expansion.
This summarizes the key historical figures outlined in Sarah Macedo's book "Empires of the Sea". It introduces Mehmet II who conquered Constantinople and sought to expand the Ottoman Empire's control of the Mediterranean. It also outlines Philip de L’Isle Adam who led the defense of Rhodes against Suleiman's attack. The summary discusses the Barbary pirate Oruch who was enslaved by Christians at Rhodes and later formed a pirate group. It also mentions Jerome Maurand, a French priest who wrote about his voyage with Barbarossa, providing first-hand accounts of attacks on Christian towns. Finally, it briefly outlines Pasha Ibrahim who promoted the idea of a single global empire, and
The document summarizes key aspects of Chinese history from the Tang to Ming dynasties. It notes that the Tang dynasty (618-907) unified China under Emperor Taizong and established tributary states in Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea. The Song dynasty (960-1279) had a strong economy focused on farming and trade, producing porcelain exported to East Africa. Chinese society was stratified with gentry, peasants, and merchants at the bottom. The Mongol Empire conquered China in the 1200s under Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan before the Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule in 1368, restoring the civil service system.
Olympias was the fourth wife of King Philip II of Macedon and mother of Alexander the Great. She was a member of a snake-worshipping cult and had a stormy relationship with Philip due to his infidelity. When Philip married Cleopatra, tensions increased and some believe Olympias organized Philip's murder in 337 BC.
The document defines key terms from the Middle Ages, including:
- The Middle Ages lasted from 500-1500 AD and is also called the medieval period.
- A pope is the head of the Christian church and one pope wanted Europeans to take back the Holy Land, the area where Jesus lived in Southwest Asia.
- Gothic architecture featured pointed ceilings, tall towers and stained glass windows.
- Feudalism was a system where nobles exchanged land for military service from knights. Manors were large estates owned by nobles or knights that controlled most economic activities in Europe.
- The Black Death was a series of deadly plagues from 1347-1351 that killed millions across Europe
The document discusses the 1571 Battle of Lepanto between the Holy League led by Spain and Venice and the Ottoman Empire led by Müezzinzade Ali Pasha. It provides details on the strengths and deployments of both sides' fleets in the Gulf of Patras. The battle resulted in a major victory for the Holy League, destroying over 200 Ottoman ships and halting their expansion in the Mediterranean, though the Holy League was unable to fully capitalize on the victory due to the late season. The Ottoman navy was able to rebuild but remained less experienced for decades after losing many crews and soldiers at Lepanto.
The document provides an overview of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires between 1500-1750. It discusses their origins, expansion, institutions, economic and political developments, and decline. It also covers the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and East Africa during this period and the rise of European colonialism in the region by the Dutch and Portuguese.
The document summarizes key aspects of Japan's Heian period (794-1185), when Kyoto served as the imperial capital. It describes how Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian-kyo to escape disasters in Nagaoka-kyo. The imperial palace in Kyoto was rebuilt several times after fires and served as the official residence of the imperial family until 1869. It also notes that Murasaki Shikibu's "The Tale of Genji" was the world's first novel and centered on life in the Heian court.
Philip of Macedon turned the once weak kingdom of Macedonia into a powerful military state by reforming its army. He then conquered much of Greece, including defeating Greek forces at the Battle of Chaeronea. When Philip died, his son Alexander took control of the powerful Macedonian kingdom at age 20. Alexander then embarked on a massive conquest, spreading Greek culture as he went. He established colonies as he moved across Egypt and Persia. After conquering vast lands stretching over 20,000 miles, Alexander began combining Greek and Persian forces and adopting local customs to encourage conquered peoples to embrace Greek culture and avoid rebellion. Alexander died at age 33, and his giant empire was divided into 34 kingdoms ruled by his generals.
The document provides an overview of world history from 1450-1750, covering major themes, events, and civilizations during this period:
1. It discusses the rise and fall of several gunpowder empires including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India.
2. It also covers the age of exploration led by European powers like Portugal, Spain, the Dutch, and British as they sought new trade routes and established global colonial empires in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
3. The document outlines the resulting globalization of trade, spread of religions, and changes to political and social structures around
King Philip II of Macedonia conquered Greece in the 4th century BC, uniting the region under his rule. His son, Alexander the Great, then led Macedonian forces to invade Persia between 334-323 BC, defeating King Darius II and conquering the vast Persian Empire. Alexander established the city of Alexandria in Egypt and extended his empire as far as modern-day India before his death at age 32, leaving behind one of the largest empires in the ancient world and spreading Greek culture across his domains.
Scramble for Africa AS History FlashcardsAmber Furmage
These are my Scramble for Africa Flashcards to be put into small booklets etc. I know some of the text got displaced when uploading here for some reason but you can always fix that yourselves. Feel free to use for revision purposes.
AS Level History Scramble for and Decolonization of AfricaAmber Furmage
1) The document summarizes key events in the scramble for and colonization of Africa between the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the perspective of various historians and theories.
2) It provides a timeline of events related to the colonization of specific African countries and regions like Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria, Uganda, South Africa, and the Gold Coast.
3) The theories provided seek to explain the economic, political, and strategic motivations behind Europe's colonization of Africa during this time period from both metropolitan and peripheral views.
The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 by Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. It grew to be a powerful Sunni Islamic empire and caliphate under rulers like Murad I, Mehmed II, and Suleiman the Magnificent. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, establishing Istanbul as the new capital and center of the Islamic world. In the 16th century, Suleiman expanded the empire significantly through his military campaigns in Europe and Asia. However, the empire began a slow decline in the late 16th century as its institutions and military failed to modernize. By the 19th century, the empire was weakened and faced defeats and invasions.
Introduction To Ottoman Empire - Arts And ArchitectureMaryamArif28
Forced to evacuate their homes on the plains of Asia by the Mongols, the migrating Turkish tribes converted to Islam during the eighth and ninth centuries. By the tenth century, one of the Turkish tribes, the Seljuks, had become a major power in the Islamic world and embraced a stable life that included Islamic teaching, middle class, and taxation.
The document provides background information on the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question. It discusses the origins and rise of the Ottoman Empire as well as reasons for its success. It then outlines the conflicting interests that European powers had in the declining Ottoman Empire, setting the stage for tensions. The document also summarizes the Crimean War, including its causes related to the Eastern Question, key battles, and casualties for the involved powers.
The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 in Turkey and lasted over 600 years, becoming one of the largest and most powerful empires in history. It grew rapidly by conquering neighboring lands and allowing conquered peoples to maintain their own cultures and religions as long as they paid taxes. The empire reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, controlling territory from Hungary to the Persian Gulf. However, it began declining after his death, and was weakened by nationalism and debt, culminating in its defeat in World War I when the Ottoman lands were divided among Allied powers.
The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 in Turkey and lasted over 600 years, becoming one of the largest and most powerful empires in history. It grew rapidly by conquering neighboring lands and allowing conquered peoples to maintain their own cultures and religions as long as they paid taxes. The empire reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, controlling territory from Hungary to the Persian Gulf. However, it began declining after his death, and was weakened by nationalism and debt, culminating in its defeat in World War I when the Ottoman lands were divided among Allied powers.
This presentation contains brief descriptions of the key figures and events from the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans ruled over much of Europe, Africa and Asia for nearly 600 years.
The document provides a history of Turkey from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses the various empires and groups that ruled Anatolia, including the Hittites, Greeks, Persians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, and Ottomans. It then focuses on the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who introduced sweeping political, social, economic, and cultural reforms to modernize the new nation.
The Ottoman Empire was founded in the 1300s by Osman I, who captured Byzantine forts. It expanded under subsequent sultans until Tamerlane halted its growth by defeating the Ottoman sultan Bayezid. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople for the Ottomans in 1453, establishing their control over the Bosporus Strait. Selim I expanded the empire further by conquering Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. Suleiman I presided over the Ottoman Empire at its height during the 1500s, though its power declined after several ineffective sultans. A major naval defeat by a Christian alliance at the 1571 Battle of Lepanto marked the end of Ottoman dominance in the Mediterranean.
The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War 1 by European powers with little regard for ethnic and religious groups led to ongoing conflict in the region. Newly established countries contained diverse populations without shared national identities, causing problems. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire also gave rise to Turkish nationalism under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who modernized Turkey as a secular republic.
The Ottoman Empire was founded in the 1300s by Osman I and expanded through conquest of Byzantine territory. The empire grew powerful under sultans like Mehmed II, who captured Constantinople, and Suleiman the Magnificent. However, defeats like the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 marked the end of Ottoman naval power and the beginning of the empire's decline.
Thomas Edward Lawrence was born in 1888 in Wales to an illegitimate family that lived as wanderers. He earned a scholarship to study history at Oxford University where he became fascinated with castles and the Middle East. His thesis involved studying Crusader castles in Syria and Palestine. During this time, he became interested in the people and culture of the region. He was assigned to British intelligence in the Middle East during World War I. Lawrence helped rally Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire by leading successful attacks including the capture of Aqaba in 1917. However, the promises made to Arabs for independence following the war were broken by agreements between Britain and France that divided the region between them.
The document discusses Halford Mackinder, the founder of geopolitics, and his theories about the geopolitical importance of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which he referred to as the "Heartland." It summarizes Mackinder's "Heartland Theory," which argued that whoever controls the Heartland would have control over the World Island of Eurasia, and therefore dominate the world. The document then analyzes the evolution of powers that controlled different parts of the Heartland throughout history, from the Huns to various empires to the Soviet Union. It examines arguments for and against the continuing relevance of Mackinder's Heartland Theory.
Ancient Rome began as a small town founded by Romulus and Remus along the Tiber River in Italy in the 9th century BC. It grew to become a massive empire that dominated the Mediterranean world. Roman society was divided between patrician nobles and plebeian commoners. While patricians lived in grand homes with amenities, plebeians crowded into insula apartment blocks with shared facilities. Ancient Romans were also devoted to athletics, gathering at the Campus Martius to exercise and compete, and enjoying chariot races at the massive Circus Maximus racetrack.
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the late 13th century and went on to become one of the largest and most powerful empires in the world over the next 600 years. It controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa at its peak. The empire was successful due to strong military leadership, a powerful army including elite forces like the Janissaries, a strong economy, and a unified government and identity provided by Islam. However, by the early 20th century the empire was in decline due to conflicts, economic troubles, and challenges from European powers.
Mehmed II was born in 1432 in Edirne as the son of Sultan Murad II. He ascended the throne in 1453 at age 20 and took the name "the Conqueror" after capturing Constantinople for the Ottoman Empire that year, bringing an end to the Byzantine Empire. As sultan, Mehmed expanded Ottoman territory significantly through military campaigns, growing the empire from 900,000 to over 2 million square kilometers during his 30-year rule. He was a skilled leader and patron of the arts and sciences.
Aidarbek Chalbaev from International Relations Department of International Ataturk Alatoo University is talking about the Ottoman Empire .Subject: Turkey in World Politics Lecturer: Dr. Ibrahim Koncak
This document provides an overview of the state of the world in 1492, before Columbus' voyage. It describes the political situations and rulers in various regions of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. It notes that Islam dominated large parts of Africa and Asia, while Christianity was centered in Europe. The main civilizations and powers included the Spanish monarchy, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, various African empires, India, China, Japan, the Aztec and Inca empires, and various North American tribes. Staple crops and major religions varied by region. The document frames 1492 as a pivotal pre-colonial era before major changes from European exploration and colonization.
The Ottoman Empire had a significant influence on world history as the largest and most powerful of the Muslim empires. It lasted over 600 years due to its strong military, tolerant religious policies, and organized political system. The empire connected Europe, Asia, and Africa through its vast geographic reach, promoting an exchange of ideas and trade. It fell after joining World War I on the losing side of the Central Powers alliance.
The document discusses the Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the contest for control of the central Mediterranean region between the Ottoman Empire and Christendom in the 16th century. It provides background on Ptolemy's map and the interest in exploration and conquest of known lands. It describes the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent's expansion of Ottoman control across Southeast Europe and North Africa. It then summarizes the Siege of Malta by Suleiman against the Knights of Malta in 1565 and the pivotal Christian victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 led by John of Austria.
The document provides an overview of the Ottoman Empire through a presentation. It discusses the empire's origin in Asia Minor in the 13th century under Osman I. At its peak, the empire spanned Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. It then began declining after naval defeats in the 16th century. The presentation covers additional topics like language, food, festivals, economy, sultans, conquests, architecture, and the devshirme system of conscripting non-Muslim children. The golden era is identified under Suleiman the Magnificent, and three main reasons for the empire's eventual decline are discussed.
The document provides instructions for an 8th grade assignment to research and present information about the US Constitution. Students are asked to answer 10 questions about the origins and significance of the Constitution by conducting research using 3 specified websites. Their findings will be presented in a 10-slide PowerPoint presentation with each slide answering one question and including a visual element.
The document contains a 14-question pretest about the Middle East and North Africa. It asks about the primary language, dominant religion, landscape type, differences between Iranians/Israelis and others in the region, definitions of Berbers and Kurds, what Arabs have in common, Bedouins, the three-letter word ending in "y" to describe all deserts, the primary source of wealth for most nations in the region, why the Dead Sea is dead, the nation containing the Suez Canal, and the nation containing the Aswan Dam.
The Middle East and North Africa share many characteristics. Islam is the dominant religion and Arabic is widely spoken. Most of the region is desert with little rainfall. However, there are exceptions like Iran where Farsi is spoken. The oil wealth of some nations has led to modernization while others have used wealth to build strong militaries. The Suez Canal and Nile River are important waterways but the Aswan Dam has had environmental impacts by preventing flooding and silt deposition.
The document provides instructions for a multi-day lesson on the geography of the Middle East, focusing on the roles of oil and water in the region. Students will study maps of Iraq and the Middle East to learn basic geography. They will analyze how the distribution of oil and water contributes to conflicts and influences different countries. Students will create maps labeling major water sources and geographic features, and answer questions about the resources and earliest civilizations in the region.
The document provides the classroom rules and procedures for Ms. Wanshon's computers class. It outlines 9 rules for student behavior and respect, participation, tardiness, late work, absences, classroom structure, and appropriate game use. It also details procedures for bell work, questions, restroom breaks, submitting papers, homework grading, being prepared, shutting down computers, and "This Day in History" notes. Students are asked to sign along with their parents to acknowledge understanding the expectations.
The document provides information about early American colonization through a virtual field trip. It discusses the Roanoke, Jamestown, and Plymouth colonies. Students are asked to complete activities as they learn about each colony, including summarizing key figures like John Smith and Pocahantas for Jamestown. They are also to compare and contrast the colonies, discuss the purpose of the Mayflower Compact, and take a quiz testing their knowledge.
The document provides instructions for students to complete a web quest on Ghana by answering questions that can be found on the provided website or through additional online research. Students are asked to label locations on a map, provide facts about Ghana's population, natural resources, official language, GDP, climate, national parks, ethnic groups, history of settlements and trade, and cultural traditions by navigating away from the primary website page as needed to find responses.
The document outlines the goals of a project for students to create a multimedia presentation on one of the core democratic values of the United States. It defines 12 core democratic values: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, the common good, justice, equality, diversity, truth, popular sovereignty, patriotism. Students are instructed to include 5 slides in their presentation: a title slide with their name and value chosen, 3 information slides with graphics/examples explaining how examples relate to the value, and a works cited slide citing any electronic resources used.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
1. Conflicts in the Middle East
September 11 was left of the old Roman Empire, which
historians call the Byzantine Empire. The Turkish
On the morning of September 11, 2001,
Ottoman Empire, whose name derives from
terrorists captured four American airplanes.
Osman, eventually conquered most of the Middle
Suicide pilots guided two of the planes into the
East and North Africa. At its strongest point it
twin towers of New York City’s World Trade
also controlled Greece, the Balkan Mountains, and
Center, while another was guided into the
most of southeast Europe. The Ottoman Empire
Pentagon near Washington, D.C. The Pentagon is
lasted until the early 20th century, a span of
the home of the American Department of Defense,
almost six hundred years.
the government agency responsible for the
American military. Reports indicate that a group The Ottoman Turks were Muslims, but they
of passengers forced a fourth jet to crash in did not impose Islamic law on non-Muslims. The
Pennsylvania. The passengers apparently gave Ottoman Turks generally allowed Christians,
their lives to keep the terrorists from Jews, and people of other faiths to practice their
harming any other innocent people. beliefs in peace, although the Armenian
America had been unrivaled as a Massacre of 1915-1917 is a cruel exception.
military power since the breakup of the Arabs, Persians, Kurds, Maronites, and
Soviet Union more than a decade Armenians all maintained strong cultural
before the attacks. If America could be identities within the Ottoman Empire.
attacked, anyone, anywhere in the
Two wars in the early twentieth century
world might be at risk.
(the 1900s) resulted in Greece, Crete,
Terrorism is the use of violence Serbia, Romania, and Macedonia leaving
against civilians. A civilian does not the empire. The weakened Ottoman
belong to the military. Terrorists often Empire was often compared to a “sick
view themselves as part of a resistance man.” European colonial leaders had recently
movement who hurt innocent people to advance seized most of Africa and were eager to exert their
what they believe is a more important cause. influence in the Middle East.
The Middle East is often called “the World War I broke out in 1914. Britain,
crossroads of the world.” This sparsely populated France, the United States, and Russia were united
region produced three religious faiths practiced by as the Allied forces. They fought the Central
half of the world’s inhabitants; Christianity, Islam, Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The
and Judaism. The Middle East is a gateway to Ottoman Turks assumed the Central Powers
India, the Far East, sub-Saharan Africa, and would win the war. The Turks believed Germany
southeast Europe. would keep Russia from taking land from their
declining empire, so the Ottoman sultans joined
In recent years, this region has been one of the
the Central Powers. Russia lacked a “warm water
most chaotic parts of our world. Many brilliant
port,” where they could ship goods in all seasons.
ideas came from the Middle East, but it is also a
All of Russia’s western seaports are in regions that
land of long standing hatred and revenge. This
are frozen for at least part of the year. The
unit is an attempt to explain some of the causes of
Russian people revolted in 1917 and Russia
the many conflicts in the Middle East.
withdrew from the war. Even without the
The Ottoman Empire Russians, the Allied Powers won.
In the fourteenth century, a Turkish military The Allied Powers of World War I were eager
leader named Osman defeated other Turkish tribes to assert their influence in the Middle East and
to become ruler of a small kingdom. A dynasty is North Africa at the end of the war. They hoped to
a family or group that maintains power for sell their manufactured goods to the people of the
generations. Osman’s dynasty conquered what region. They also hoped to exploit the natural
Page 1 of 6
2. resources of the region. Oil had not yet been fezzes so they could touch
discovered, but the Middle East and North Africa their forehead to the ground
had many exotic spices. Britain also controlled when they prayed. "The
India at that time, and they hoped to secure a safe people of the Turkish
route to India and other colonial lands in East republic," Kemal said in
Asia. Britain, France, and the United States 1919, "must prove that they
carved up most of the Ottoman Empire and left are civilized by the way they
only what we now know as the modern nation of appear." And that, he What is ironic
Turkey. explained, meant boots and about this picture
of Mustafa Kemal
shoes, trousers, shirt, and tie, Ataturk?
Kemal Ataturk jacket and vest. "And to
Ottoman sultans ruled Turkey for almost 700 complete these, a cover with a brim on our
years. After World War I, a period of chaos heads. I want to make this clear. This head
within Turkey ended when a popular, charismatic covering is called a hat." Turks who
general named Mustafa Kemal took control. He continued to wear traditional clothing were
was named Mustafa at birth and had no surname. arrested and imprisoned.
As a child, he was nicknamed Kemal by his • Kemal introduced a western alphabet and
mathematics teacher. Kemal means “the perfect ordered all newspapers, books, and street signs
one.” He earned his nickname because he was printed in the new script. Kemel believed the
able to memorize his lessons faster than any of the difficulty of the Arabic script his nation used
other students. led to illiteracy in Turkey and was difficult for
Kemal was convinced that Turkey needed to merchants and traders from other nations to
become a modern nation. He believed that if the learn. He traveled the Turkish countryside
Turkish people continued to follow their with a blackboard and chalk to personally
traditions, they would again be attacked by explain how the letters should be pronounced.
another western power. The popular Kemal often Many of the people Ataturk personally taught
traveled the countryside to encourage the people had never before held a pencil or a piece of
"Let science and new ideas come in freely,” he chalk.
often said. “If you don't, they will devour you."
• Kemal decreed that everyone must have a
Greece attacked Turkey in 1921 and 1922, but
surname, or family name. In 1934, the
Kemal led the Turks to victory. By the mid
Turkish assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the
1920s, the Turkish leader began a modernization
name Ataturk, or “Father of the Turks.”
program in Turkey:
Ataturk was a very popular leader. Most
• Kemal said that in a modern nation, men and Turks accepted his changes, but some people
women must be equal. He ordered that girls be disagreed because Ataturk ‘s changes created a
allowed to attend school. Kemal also gave more secular society. Secular means non-
women the right to vote and take jobs in religious.
business and government.
It didn't matter if people disagreed with
• Kemal set aside religious law and established Ataturk. The Turkish leader allowed only one
a western system of justice. Turkey had been political party and did not permit people to openly
governed by Shariah until Kemal set up a legal disagree with his policies. Ataturk died in 1938,
structure that was similar European nations. but he is considered a national hero to this day.
He also forbid men from taking more than one
wife, although the practice of polygamy is Shariah
allowed by the Quran.
In many western governments, particularly the
• Kemal forbade the Turkish people to wear United States, there is a separation between
fezzes, veils, or other traditional Turkish religion and government. Many Muslims believe
clothing. The fez is a tasseled, cone shaped in Shariah, a term that means “path” in Arabic.
traditional hat. Many Muslims men wore Shariah law tells many devout Muslims what to
Page 2 of 6
3. eat, how to pray, and how to behave in public. countries. Al Queda’s terrorist operations have
Muslims believe the Shariah are commandments been funded largely by Osama bin Laden, a
from God (Arabic Allah). member of a wealthy construction family. Bin
Laden was last seen in public at his son’s wedding
Under Shariah law, people may not consume
in January, 2001, and is believed to be in hiding in
alcohol, borrow money at interest, or allow
Central Asia. He is the subject of a $25 million
women in their family to go out in public without
reward offered by the American State Department.
a veil. Shariah law allows a man to take as many
as four wives, provided his first wife agrees and The Taliban controlled Afghanistan from 1996
he is able to support all of his wives and children. to 2001. The Taliban continued to allow Bin
This provision of the Shariah is not often Laden to live in Afghanistan after he was accused
employed in even the most traditional Muslim of funding the attacks of September 11, 2001.
societies. The United States, aided by Great Britain and
other allies, attacked Afghanistan a month after
Saudi Arabia is the only nation that closely
September 11 and removed the Taliban from
adheres to Shariah law. Criminals who are
power. The Taliban remain a terrorist
convicted of murder, rape, or other violent crimes
organization fighting the American-backed elected
in Saudi Arabia can face public amputation of
government in Afghanistan.
arms or legs, or beheadings. Westerners often
argue that Saudi justice is cruel, but most Saddam Hussein led Iraq from 1979 until his
observers agree that violent crime removal from power in 2003. In 1980, Saddam
is less common in Saudi Arabia began a bloody war with Iran, hoping to seize
than in America. control of oil rich land. Iran and Iraq fought for
nine years, and as many as one million people
Devout Muslims defend
died, but the war ended without either side able
Shariah because their values have
to claim victory.
served them well for over one
thousand years. Saudi The war with Iran left Iraq with huge debts.
professor Dr. Hend Khuthaila Saddam needed funds to maintain his army,
said, “The West may be more which he used to control the Iraqi people. In
advanced in some areas like 1990, he decided to invade the tiny oil-rich
science, but I have never nation of Kuwait. A multinational military
believed for a minute that your force, led by the United States, responded to the
culture is better than ours…We invasion and liberated Kuwait in January 1991.
go to the United States and see
As part of the peace settlement after what
playgrounds, so we build swings
became known as the Gulf War, Saddam agreed to
for five thousand dollars and our
allow inspectors to ensure that he was not building
children don’t use them. Swings are not part of
weapons of mass destruction. Saddam was
our culture. We would rather spend time with our
already responsible for the deaths of millions in
families than be on a playground with strangers.”1
the Iran-Iraq war, and if he had access to nuclear
The War on Terror weapons, the results may have been disastrous for
the entire world. In a speech to the American
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 people in 2002, President George W. Bush stated
were a stark reminder of how vulnerable the world that it was his goal “to prevent regimes
was to terrorist acts. The Global War on Terror is (governments) that sponsor terror from
an ongoing campaign by the United States and its threatening America or our friends and allies with
allies to prevent international terrorism. weapons of mass destruction.” When Saddam
America’s most notable foe in the war on refused to allow weapons inspectors into Iraq, the
terror has been Al Queda, a violent organization United States Congress gave President Bush the
that seeks to end western influence in Muslim authority to invade.
The United States its allies forced Saddam
1
Quoted in The Arabs by David Lamb, Random from power in 2003. The dictator was later
House 1987. Pages 265-6.
Page 3 of 6
4. captured and put on trial by the newly elected States allowed the Shah to come to New York
government of Iraq for “crimes against humanity.” City for cancer treatment, Iranian students
He was found guilty and executed in 2006. stormed the American embassy and held 52
Weapons inspectors later determined that Saddam Americans hostage for more than a year. Iran has
Hussein did not have weapons of mass destruction also supports the violent Hezbollah, a group that
in Iraq. has called for the destruction of Israel.
In December 2005, the Iraqi people held The current leader of Iran, Mahmoud
elections for the Iraqi National Assembly. Nouri Ahmadinejad, has called for the destruction of
al-Maliki was chosen by the Assembly to be the Israel and the development of a nuclear program
nation’s Prime Minister. Unfortunately, several in Iran. Ahmadinejad argues that a nuclear
armed groups continue to fight for control in Iraq. program would allow Iran to produce electricity,
Some observers believe that the resistance within but some observers believe Ahmadinejad would
Iraq is strong enough to be considered a civil war, like to use Iran’s nuclear program to create
or a war within a nation, but President Bush nuclear terror in other nations.
disagrees.
Israel
Iran The Hebrews were the ancestors of the Jews.
Shah Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran until 1979. Shah They lived on the eastern shore of the
is a Persian word that means king. Iran is an oil- Mediterranean Sea until AD70, when the Roman
rich nation. The Shah used his oil wealth to army forced the Jews to leave. For almost the
modernize his nation as Ataturk had done in next two thousand years, the Jews lived as
Turkey. He allowed women to vote and hold minorities in different lands. Through the
jobs, built big cities, and created a more secular or centuries, they were often unwelcome guests in
non-religious society. their new countries.
The Shah was very unpopular with many The Jews faced pogroms, or organized
Iranians. Iran is a very traditional Muslim nation, massacres, particularly in Russia and Eastern
and many of the Iranian people were displeased Europe. In the late 1890s, writer Theodor Herzl
with the changes the Shah imposed upon them. formulated the ideas of Zionism. Zionists felt that
Many people close to the Shah were corrupt. the only way Jews could be safe would be to
Anyone who disagreed with the Shah was forced recreate a Jewish state. The ancient homeland of
to leave the nation or face SAVAK, the Shah's the Jews was at that time known as Palestine and
brutal secret police. In 1971, the Shah held a was populated by Arab-speaking people.
three-day celebration that is believed to have cost
The British took control of Palestine after the
over $50 million. The Shah hosted leaders and
collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of
celebrities from around the world as parts of his
World War I. By this time, many Jews had settled
nation was struggling with poverty and drought.
on land their ancestors called home. Violence
In January 1979, religious leaders gained broke out between the Jewish settlers and the local
control of Iran in a revolution and forced the Shah Arab-speaking people known as Palestinians.
to flee. Iran became an Islamic republic. Boys
At the end of World War II in 1945,
and girls were no longer allowed to attend classes
representatives of fifty countries formed the
together. Alcohol and western music were
United Nations to “save succeeding generations
forbidden. Men could not wear T-shirts, short
from the scourge of war.” In 1948, the United
sleeved shirts, or neckties. Women and girls had
Nations created the modern state of Israel as a
to wear long, dark garments that covered their hair
homeland for Jews. Five Arab states immediately
and body. Religious police severely punished
invaded Israel. The Jews fought back and
anyone suspected of opposing the revolution.
extended the borders of their new nation. After a
America supported the Shah, and the leaders second war in 1967, Israel occupied formerly
of Iran’s revolution denounced the United States Arab lands along the West Bank of the Jordan
as the “Great Satan.” Shortly after the United
Page 4 of 6
5. River, near the city of Gaza, and the Sinai Other people in Israel believe that withdrawal
Peninsula. from the occupied territories will give terrorists
more freedom to attack Israel.
In 1977, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat
became the first Arab leader to agree to a peace Israel built fortified barriers along its borders
treaty with Israel. Israel returned the Sinai with the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Supporters of
Peninsula to Egypt and the long dispute between the barrier argue that the barriers are a necessary
the nations ended. Many Arabs saw Sadat as a tool to prevent future terrorist attacks on Israel.
traitor for making an agreement with Israel. Five Opponents argue that the barriers isolate
years later, Sadat was assassinated by Egyptians Palestinians and will be the cause of more
who did not believe he should have agreed to discontent and violence in the region.
peace with Israel.
Afghanistan
Hamas Afghanistan is a poor, mountainous,
The Israeli government had landlocked nation in Central Asia. Many
encouraged settlers to move to land armies have invaded Afghanistan, but no
they occupied after the 1967 war. The army has ever been able to survive the
occupied territories included land along rugged land or dominate the fierce, proud
the West Bank of the Jordan River and Afghan people for a significant period.
the Gaza Strip. The Gaza Strip is a
The Soviet Union invaded
narrow piece of land along the
Afghanistan in 1979. More than 100,000
Mediterranean Sea. Palestinian
Soviet troops used sophisticated weapons
resistance to Israeli occupation of the A woman and brutal repression to control the cities
West Bank and Gaza in the late 1980s wearing a burqua and transportation routes, but the Soviet
became known as the First Intifada.
army was no match for the mujahedeen,
Intifada is an Arabic word that means uprising.
the Afghan warriors who used their knowledge of
The violence declined after Israel signed a 1993
the land to inflict damage on the Soviet forces.
peace agreement with some Palestinians that
The Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989
allowed the Palestinians to have limited self-
and would soon cease to be a world power.
government in the occupied territories. The
government in the occupied territories is known as The war was a tremendous drain on
the Palestinian Authority. Afghanistan, and about a third of the population
fled. The Soviet legacy in Afghanistan would be
A Palestinian group known as Hamas objected
thousands of land mines. The small explosives
to the 1993 peace agreement because they did not
were designed to control the mujahedeen, but
believe Israel has the right to exist on land they
today the weapons continue to destroy many lives
consider to be theirs. Hamas encouraged a second
as the Afghan people search for firewood or tend
intifada and has sponsored several violent acts
to their animals.
against Israel. Radical Palestinians strapped
bombs to themselves and detonated the bombs in The withdrawal of Soviet troops led to a civil
crowded Israeli areas. Hamas provided financial war in Afghanistan. A civil war is a war within a
support to the families of the suicide bombers. nation. Several competing interests fought for
control of Afghanistan after the Soviets withdrew
In 2006, the Palestinians living in the occupied
their troops. A group of Islamic militants known
territories elected Hamas to run their government.
as the Taliban became popular with many Afghan
International aid to the Palestinians from Israel
people. Taliban is an Arabic word that means
and most western nations stopped because of
“students.” Many Afghan people initially
Hamas’ sponsorship of violence against Israel.
supported the Taliban. The Afghan people hoped
Israel ended decades of occupation in the that returning to the traditional customs of their
Gaza Strip and four West Bank settlements in ancient land would erase the unhappiness of the
2005. Many Israelis hope to see a Palestinian civil war.
nation that can co-exist peacefully with Israel.
Page 5 of 6
6. Afghanistan is a traditional nation, where world see America as a violent, permissive
many women wear burquas. A burqua is a cloak society. In his book Jehad vs. McWorld,
that covers all but your hands and feet. A small Benjamin Barber argues that the culture of the
crocheted area allows one to see, but covers their United States and other western nations has
body in modesty. In the last fifty years, many replaced the traditional values of some societies.
women have stopped wearing burquas, and have Young people around the world are wearing
gone against the traditional customs of western clothes, listening to western music, and
Afghanistan by being educated or taking jobs adopting western attitudes.
outside the home.
In 1873, Jules Verne wrote an adventure story
Once the Taliban took power in most of titled “Around the World in Eighty Days.” Today
Afghanistan, they began a violent rule. The it is possible to circle the globe in less than a day.
Taliban outlawed television, radio, even kite- People who were once isolated from one another
flying; under rule of the Taliban, Afghan women are now part of a global community. Through
seen in public without their burqua faced severe television and the Internet, we have instant access
beatings or death. to almost any part of the world. With that access
comes a responsibility to understand other people
When the United States was attacked on
and cultures. By learning about and
September 11, 2001, the American government
understanding one another, we can hope that the
traced the incident to Osama bin Laden, who had
citizens of the world can develop a sense of
taken refuge in Afghanistan. The Americans
tolerance and respect for one another.
demanded that the Taliban turn over bin Laden
and other suspected terrorists, but the Taliban
refused. The United States led a multinational
bomb attack in 2002 that forced the Taliban from
power in Afghanistan.
The Afghan people held national elections in
2004 and chose Hamid Karzai as President of a
democratic government. A democracy is a type of
government where people citizens choose their
leaders. Women were allowed to vote and run for
office for the first time in the nation’s history.
Afghanistan continues to face many challenges.
The nation is very poor and does not have a good
road or railroad system to transport goods. The
Taliban and Al Queda remain threats in the nation.
Americanization
Since the attacks on New York and
Washington on September 11, 2001, many
Americans are confused. Why would anyone hate
us? The answer may partly lie with how America
is perceived in many parts of the world.
The United States is the world’s richest nation.
Since the breakup of the Soviet Union more than a
decade ago, America is the only military
superpower. America is a model for tolerance,
diversity, and democracy. Nevertheless, many
people disagree with American values.
In traditional cultures with low crime and a
strong family structure, many people around the
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