These are my Scramble for Africa Flashcards to be put into small booklets etc. I know some of the text got displaced when uploading here for some reason but you can always fix that yourselves. Feel free to use for revision purposes.

1. Scramble
For Theories
Africa
Hobson – Metropolitan
The scramble was for purely Lenin – Metropolitan
economic reasons, benefitting An economic crisis in the
the capitalist elite who could capitalist system led to
sell surplus goods in new expansion and colonies to
markets overseas as the poor open
in Britain couldn't afford them. new markets.
Schumpeter – Metropolitan
Hobsbawn – Metropolitan
Old aristocrats were trying to
Technology allowed countries
gain power and glory to stay in
the ability to take of colonies
the public eye.
so they did.
Cain and Hopkins –
Metropolitan
Gentlemanly capitalists were
investing in colonies, hoping
to make a profit and putting
History
their interests over those of the
country. Flipbook

2. Robinson and Gallagher - Peripheral AJP Taylor – International
The British reluctantly Relations
colonized The delicately balanced
Africa after the felts forced to position
protect their investments of European powers led to the
against colonization of Africa as a
local Egyptian nationalism. sparring ground as an
alternative to European war.
Paul Kennedy – International
Relations
European powers wished to
have the same power and
status as Britain so colonized,
forcing Britain to do the same
Timeline
to defend her interests and
keep dominance.
Sudan - 1882 Sudan – 1882
British Gen. Charles "Chinese" Former British Gen. Charles
Gordon (49) retired from "Chinese" Gordon, Field
active duty and moved to Marshal in the Turkish army,
Jerusalem commanded the Egyptian
forces in Sudan
Sudan -1883 Nov 3
A poorly trained Egyptian
Sudan – 1883-1884
army,
British officered Egyptian
Led by British General William
armies
Hicks, marched toward El
were defeated by the
Obeid
forces of El Mahdi, called
in the Sudan--straight into a
Dervishes by the British at the
Mahdist ambush and
battle of El Obeid.
massacre.

3. Sudan - 1884 Jan
Lord Garnet Wolseley,
adjutant-
General of the British Army,
Sudan - 1884 Jan 18
asked Charles Gordon to
General Charles ("Chinese")
come
Gordon departed London for
out of retirement and lead an
Khartoum.
evacuation of 15,000
European
and Egyptian civilians from
Khartoum, Sudan. Gordon
Sudan agreed.Mar 11
– 1884
Gen. Gordon learned that the
. telegraph cable to Cairo had
Sudan - 1884 Feb 18 been cut. Khartoum soldiers
General Charles Gordon killed 5 Mahdists at Halfaya.
arrived Mahdist insurgents in return
in Khartoum to battle the massacred 150 men from the
Mahdi and his terrorists. Khartoum garrison as they
were
cutting wood.
Sudan – 1884 Mar 13 Sudan - 1884 Mar 16
Siege of Khartoum, Sudan, A 2nd counter-attack at
began. Gen. Gordon ordered a Halfaya failed and Gordon
counter-attack at Halfaya and ordered 2 commanders to be
troops rescued some 500 executed.
from a Mahdist assault
Sudan - 1884 Oct 22
General Charles Gordon received
a letter from Mahdi near Sudan - 1884 Nov 3
Khartoum. A British steamboat arrived at
Gordon was sent to Khartoum to Khartoum with news that a
evacuate the Egyptian garrison. relief force was on its way.
Gordon decided to hold the city
against El Mahdi.

4. Sudan - 1885 Jan 26
Sudan – 1885 Jan 2 Gordon (51), British gov-gen of
Sudan, was killed on the palace
Gen. Wolseley received the
steps in the garrison at Khartoum
last distress signal of Gen. by the forces of Muhammad
Gordon in Khartoum. Ahmed,
El Mahdi.
Sudan – 1885 Jan 28 Sudan - 1885 Jun 22
Gen’l. Garnet Wolseley In Sudan Muhammad
arrived Ahmad ,
at Khartoum to relieve Gen’l. the Mahdi,
Gordon, but arrived 2 days died of typhus. His chief
late. deputy, Abdallahi ibn
El Mahdi died soon thereafter Muhammad took over the
but was succeeded by the administration of the nascent
Khalifa Mahdist state
Sudan – 1886 Sudan – 1896 Sep 21
Henry Stanley (1841-1904), General Horatio Kitchener's
Welsh-born journalist, led the army occupied Dongola,
Emin Pasha Relief Expedition Sudan.
to "rescue" Emin Pasha, the Gen’l. Herbert Kitchener led
governor of Equatoria in the British conquest of the
the southern Sudan Sudan.
.Sudan – 1898 Apr 8
British General Kitchener
defeated the Khalifa, leader of
Sudan – 1897 Aug 31
the dervishes in Sudan, at the
General Kitchener occupied
Battle of Atbara. Anglo-
Berber, North of Khartoum.
Egyptian
forces crushed 6,000
Sudanese.

5. Sudan – 1898 Sep 2
Anglo-Egyptian lines under Gen’l.
Kitchener were charged by 50,000
Sudan – 1898 Sep 1 fanatical Dervishes and
were mowed down by howitzers,
Lord Kitchener's army bombed machine guns and rifles. The
Omdurman Dervishes left 11,000 dead
and 16,000 wounded. The
Anglo-Egyptian army suffered
fewer than a dozen casualties.
Sudan – 1899 Nov 24
Abdullah ibn Mohammed
Sudan – 1898 Sep 6
al-Ta'a'ishi, Khelifa
Lord Kitchener destroyed
of Sudan (1883-99), died.
Mahdi's tomb in Omdurman
British forces took control
of the Sudan.
Egypt – 1859 Apr 25
Egypt – 1867 Feb 1
Construction of the Suez
The 1st ship passed through
Canal
the Suez Canal.
was started.
Egypt – 1869 Nov 17
Egypt – 1867-1875 , The Suez Canal was opened
The Suez Canal Co. issued bonds in
for some hundred million Egypt,linking the
francs to keep afloat. The
Mediterranean
Khedive went bankrupt and the
British under Disraeli snapped and the Red seas. The 100
up the Khedive's shares for mile canal eliminated a
£4 million. 4000-mile trip around Africa.

6. Egypt – 1979
Tewfik was appointed as the
Egypt – November 1879
Khedive of Egypt and spent
Anglo-French dual control of
vast amounts on railways,
Egypt was established to stop
borrowing from European
further spending.
banks
and bankrupting Egypt.
Egypt – 1881
Nationalist revolts under Colonel
Ahmed Arabi started spreading Egypt – 1882 Sep 13
Across Egypt with violent civil British troops defeated
disorder in the major towns with Egyptian
Europeans being attacked, their forces in the Battle at
homes burnt, and in one incident Tel-el-Kebir
in
Alexandria the deaths of fifty
expatriates
Gold Coast – 1823
First Ashanti war was declared
Egypt – 1882
as the Ashanti were trying to
Anglo-French dual control of
take Fanti land. Sir Charles
Egypt ended after the
MacArthy was killed at the
British occupation began.
Battle of Nsamankow on 22nd
January 1924.
Gold Coast – 1824
The Ashanti swept down to the Gold Coast – 1831
coast, but disease forced them The Pra River was accepted
back. The Ashanti were so as
successful in subsequent fighting the border in a Anglo-Ashanti
that in 1826 they again moved on peace treaty, ending the first
the coast. British Congreve Ashanti war.
rockets forced their withdrawal.

7. Gold Coast – 1863
Second Anglo-Ashanti war Gold Coast – 1864.
was Second Anglo-Ashanti war
declared as a large Ashanti ended as British troops were
delegation crossed the river forced to withdraw because
pursuing a fugitive, Kwesi of sickness.
Gyana
Gold Coast – 1872
Zey, king of the Ashanti Gold Coast – 1871 Feb 25
, wrote to the British monarch Britain purchased part of Gold
asking for the slave trade to Coast from the Netherlands.
be renewed.
Gold Coast – 1873
Gold Coast – 1873 Wolseley arrived and made his
Third Anglo-Ashanti war was plans before the arrival of his
declared as the Ashanti troops in January 1874. He
had invaded and made claim fought the Battle of Amoaful on
to part of the newly purchased January 31 1874, and, after
Dutch Gold Coast. five days' fighting, ended with
the Battle of Ordahsu.
Gold Coast – 1895 Jan
Fourth Anglo-Ashanti war was
Gold Coast – 1874 July declared so that the British
The British forced the Ashanti to could conquer the Ashanti
sign after the rejection of becoming
the Treaty of Fomena to end the
a British protectorate in 1891.It
war, with one of the clauses
being a demand for 50,000oz only lasted until Feb 1896 and
of gold. ended with the exile of
Ashanti leaders.

8. Gold Coast – 1900 Sep
Gold Coast – 1900 Mar
The British won the war and
The war of the golden stool
the
was
Ashanti became part of a
declared after the British after
crown
Frederick Mitchell Hodgson,
colony, though mostly ruled
demanded that the Ashanti
themselves with little reference
turn over to the Golden Stool.
to the colonial powers.
Nigeria – 1882
Nigeria – 1879
The British from the East and
The United African Company
The French from the West
was formed due to high British
Started working their way up
interest in importing palm oil
the
from the area and exporting
Niger river and eventually
cheaper goods such as gin.
Clashed near Timbuktu.
Nigeria – 1879
Nigeria – 1884 Nov
The United African Company
The Berlin Conference hosted
was formed due to high British
by Bismarck gave Nigeria to
interest in importing palm oil
the British, forming the “Oil
from the area and exporting
Rivers Protectorate”.
cheaper goods such as gin.
Nigeria – 1886
Goldie hired Lugard to make
Nigeria – 1886
Treaties with the rules of tribes
The Royal Niger company was
in Northern Nigeria. The
founded by George Taubman
French
Goldie
sent Captain Decour to do the
same.

9. Nigeria – 1895
A massacre occurred due to
a dispute with the Nembe over
Nigeria – 1893 palm oil as Goldie stopped the
Ijaw middlemen from shipping oil
The “Oil Rivers Protectorate” directly to firms in Britain while at the
Was renamed the “Niger same time insisting on an
Coast Protectorate” unhindered access into the
Hitherlands. The Nembe took 67
hostages so Goldie had 2000
women and children killed.
Nigeria – 1896
Nigeria – 1898
In 1896, Bretonnet was given
command of an expedition meant Anglo-French tension over
to Nigeria peaked at a standoff
establish French control on at Borgu. The French left
the navigable portions of the Bussa,
Niger River below Bussa.These Illo and Gomba in exchange
plans were opposed by the Royal For 2 small plots of land, at the
Niger Company, claiming the Mouths of the rivers Moshi and
English
Niger in the Anglo-French
had already treaty rights on the
region. Convention.
Nigeria – 1901-02
The Anglo-Aro war was declared
after increasing tension between Nigeria - 1903 Mar 15
Aro leaders and British The British conquest was
colonialists completed, 500,000 square
after years of failed negotiations miles were now controlled
as the Aro tried to resist by the U.K.
British expansion. The British
beat the Aro.
Uganda – 1888
Uganda – 1886 Jun 3
The Imperial British East Africa
24 Christians are burnt
Company was chartered by
to death in Namugongo.
William MacKinnon.

10. Uganda – 1890 Feb
Uganda – 1890
Karl Peters explores
Lugard was dispatched by the
Uganda and makes treaties
IBEAC to Uganda, forcing Karl
with Mwanga II of Buganda in
Peters to leave.
favour of the Germans.
Uganda – 1890 Jul 1
The Heligoland-Zanzibar treaty
Was signed between the
British
Uganda – 1892 Jan 24
And the Germans. The British
Civil war broke out between
Gained Kenya and Uganda,
the Kabaka, French Catholics,
and
British Protestants, and the
The Germans gained
IBEAC.
Heligoland
And the Caprivi Strip. Zanzibar
Stayed under control of the
sultan.
Uganda – 1892
The IBEAC went broke from
financing the civil war and
Uganda – 1894
Uganda not being as rich
Uganda was declared a British
in resources as previously
protectorate.
believed. The IBEAC
demanded government funds
Kenyawithdrawal. 1
for a – 1890 Jul
The Heligoland-Zanzibar treaty
Was signed between the
British
And the Germans. The British
Gained Kenya and Uganda, Kenya – 1895
and Kenya was declared the British
The Germans gained East African Protectorate.
Heligoland
And the Caprivi Strip. Zanzibar
Stayed under control of the

11. South Africa - 1838 Dec 16
Boers defeated the Zulus in the
Battle
of Blood River and settled in Natal
The Afrikaners while escaping
South Africa – 1806 from
Cape Town was annexed British rule encountered
to Britain. resistance from the native black
peoples. In the Battle of Blood
River a few hundred Boers
repelled
an attack by more than 10,000
Zulu warriors.
South Africa – 1877
Shepstone annexed the
South Africa – 1867 Transvaal in order to save
Diamonds were discovered in them
Kimberly from bankruptcy, protect them
from the Pedi and settle
border disputes with the Zulu
South Africa – 1879 Jan 11
The Zulu war began with the South Africa – 1879
rejection of an ultimatum that Paul Kruger of the Transvaal
Cetswayo could not comply offered the British advice on
with how to deal with the Zulu from
as demobilizing his army their own experiences at the
would Battle of Blood River. The
leave them open to attack and British ignored him.
destroy the traditional militant
culture. South Africa – 1879 Jan 23
Just over 150 British and
colonial
South Africa – 1879 Jan 22 troops successfully defended
The Battle of Isandhlwana hill the garrison against an
was an embarrassing defeat intense
for the British as 1,300 were assault by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu
slaughtered by the tribesmen. warriors at the Battle of
Rorke's
Drift.

12. South Africa – 1879 Jul 4 South Africa – 1880 Dec 16
The Battle of Ulundi finally The First Boer war was
beat declared
the Zulu forces and Cetswayo as many Boers felt resentful
was sent into exile. The war to having to follow British
was ways from the earlier
ended. annexation.
South Africa – 1881 Feb 27 South Africa – 1881 Mar 23
The Boers had a massive A peace treaty was signed
victory over the British at the that allowed Boer self-
Battle of Majuba Hill where the government
on the condition that the Boers
92nd Highlanders (one of the
accepted Queen’s nominal
supposedly best regiments) rule and British control over
was African affairs and native
seen fleeing from the Boers. districts
South Africa – 1895 Dec 29
The Jameson Raid was set out
and The basic plan was that
British expatriates in Johannesburg
South Africa – 1886 would revolt and seize the Boer
The discovery of gold on the armoury
in Pretoria. Jameson and his force
Witwatersrand launched the would
city dash across the border to
of Johannesburg. Labor was Johannesburg
provided from Lesotho to "restore order" and with control of
Johannesburg would control the gold
fields.
It failed and those involved were jailed.
South Africa – 1889 South Africa – 1899 Oct 11
British South Africa Company was The Second Boer war was
established by Cecil Rhodes declared after a British
through the amalgamation of the
Central Search Association and ultimatum
the Exploring Company Ltd., to the Boers demanding equal
receiving Rights to the uitlanders
a royal charter (foreigners)

13. South Africa – 1899 Oct-Dec South Africa – 1900 Jan-Sep
The Boers had the initial A British offensive held some
offensive successes and relieved
Ladysmith
and had many successes at
And Mafeking. They also
first,
captured
primarily, with sieges of Johannesburg and the
Ladysmith, Mafeking and Transvaal
South Africa – 1900 Sep-1902
Kimberly. capital, Pretoria.
May
The Boers changed their tactics to
Guirella warfare with skirmishes
like South Africa – 1901 Dec
Lindley (where 500 Yeomanry The Fawcett commission was
surrendered), and at Heilbron sent to South Africa to check
(where a large convoy and its conditions of concentration
escort camps with unusually high death
were captured) and other rates. Kitchener slowly improved
skirmishes The conditions of the camps
resulting in 1,500 British After the report was filed.
casualties
in less than ten days. The British
had
To adapt to cope with it.
South Africa – 1902 May 31
South Africa – 1910 May 31
The Second Anglo-Boer war
The Union of South Africa was
came to an end and the formed from the Cape Colony,
Transvaal and Orange Free Natal, the Transvaal and the
State Orange Free State
came under British rule.
Rhodesia – 1888 Oct 13
The Rudd Concession was the
Signing away of the mineral
Rights in Matabeleland and Rhodesia – 1889
Mashonaland by Charles British South Africa Company was
established by Cecil Rhodes
Rudd and Cecil Rhodes. Deceit
through the amalgamation of the
Was used so that Lobengula Central Search Association and
Didn't fully understand what the Exploring Company Ltd.,
He was signing and many receiving a royal charter
friends,
Like Jameson, advised him to

14. Rhodesia – 1889 Apr
Lobengula found out his Rhodesia – 1890
mistakes with the Rudd Rhodes started moving north
concession and attempted of Matabeleland where he had
to undermine it with the Lippert made treaties with Lobengula
Concession which Rhodes And into Mashonaland.
later bought out.
Rhodesia – 1893 Oct- 1894
Rhodesia – 1890 Sep 12 Jan
Fort Salisbury was founded The First Matabele war was
As a small city for military Declared as the company had
volunteer Wanted to avoid problems in
force of settlers organised Their territories, but Lobengula
by Cecil Rhodes to watch Approved a raid to extract the
over Mashonaland.. Mashona chief, leading to a
clash
Rhodesia – 1896
The first Chimurenga (Second
Matabele War) was declared
after Mlino convinced everyone it Other Factors – 1875 Nov 7
was the white Men causing cattle
Verney Cameron became the
to
die. It went on until Rhodes 1st European to cross
persuaded natives to stop and equatorial Africa
combined the provinces of
Mashonaland and Matabeleland
into Southern Rhodesia.
Other Factors – 1898
The Fashoda Incident was a
Other Factors – 1885
strong tension between Britain
King Leopald of Belgium took
and France and a possible
over the Congo Free State
reason for Britain expanding
into the Sudan.

15. Other Factors – 1870 Jul 19
The Franco-Prussian War began.
Napoleon declared war on
Bismarck. Emperor Napoleon III of
France declared war on Germany Other Factors – 1896
under Otto von Bismarck. The French annexed
Napoleon Madagascar
was defeated in three months and
Abdicated, leaving tension
between
The French and Germans.
Other Factors - 1895
French West Africa was
Other Factors – 1888 Established contraining :
The Italians made a pact with Mauritania,
Senegal, French Sudan (now
Sultan Kenadid making an Mali),
Italian Somaliland French Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire
Protectorate. (Ivory Coast), Upper Volta (now
Burkina Faso), Dahomey
(now Benin) and Niger.
Other Factors – 1885
German East Africa was
developed
Other Factors – 1884
and included what are now
German South West Africa
Burundi, Rwanda and
Tanganyika (now Namibia) was claimed.
(the mainland part of present
Tanzania)
Other Factors – 1893
France began colonizing West
Africa and Timbuktu came
under French rule until Mali
became independent in 1960

16. Best Theory – Sudan
Best Theory – Egypt
Peripheral Metropolitan
It seems as though the biggest The Suez canal plays a vital role
Trigger for entering the Sudan in Egypt, whether it is for causing
Was to squash Mahdist and tension between European
Nationalist revolts that may powers or being used as a threat
lead by nationalists. As the canal was
To problems concerning used as a trade route to India,
the main interest is in generating
Investments in Egypt and the profit.
Best Theory Canal. Coast
Suez – Gold
International Relations Best Theory – Nigeria
Gold Coast had been a Dutch Metropolitan
Area Though there was international
of land but they were looking to
rivalry over the land surrounding
sell
the Niger river, most of it can
it. The British knew that If they
did not take Gold Coast, it would be put down to the high
be offered to the French Germans economic
or Italians and they believed they value of the palm oil trade
should have it because of situated there.
how close it was to the Niger Best Theory – Kenya
Best Theory – Uganda
International Relations
Metropolitan
Kenya was given to Britain in
Explorers like Peters and
the Berlin Conference seems
Lugard
to
had described the riches and
have been Used primarily as
mineral wealth in Uganda,
an
encouraging men like
Access Point to landlocked
Mackinnon
Uganda and to fit between
with thoughts of South Africa
Best Theory – making large German East Africa and
profit there.
Metropolitan Italian NorthernRhodesia
Best Theory – Somalia.
The main reason for an Metropolitan
interest The main push for Rhodesia
in South Africa is because of came from Cecil Rhodes who
the diamonds and gold found wanted money and power. He
there. If it had not been for believed that the gold and
that, diamond seams in the
it is highly unlikely that towns Transvaal
like may run up further so took
Kimberly or Johannesburg over