The document describes the origins of the Inca civilization, noting that Manco Capac was established as the founder of the city of Cuzco by the Inca people after being created as the first Incan by the sun god Inti and sent on a journey with his unnamed sister to find the sacred place of Cuzco, with Manco being given a golden staff by the sun god for their mission. The city of Cuzco went on to serve as the capital and administrative center of the Inca Empire which came to dominate the Andean region of western South America under Inca rule.

1. MAYA CIVILIZATION
ESPINA

3. Geography
 This region falls into
modern day southern
Mexico, most of
Guatemala, all of
Belize, the northern
tip of Honduras, and a
northeast piece of El
Salvador.

4. Geography
 You can find dry and arid land, rainforests,
swamps, and coastal areas. In the highlands to
the south, among the Sierra Madre mountains,
there are 37 volcanoes.
 Earthquakes were frequent, there was flooding
and mudslides, hurricanes and droughts.

6. Nagtayo ng pamayanang
lungsod sa mga rainforest
• Tikal
• Chichen Itza
• El Mirador
• Copan
• Uxmal
• Edzna
• Uaxactun

8. Bawat pamayanang
lungsod ay pinamumunuan
ng mayamang pamilya

9. Pinunong Mayan
 Halach Uinic o tunay
na lalaki
 namamana
 May absolute power
 May tungkuling
pulitikal at ispiritwal

10. Uniting FORCES of MAYAN
 All the Maya spoke the same language (Mayan.)
 They worshipped the same gods
 They set up their cities in the same way
 They had very similar laws
 They dressed in the same way
 The cities were connected with roadways that
were kept in good repair

11. May pagkahati-hati
ng tao sa Lipunan

13. Ang mga Mayan ay
nagsasaka at
mangangalakal

14. Sistema ng Pagsasaka
• In the mountainous
highlands, they used
step farming
• In the swampy
lowlands, the Maya
built raised earth
platforms
• In the dense forest,
they used a slash and
burn technique to
create a flat surface
to plant crops

15. The Maya were great
builders

17. Huge reservoirs of
drinking water with
ceramic shards,
similar to outdoor
pools today.
Mayan city of Uxul

18. Sumasamba sa kalikasan
 Mayan religion was
characterized by the
worship of nature gods
(especially the gods of
sun, rain and corn)
 Itzamná; Kukulcán
(Quetzalcóatl);
Bolon Tzacab; Chac

19. Quetzalcoalt “Feathered Serpent
God”

20. Sacrifice
 Blood Letting
 Animal sacrifice– goat
 Human sacrifice – slave or any
one could chosen ( it depends on
the priest

21. Mayroong sistema ng
pagsulat- Mayan Glyphs

23. They have rich
Literature
Hunahpu and
Xbalanque
Popol Vuh.

24. Interesting Facts about the
Maya Hero Twins
 Characters very similar to the Hero Twins
are found in the mythology of several other
Native American cultures.
 The Hero Twins were made rulers of the
Earth by the gods of the sky. One twin was
turned into the Moon and the other into the
Sun.
 The Hero Twins brought their father back to
life and turned him into the Maize god.
 It was said that the rulers of the Maya were
the descendents of the Hero Twins. This
gave them the right to rule.
 Many Maya vases are painted and carved
with scenes from the stories of the Hero
Twins.

25. The Mysterious Mayas

26. Dahilan ng Pagkawala ?
 Pagkasira ng kalikasan
 Paglaki ng populasyon
 Patuloy na digmaan
 Pagbagsak ng produksyon ng pagkain

27. They have advance
calendar

28. AMBAG

30. Toltec

32.  Ang impeyo ng mga
Toltec ay umusbong sa
Central Mexico kung saan
ang pangunahing lungsod
ay ang Tula.
 Pinaniniwalaang nagmula
sa kulturang Teotihuacan.

34. • Ang lungsod na matatagpuan 50 kilometers Hilagang silangan ng Mexico
City.
• Pangunahing makikita sa lungsod ay ang The Avenue of the Dead ,
Temple of the Sun and Moon, temple of the Jaguar temple of the
Quetzalpapalotl, "divine butterfly and temple of Quetzalcoalt.

36. The Avenue
of the Dead
“The place where the man met
God”

37. Pyramid
of the
Sun
“The largest
pyramid at
Teotihuacan”

38. Pyramid of
The Moon
“The 2nd
Lagest
Pyramid at
Teotihhuacan

39. TheTemple
of
Quetzalcoalt
“The 3rd largest
Pyramid at
Teotihuacan”

40. Nahualt ang
kanilang wika

41. Ang kauna-unahang
gumamit ng
puwesang militar
upang masakop ang
mga karatig lugar.

43. Atlantes Warrior Statues
“Toltec Warrior”
Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
('House of the Morning Star'),
where there are four Atlantean
figures standing over 15 feet tall.

44. Temple of
the
Warrior at
Chichen
Itza

45. Mga ekspertong minero
at mangangalakal

46. Sitemang Pang ekonomiya
 the Toltec Empire were mainly agricultural; they depended on several crops to
sustain life. They were able to grow beans, squash, and cacti. The cacti grew fruit
that the people could eat; they didn't actually eat the cactus. Their diet also
included the meat of rabbits and dogs. The main crop was maize (corn). They
depended mainly on these crops but they also traded goods with other regions.
 Much of what was traded was the artwork of the Toltecs. The people made small
personal ornaments and small statues that could be traded easily. The people also
were skilled in pottery and textiles. Another valuable trade resource was metal and
stone tools because the location of the Teotihuacan Empire was in the immediate
vicinity of the richest Mesoamerican deposits of exceptional obsidian. The Toltec
people were among the first that we know of that were skilled in metalworking.

47. • Si CHALCHIUH
TLATONAC ang
kauna-unahang hari
at tagapagtatag ng
Tula.
Ang mga pinuno ay
pinaniniwalang diyos.

48. Toltec Arts
This is a depiction of a
religious or governmental
leader. This shows that the
Toltec were not necessarily
concerned with proper or
realistic proportion. They
also were not interested in
idealizing people. The nose
on this sculpture is rather
large also. This is because
the rulers or other such
important people would wear
large nose pieces to
elongate the nose. The
reason for this is not known,
but perhaps they felt it was a
sign of wealth, a sign of
virtue and honesty, or maybe

49. Sumasamba
kay
Quetzalcoatl

50. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
• (Nahuatl for
"Lord of the
Dawn“
• considered
a dangerous
and
malevolent
god, and
was
associated
with
Quetzalcoatl

51. Kilala sa stone
carving at metal
working

53. Chac Mool
• The name given to a type of Pre-
Columbian Mesoamerican stone
statue. The Chac-Mool depicts a
human figure in a position of
reclining with the head up and
turned to one side, holding a tray
over the stomach. The meaning
of the position or the statue itself
remains unknown.
• Chac-Mool statues are found in
or around temples in Toltec and
other post-Classic central
Mexican sites, and in post-
Classic Maya civilization sites
with heavy Toltec influence, such
as Chichen Itza.

54. Toltec Art
This stone panel depicts
and eagle consuming a
human heart. In the Toltec
culture, eagles in the sky
represented the sun. The
sun needed energy and
strength to survive the
perilous nightly trek
through the underworld to
rise again each morning. It
was the humans’
responsibility to provide
food for the sun in the form
of human heart or blood.

56. Ang kaalaman ukol sa mga Toltec
ay mula sa mga alamat hango sa
sumusunod na kabihasnan at
batay sa mga panulat ng mga
Aztec

57. AZTEC

58. MGA Aztec
• Ang salitang
Aztec ay
nangangahuluga
ng “ Isang
nagmula sa
AZTLAN” isang
mitikong lugar
sa Hilagang
Mexico.
• Itinatag ang
pamayanan ng
TENOCHTITLA
N sa isang mallit
na isla sa gitna
ng Lawa ng
Texcoco
• Ang TEXCOCO
ay sento ng
lambak ng
Mexico

59. Aztec
• Ng makita ng mga Aztec
ang isang Agila na may
kagat na ahas sa ibabaw ng
cactus ang naging sinyales
ng mga Aztec na magtatag
ng pamayanang
Tenochtitlan sa Lake
Texcoco.
• Sa ngayon ito rin ang
sagisag na makikita sa
watawat ng Mexico

60. Kahulugan sa WATAWAT
Green -
signifies hope,
joy, and love;
White -
represents
peace and
honesty;
Red - stands
for hardiness,
bravery,
strength, and
valor -

61. Kabuhayan
• Nakabatay sa
paagtatanim ang
ekonomiya ng
Aztec
• Lumikha ng
Chinampas, mga
artipisyal na pulo
na kung tawagin
ay mga floating
Gaden
• Nagtatanim sila
sa malambot na
lupa na ang gamit
lamang ay
maatulis na lupa.
• Mais ang
pangunahing
panananim
• Nag-aalaga sila
ng ng mga pabo,
aso, pato at
gansa.

62. Acamapichtli
1376-1396
Guided early
construction of
the city,
accomplished a
number of
local
conquests
Huitzilihuitl
1397-1417
Chimalpopoca
1417-1427
Itzcoatl
1428-1440
Moctezuma
Ilhuicamina
1440-1469
Anak
na
babae
Anak na
lalaki
Axayacatl
1469-1481
Tizoc
1481-1486
Ahuitzotl
1486-1502
Moctezum
a
Xocoyotzin
1502-1520
Cuitlahua
c
1520
Cuauhtemoc
1520-1525
AZTEC Ruler

63. RELIHIYON
• Huitzilopochtli – ang diyos
ng Araw, pangunahing diyos
• Tlaloc – Diyos ng ulan
• Quatzealcoalt – “ Ang
puting Diyos”
• Nagsasagawa ng Human
Saciface pra mapanatiling
malakas ang kanilang diyos
at malabanan ang
masamang diyos sa
sumisira ng daigdig

65. Aztec arts

66. Aztec Chocolate
• Nanggaling sa
salitang
CHOCOLATL
na
nangangahulu
gang “ Warm
liquid”.
• Pinagsamang
cacao seeds
with various
seasonings to
make a spicy
• FOOD for the
GODS

67. Hernando Cortes

68. Dahilan ng Pagbagsak
• Epidemya
ng
smallpox
• Pang-aalipin
sa
digmaan
• Labis na
paggawa
• Pagsasa
mantala
 http://www.yoH_t_enrQ

71. Heograpiya ng South America
 Hilaga – matatagpuan ang Amazon River na
dumadaloy sa mayayabong na kagubatan
 Timog – Mga praire at steppe sa Andes Mountain
 Kanluran – tuyot na mga disyeto sa gulod ng mga
bundok na nakahilera sa sa Pacific Ocean.

72. Three Geograpical Regions
 Andes Mountains: North to south were the Andes
Mountains - home of the Inca civilization. The
mountains dominated Incan society. The mountain
peaks were worshiped as gods.
The Andes created a natural barrier between the
coastal desert on one side and the jungle on the other.
The snow-capped mountains were full of deep gorges.
The Inca built bridges across the gorges so they
could reach all parts of their empire quickly and easily.
These mountain gorges were natural barriers. If an
enemy approached, the Incas could simply burn the
bridges.

73. Three Geograpical Regions
 Amazon Jungle: On one side of the Andes was the Amazon
jungle. The Incas must have entered the jungle occasionally, as
they did know about the many valuable things that could be
found in the Amazon, like wood and fruit and natural medicines.
But they never established settlements there. They had no desire
to live in the jungle. The Incas expanded north and south
instead.
 Coastal Desert: Between the mountains and the Pacific Ocean
is a coastal desert 2000 miles long and between 30-100 miles
wide. The desert provided a wonderful natural barrier. Some
scientists think it is the driest place in the world. It is not
completely barren. There are fertile strips where small rivers and
streams run from the Andes mountaintops to the sea.

78. Inca
 Ang Inca ay
nangangahulugang
“Imperyo”
 Nanirahan sa hilagang-kanlurang
bahagi ng Lake
Titicaca sa matabang
lupain sa Lambak ng
Cuzco. Bumuo sila ng maliit
na lungsod.
 Si Manco Capac ang
tagapagtatag ng lungsod
ng Cuzco

79. Cuzco
ruins

82. The Sacred Valley of the Incas is a
valley in the Southern Sierra in Peru
that contains many famous and
beautiful Inca ruins. It was called the
Sacred Valley because it contains
some of the best land in the region
and was not a part of the Empire but
the property of the Emperor or Inca

83. Sacred Valley of the Inca
The valley of Urubamba,
situated close to Cusco was the agricultural
larder of Cuzco in Inca times.
The valley is renowned for its
excellent climate, fertile lands and the waters
of the sacred river of the Inca, the Vilcanota
(in Quechua: sacred or wonderful thing) that,
in the town of Urubamba, the river changes
its name to the UrubambaRiver.
The "Valle Sagrado" is
embraced between the towns of Písac and
Ollantaytambo, and has wonderful
landscapes where its inhabitants, native of
the Quechua ethnic group, conserve many
customs, traditions and ancestral rites.
It is an area where you can
appreciate the high technological
development that the Inca reached in terms
of agriculture through the "andenería"
systems (platform terraces). These systems
are still in use today and show sophisticated
designs of hydraulic engineering for irrigation
purposes. They were also outstanding
adoration centers to the Pachamama (or
mother earth).

85. MANCO
CAPAC Once upon a time, a long time ago, Inti, the sun god, created the first
Incan, and named him Manco Capac. The sun god created a sister for Manco. The
sister did not have a name of her own. She was simply called "his sister". The sun god
told Manco and his sister to go on a journey. Their job was to search high and low for a
special place, a placed called Cuzco. The sun god gave Manco a golden staff.
The sun god said, "You will know that you have found Cuzco when the staff is
swallowed by the earth. When you find it, you will build a city and name it Cuzco. In
this special city, you will teach other Indians about the power of the sun god."
Because no one argued with the sun god, Manco Capac and his sister
immediately traveled into the harsh Andes Mountains (referred to in this myth as "the
wilderness".) Things were looking pretty grim. Over and over they tried, but they could
not find a place where the golden staff sank into the ground.
One day, they stumbled upon a most beautiful location, the most
beautiful location they had ever seen. When Manco tested the ground, his staff sank
immediately out of sight, just as the sun god had foretold. Manco Capac and his sister
built their city on that spot. They named their city Cuzco.
There were other tribes in the area, but Manco soon took over leadership of all the
tribes. Manco became the first ruler of the Incas. That's how Cuzco became the capital
of the Incan empire.
Manco went on to have 400 children. When Manco died at a very old age, the Incas
built the Temple of the Sun on the spot where he died.

86. Pachacuti / Pachakuti
 Nakapagtatag ng
makabagong Inca. Muling
ipinaayos ang Cuzco
 Ang ika siyam na sapa
Inca
 Pinaniniwalaang
nagpagawa ng Manchu
Picchu
 INCA “Emperor”
 SAPA INCA “the only

87. Iba pang Inca “emperor”
Topa Yupangui – H. Agentina,bahagi ng
Bolivia at Chile
Huayna Capac -
Equador

88. Relihiyon
 Ang mga Incas ay itinuturing na
“Anak ng Araw”
 Polytheism
 Naniniwala na ang diyos at
yumaong kaanak ay maaring
maka-usap sa pamamagitan ng
iyong panaginip.
 Ang mga pari ay lubhang
makapangyarihan dahil
nakakabasa sila ng mga
senyales
 Naniniwala sa Life after Death -
Mummification

89. Relihiyon
 The Incas also worshiped huacas -
sacred places or objects. Huacas were
everywhere. A huaca could be a large
building, or a tiny statue that fit in the
palm of your hand. Every family said daily
prayers to little family huacas. Priests
performed daily ceremonies at the
temples, offering prayers to the huacas in
their care.
Festivals: Every month, the Incas held a
major religious festival. Festivals were
held outside. Games, songs, dancing,
food, parades, and sacrifice (of animals
usually) were all part of the festivities. If
something special was happening, like
the crowning of a new emperor or a
drought, the Incas would include human
sacrifice as part of the festival.

90. Apu Illapu was the rain god, an agricultural deity whom people would pray to when they needed rain. The
Inca believed his shadow was in the Milky Way, where he drew the water that he poured down to earth as
rain.
Ayar Cachi was a god with a very hot temper. He was so difficult that his brother Manco Capac
and sister Mama Occlo locked him up in a cave. He still sits in that cave about 30 kilometres from Cuzco (a
city in Peru) and tries to get out every now and then. Local people believe this causes earthquakes in the
area.
Illapa was the goddess of thunder and lightning. When she came to earth she became
Yakumama, the goddess of water and rivers.
Inti was the sun god and the patron deity of the holy city of Cuzco, home of the sun. He was the
patron god of the Incas and especially worshipped by farmers who needed his warmth and light to grow
crops. Inti was represented with a human face in a great disk and is found on many temples.
K'uychi was the rainbow god. This deity was connected with fertility. He was the heavenly form
of the goddess Sach'mama, the Mother Tree.
Mama Kilya was the wife of the sun god Inti. She was the Moon Mother who regulated women's
menstrual cycles.
Mama Occlo was the sister of Manco Capac chosen by Pachacamac for her wisdom to civilize
the people. She taught the women how to weave cloth and build houses.

91. Manco Capac was Pachacamac's son, celebrated for his courage. He was sent to earth to
become the first king of the Incas. He taught his people how to grow plants, make weapons,
work together, share resources and worship the gods.
Pachacamac was the creator god of the Inca, also known as Viracocha. He was the
sky god who created the sun, the moon and the people. He brought Manco Capac and Mama
Occlo to the world to civilize people and teach them skills such as farming and crafts.
Pachamama was the goddess of the earth or earth mother and wife of Pachacamac.
She is still the object of a cult all over the Andean mountains where people make her offerings of
coca leaf and 'chicha' beer and pray to her on all major agricultural occasions.
Qochamama was the goddess of the sea or Sea Mother, especially worshipped in the
coastal regions.
Sach'amama means Mother Tree. She was a goddess in the shape of a snake with
two heads. When she passed on to the heavenly world she transformed into K'uychi.
Yakumama means Mother Water. This water goddess was portrayed as a snake.
When she came to the earth's surface, she transformed into a great river. She could also pass to
the upper world. In that shape she was called Illapa meaning thunder and lightning.

92. Lipunan
 The Royal
 Kabilang sa mayayamang
angkan
 Di nagbabayad ng buwis
 Nagmamay-ari ng lupa at
Llamas
 May magandang kasuotan
 Mayroon maraming asawa
 The common People
 Walang karapatan na magmay-ari
ng lupa o negosyo
 Karamihan sa pangkat na ito ay
magsasaka
 Nagbabayad ng buwis sa
pamamagitan ng mahabang
pagtatrabaho.
 Hindi nabibigyan ng sapat na
edukasyon
 Binibigyan lamang ng
magkaroon ng isang asawa
 Ang bahay ay gawa sa luwad

93. Dahilan ng tagumpay ng Inca
 Communication: (roads, runners(chaskis), string
writing)
 Specialized Professions (engineers, metal
workers, stone masons, other artisans)
 Service Tax (huge free labor force)
 Technology (terrace farming, surplus crops,
irrigation systems)
 Strong Central Government (all powerful Inca,
strict laws, basic needs satisfied)

94. Pananakop
Francisco Pizarro
 Ang mananakop ng
Inca
 Madaling nasakop ang
Inca dahil sa
makabagong
teknolohiya.
 Binihag at pinatay si
Ataluallpa
 Pinugutan ng ulo si
Tupac Amaru

95. Mga Ambag
 Terrace Farming
 Use of Gold and Silver
 Marvelous stonework
 Wonderful textile
 Hanging Bridges
 Panpipes
 Quipus
 Cultivate potatoes

96. http://incas.mrdonn.org/geography.html