Maximum power point (MPP) tracking technique based an optimized
adaptive differential conductance technique was developed in this paper. The performance
of the algorithm developed in this paper was evaluated at solar irradiance
of 1,000, 800 and 600 W/m2 and at temperature of 298, 328 and 358 K. From the
simulation results, it was observed that the impedance of the panel decreases as
the irradiance increases while the impedance of the load is not affected by the irradiance.
This technique was also validated with conventional incremental conductance
(INC) technique. From the validation result, the resultant conductance of the
optimized adaptive differential conductance technique at MPP is 0.0030 mho higher
than resultant conductance at ideal condition while conventional technique has the
resultant conductance of 0.0418 mho lower than the resultant conductance at ideal
condition. From the analysis, the technique has a relative improvement of 6.0558%
compared to the conventional INC technique. The simulation was done using Matrix
Laboratory (MATLAB).
A Bibliometric Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for...ijtsrd
The most influential and abundant sources of renewable energy in India is that the solar power. The character of position changing of sun is that the prime obstacle of the appliance of solar power. Due to that, the atmospheric temperature and irradiance intensity are altering through the day. This leads the way towards the variations within the extent of power production. Within the direction of maximization of the facility throughout different times of the day, a way called Maximum point Tracking MPPT is employed. The aim of this study is to retrieve the energy from solar by developing an appropriate Maximum Power Pont Tracking technique to style a charge controller. Swati Hadke | Ravi Mishra | Ashutosh Werulkar "A Bibliometric Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for Photovoltaic Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42576.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/42576/a-bibliometric-analysis-of-different-maximum-power-point-tracking-methods-for-photovoltaic-systems/swati-hadke
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
In photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to track the maximum power from the PV array under the change in irradiance and temperature conditions. The perturb and observe (P&O) is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques in recent times due to its simple implementation and improved performance. However, the P&O has limitations such as oscillation around the MPP during which time the P&O algorithm will become confused due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. To overcome the above limitation, this paper uses the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to track the maximum power from the PV system under different irradiance, integrates it with a DC-DC boost converter as a tracker. The result of the FLC performance is compared with the traditional P&O method and shows the MPPT algorithm based on FLC ensures continuous tracking of the maximum power within a short period compared with the traditional P&O method. Besides that, the proposed method (FLC) has a faster dynamic response and low oscillations at the operating point around the MPP under steady-state conditions and dynamic change in irradiance.
Development of Improved MPPT Algorithm Based on Balancing PSO for Renewable E...ssuser793b4e
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is the method of operating the photovoltaic system in a manner that allows the modules to effectively transfer all the power generated from the panel to the load.Maximum Power Point (MPP) tracking technique based on Balancing Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) were successfully developed in this paper to solve the problem of premature convergence and also latency in convergence/tracking. The performance of the developedBPSO was evaluated at solar irradiance of 1000W/m2, 500W/m2 and 600W/m2 at constant temperatures of 25oC simultaneously.From the BPSO simulation results, it was observed that, it took the developed model0.23secs to locate the Global maxima (GP) with a very high-power output. The developed model achieved this by balancing the panel conductance with the load conductance and also compare the output power with the global peak power, if the newly output power is greater than the global peak power the MPP tracker settles at the newly detected output power but if it is less than that it maintains its previous MPP position.The developed BPSO algorithm settled at GP of 255.063W at 0.2292secs and at this point, the source impedance balances with that of the load impedance which results to negligible change in conductance. From the validation result, the convergence time of the scanningparticle swarm optimization and BPSO technique at MPP was 0.40secs and 0.23secs which showed that BPSO has42.7%relative improvementin terms of premature convergence and tracking speed. The simulation was done using 2020B MATLAB SIMULINK.
Comparison between neural network and P&O method in optimizing MPPT control f...IJECEIAES
The demand for renewable energy has increased because it is considered a clean energy and does not result in any pollution or emission of toxic gases that negatively affect the environment and human health also requiring little maintenance, and emitting no noise, so it is necessary to develop this type of energy and increase its production capacity. In this research a design of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method using Neural Network (NN) for photovoltaic system is presented. First we design a standalone PV system linked to dc boost chopper with MPPT by perturbation and observation P&O technique, and then a design of MPPT by using ANN for the same system is presented. Comparative between two control methods are studied. The results explained in constant and adjustable weather settings such as irradiation and temperature. The results exposed that the proposed MPPT by ANN control can improve the PV array efficiency by reduce the oscillation around the MPP that accure in P&O method and so decreases the power losses. As well as decrease the the overshot that accure in transient response, and hence improving the performance of the solar cell.
Abstract:Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average till 2035. Renewables are the fastest growing source of new electricity generation. Indian Solar PV Market enjoys its Place in the solar applications following the Infusion of tracking requirements. This paper focuses on the comparative study of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. It has been analysed with different MPPT methods following the same goal of maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. In this paper maximum power point tracking techniques are reviewed on basis of simplicity, convergence speed, digital or analogical implementation, sensors required, cost, range of effectiveness, and in other aspects.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for...ijtsrd
The most influential and abundant sources of renewable energy in India is that the solar power. The character of position changing of sun is that the prime obstacle of the appliance of solar power. Due to that, the atmospheric temperature and irradiance intensity are altering through the day. This leads the way towards the variations within the extent of power production. Within the direction of maximization of the facility throughout different times of the day, a way called Maximum point Tracking MPPT is employed. The aim of this study is to retrieve the energy from solar by developing an appropriate Maximum Power Pont Tracking technique to style a charge controller. Swati Hadke | Ravi Mishra | Ashutosh Werulkar "A Bibliometric Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for Photovoltaic Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42576.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/42576/a-bibliometric-analysis-of-different-maximum-power-point-tracking-methods-for-photovoltaic-systems/swati-hadke
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
In photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to track the maximum power from the PV array under the change in irradiance and temperature conditions. The perturb and observe (P&O) is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques in recent times due to its simple implementation and improved performance. However, the P&O has limitations such as oscillation around the MPP during which time the P&O algorithm will become confused due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. To overcome the above limitation, this paper uses the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to track the maximum power from the PV system under different irradiance, integrates it with a DC-DC boost converter as a tracker. The result of the FLC performance is compared with the traditional P&O method and shows the MPPT algorithm based on FLC ensures continuous tracking of the maximum power within a short period compared with the traditional P&O method. Besides that, the proposed method (FLC) has a faster dynamic response and low oscillations at the operating point around the MPP under steady-state conditions and dynamic change in irradiance.
Development of Improved MPPT Algorithm Based on Balancing PSO for Renewable E...ssuser793b4e
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is the method of operating the photovoltaic system in a manner that allows the modules to effectively transfer all the power generated from the panel to the load.Maximum Power Point (MPP) tracking technique based on Balancing Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) were successfully developed in this paper to solve the problem of premature convergence and also latency in convergence/tracking. The performance of the developedBPSO was evaluated at solar irradiance of 1000W/m2, 500W/m2 and 600W/m2 at constant temperatures of 25oC simultaneously.From the BPSO simulation results, it was observed that, it took the developed model0.23secs to locate the Global maxima (GP) with a very high-power output. The developed model achieved this by balancing the panel conductance with the load conductance and also compare the output power with the global peak power, if the newly output power is greater than the global peak power the MPP tracker settles at the newly detected output power but if it is less than that it maintains its previous MPP position.The developed BPSO algorithm settled at GP of 255.063W at 0.2292secs and at this point, the source impedance balances with that of the load impedance which results to negligible change in conductance. From the validation result, the convergence time of the scanningparticle swarm optimization and BPSO technique at MPP was 0.40secs and 0.23secs which showed that BPSO has42.7%relative improvementin terms of premature convergence and tracking speed. The simulation was done using 2020B MATLAB SIMULINK.
Comparison between neural network and P&O method in optimizing MPPT control f...IJECEIAES
The demand for renewable energy has increased because it is considered a clean energy and does not result in any pollution or emission of toxic gases that negatively affect the environment and human health also requiring little maintenance, and emitting no noise, so it is necessary to develop this type of energy and increase its production capacity. In this research a design of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method using Neural Network (NN) for photovoltaic system is presented. First we design a standalone PV system linked to dc boost chopper with MPPT by perturbation and observation P&O technique, and then a design of MPPT by using ANN for the same system is presented. Comparative between two control methods are studied. The results explained in constant and adjustable weather settings such as irradiation and temperature. The results exposed that the proposed MPPT by ANN control can improve the PV array efficiency by reduce the oscillation around the MPP that accure in P&O method and so decreases the power losses. As well as decrease the the overshot that accure in transient response, and hence improving the performance of the solar cell.
Abstract:Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average till 2035. Renewables are the fastest growing source of new electricity generation. Indian Solar PV Market enjoys its Place in the solar applications following the Infusion of tracking requirements. This paper focuses on the comparative study of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. It has been analysed with different MPPT methods following the same goal of maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. In this paper maximum power point tracking techniques are reviewed on basis of simplicity, convergence speed, digital or analogical implementation, sensors required, cost, range of effectiveness, and in other aspects.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Study and Simulation of Inccond Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Alg...paperpublications3
Abstract: The entire world is facing a challenge to overcome the hurdle of energy crisis. It is fairly evident that a need exist for developing alternative energy sources. Amongst all the available renewable energy sources, solar energy appears to be a viable option as it is easily and widely available. If used in a proper way, it has a capacity to fulfill numerous energy needs of the world. Hence there is great scope of work in field of solar photovoltaic aiming at improved and efficient performances. Solar PV modules convert solar energy into electrical form but are having high non-linear current-voltage relationship which implies that they can operate at only one single point for maximum power. So extraction of maximum power in itself becomes a challenge under varying set of conditions of irradiation and temperature. A step by step approach is followed to analyze and address the problem with high frequency switching DC-DC converters that act as an interface between the module and the load and adjust the switching duty ratio so as to match the load line with that of Maximum Power Point load line. Further there exist various control algorithms to modify duty ratio. Their study is done and one such technique Incremental Conductance (IncCond) is used to process current and voltage of PV array to get the duty ratio. The results are obtained for changing radiation as well. In the present study, a review of Hill Climbing MPPT techniques, has been carried out with detailed flowcharts of algorithms and includes latest research papers published on MPPT techniques.
A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking: Design and Implementationpaperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic Energy is the most important Energy Resource since it is clean pollution free and inexhaustible. In recent years a large number of techniques have been proposed for tracking the Maximum Power Point. PV array has non-linear I-V characteristic and output power depends on environmental conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature. There is a point on I-V, P-V characteristic curve of PV array called as Maximum Power Point (MPP), where the PV system produces its maximum output power. Location of MPP changes with change in environmental condition. The purpose of MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to MPP under changing environmental conditions. In order to continuously gather the maximum power from the PV array, they have to operate at their MPPT despite of the inhomogeneous change in environmental conditions. The two most commonly algorithms for PV applications as they are easy to Implement are Beta method Incremental Conductance (Inc. Con.).Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system, A review of various MPPT algorithms is proposed with more focus on above two algorithms.
Load frequency control of a two area hybrid system consisting of a grid conne...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IMPLEMENTATION OF PERTURB AND OBSERVE MPPT OF PV SYSTEM WITH DIRECT CONTROL M...eeiej_journal
The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in power electronic circuits to extract
maximum energy from the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. In the recent decades, photovoltaic power generation
has become more important due its many benefits such as needs a few maintenance and environmental
advantages and fuel free. However, there are two major barriers for the use of PV systems, low energy
conversion efficiency and high initial cost. To improve the energy efficiency, it is important to work PV
system always at its maximum power point. So far, many researches are conducted and many papers were
published and suggested different methods for extracting maximum power point. This paper presents in
details implementation of Perturb and Observe MPPT using buck and buck-boost Converters. Some results
such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been recorded
A NOVEL APPROACH TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT FROM SOLAR PANEL USING PSOijsrd.com
The configuration of a most extreme force point following (MPPT) controller for a sun based photovoltaic force framework is proposed using a help converter topology utilizing PSO calculation. Sunlight based board voltage and current are consistently checked by a shut circle focused around PSO microcontroller control framework, and the obligation cycle of the help converter persistently changed in accordance with concentrate greatest force. Framework testing affirms crest force following under changing lighting conditions. Under particular conditions, efficiencies in overabundance of 96% are demonstrated to be conceivable.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
This work presents a hybrid soft-computing methodology approach for intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of a photovoltaic (PV) system under any expected operating conditions using artificial neural network-fuzzy (neuro-fuzzy). The proposed technique predicts the calculation of the duty cycle ensuring optimal power transfer between the PV generator and the load. The neuro-fuzzy hybrid method combines artificial neural network (ANN) to direct the controller to the region where the MPP is located with its reference voltage estimator and its block of neural order. After that, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with rule inference begins to establish the photovoltaic solar system at the MPP. The obtained simulation results using MATLAB/simulink software for the proposed approach compared to ANN and the perturb and observe (P&O), proved that neuro-fuzzy approach fulfilled to extract the optimum power with pertinence, efficiency and precision.
Solar Photovoltaic Power Forecasting in Jordan using Artificial Neural NetworksIJECEIAES
In this paper, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are used to study the correlations between solar irradiance and solar photovoltaic (PV) output power which can be used for the development of a real-time prediction model to predict the next day produced power. Solar irradiance records were measured by ASU weather station located on the campus of Applied Science Private University (ASU), Amman, Jordan and the solar PV power outputs were extracted from the installed 264KWp power plant at the university. Intensive training experiments were carried out on 19249 records of data to find the optimum NN configurations and the testing results show excellent overall performance in the prediction of next 24 hours output power in KW reaching a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value of 0.0721. This research shows that machine learning algorithms hold some promise for the prediction of power production based on various weather conditions and measures which help in the management of energy flows and the optimisation of integrating PV plants into power systems.
This paper presented the study, development and implementation of the maximum power point of a photovoltaic energy generator adapted by elevator converter and controlled by a maximum power point command. In order to improve photovoltaic system performance and to force the photovoltaic generator to operate at its maximum power point, the idea of the context of this paper deals with the exploitation of the technique of the artificial intelligence mechanism (neural network) certainly based on the three parts of the photovoltaic system (photovoltaic module inputs (temperature and solar radiation), photovoltaic module and control (MPPT)) that have been adopted within a simulation time of 24 hours. In addition, to reach the optimal operating point regardless of variations in climatic conditions, the use of a neuron network based disturbance and observation algorithm (P&O) is put into service of the system given its reliability, its simplicity and view that at any time it can follow the desired maximum power. The entire system is implemented in the Matlab / Simulink environment where simulation results obtained are very promising and have shown the effectiveness and speed of neural technology that still require a learning base so to improve the performance of photovoltaic systems and exploit them in energy production, as well as this technique has proved that these results are much better in terms (of its very great precision and speed of computation) than those of the controller based on the conventional MPPT method P&O.
A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Trend.pdfssuser793b4e
This paper systematically and successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2010 to 2023. This review
detailed the difference renewable energy and conclusion was drawn that solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has the
leading trend in power generation growth and innovation. This research work explained in detail the most recent
solar photovoltaic optimization techniques and it was observed from the review that hybridization of intelligent and
non-intelligent maximum power point tracking technique has the best tracking power conversion efficiency. The
advantages and disadvantage of solar PV together with the solar optimization and innovational growth trends were
examined. This research showed that clean and renewable energy sources will continue to grow and the solar energy
industry is expected to experience significant growth and rapid innovation in the next 10 years. From the observed
rapid growth and innovation trend in solar energy, the world will have a very cheap, abundant and clean energy
before 2050.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract:Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average till 2035. Renewables are the fastest growing source of new electricity generation. Indian Solar PV Market enjoys its Place in the solar applications following the Infusion of tracking requirements. This paper focuses on the comparative study of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. It has been analysed with different MPPT methods following the same goal of maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. In this paper maximum power point tracking techniques are reviewed on basis of simplicity, convergence speed, digital or analogical implementation, sensors required, cost, range of effectiveness, and in other aspects.
Keywords: MPPT, Tracking techniques, Convergence speed, Digital or analogical implementation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Academic Journal Writing and Types of Journals.pdfssuser793b4e
Academic journal writing serves as the lifeblood of scholarly communication, fostering the
dissemination of knowledge and innovation within various academic disciplines. This
seminar paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the significance of academic journal
writing and an in-depth analysis of the diverse types of scholarly journals available. The
paper delves into the fundamental structure and components of academic journal articles,
emphasizing their pivotal role in presenting original research, conducting literature reviews,
and fostering academic discourse. Additionally, it outlines the distinct characteristics of
various types of journals, including research journals, review journals, scholarly versus trade
journals, open access journals, and interdisciplinary journals. Furthermore, the seminar
paper offers crucial insights into the selection criteria for appropriate journals, highlighting
considerations such as scope, audience, impact factor, and adherence to submission
guidelines. Understanding these factors aids researchers, scholars, and academics in
effectively navigating the complex landscape of academic publishing, ensuring the
successful dissemination of their work within their respective fields. This seminar paper
serves as a valuable guide for individuals involved in academic research, offering a
comprehensive understanding of academic journal writing and equipping them with the
knowledge necessary to navigate the scholarly publishing landscape effectively. This
abstract encapsulates the key points and objectives covered in the seminar paper on
academic journal writing and types of journals, providing a concise overview of its contents
and significance within the academic community
The Differences between Single Diode Model and Double Diode Models of a Solar...ssuser793b4e
This research paper systematically reviewed and investigated single
diode model and double diode model of a solar photovoltaic systems in terms
of accuracy, differences under major unknown PV parameters, different
optimization and fabrication. This research paper reviewed the differences and
the similarities between the single diode model and double diode model. From
the review, it was clear that single diode model has less computation time and
number of unknown parameters compared to double diode model. The double
diode model on its own superiority is more accurate under solar shading
condition effect than single diode model but single diode model performs
better under high insolation levels. None of the two models is superior than
the other but the solar photovoltaic modelers/installers should bear the solar
irradiance of the environment before installation
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Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
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Abstract: The entire world is facing a challenge to overcome the hurdle of energy crisis. It is fairly evident that a need exist for developing alternative energy sources. Amongst all the available renewable energy sources, solar energy appears to be a viable option as it is easily and widely available. If used in a proper way, it has a capacity to fulfill numerous energy needs of the world. Hence there is great scope of work in field of solar photovoltaic aiming at improved and efficient performances. Solar PV modules convert solar energy into electrical form but are having high non-linear current-voltage relationship which implies that they can operate at only one single point for maximum power. So extraction of maximum power in itself becomes a challenge under varying set of conditions of irradiation and temperature. A step by step approach is followed to analyze and address the problem with high frequency switching DC-DC converters that act as an interface between the module and the load and adjust the switching duty ratio so as to match the load line with that of Maximum Power Point load line. Further there exist various control algorithms to modify duty ratio. Their study is done and one such technique Incremental Conductance (IncCond) is used to process current and voltage of PV array to get the duty ratio. The results are obtained for changing radiation as well. In the present study, a review of Hill Climbing MPPT techniques, has been carried out with detailed flowcharts of algorithms and includes latest research papers published on MPPT techniques.
A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking: Design and Implementationpaperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic Energy is the most important Energy Resource since it is clean pollution free and inexhaustible. In recent years a large number of techniques have been proposed for tracking the Maximum Power Point. PV array has non-linear I-V characteristic and output power depends on environmental conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature. There is a point on I-V, P-V characteristic curve of PV array called as Maximum Power Point (MPP), where the PV system produces its maximum output power. Location of MPP changes with change in environmental condition. The purpose of MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to MPP under changing environmental conditions. In order to continuously gather the maximum power from the PV array, they have to operate at their MPPT despite of the inhomogeneous change in environmental conditions. The two most commonly algorithms for PV applications as they are easy to Implement are Beta method Incremental Conductance (Inc. Con.).Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system, A review of various MPPT algorithms is proposed with more focus on above two algorithms.
Load frequency control of a two area hybrid system consisting of a grid conne...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IMPLEMENTATION OF PERTURB AND OBSERVE MPPT OF PV SYSTEM WITH DIRECT CONTROL M...eeiej_journal
The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in power electronic circuits to extract
maximum energy from the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. In the recent decades, photovoltaic power generation
has become more important due its many benefits such as needs a few maintenance and environmental
advantages and fuel free. However, there are two major barriers for the use of PV systems, low energy
conversion efficiency and high initial cost. To improve the energy efficiency, it is important to work PV
system always at its maximum power point. So far, many researches are conducted and many papers were
published and suggested different methods for extracting maximum power point. This paper presents in
details implementation of Perturb and Observe MPPT using buck and buck-boost Converters. Some results
such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been recorded
A NOVEL APPROACH TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT FROM SOLAR PANEL USING PSOijsrd.com
The configuration of a most extreme force point following (MPPT) controller for a sun based photovoltaic force framework is proposed using a help converter topology utilizing PSO calculation. Sunlight based board voltage and current are consistently checked by a shut circle focused around PSO microcontroller control framework, and the obligation cycle of the help converter persistently changed in accordance with concentrate greatest force. Framework testing affirms crest force following under changing lighting conditions. Under particular conditions, efficiencies in overabundance of 96% are demonstrated to be conceivable.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
This work presents a hybrid soft-computing methodology approach for intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of a photovoltaic (PV) system under any expected operating conditions using artificial neural network-fuzzy (neuro-fuzzy). The proposed technique predicts the calculation of the duty cycle ensuring optimal power transfer between the PV generator and the load. The neuro-fuzzy hybrid method combines artificial neural network (ANN) to direct the controller to the region where the MPP is located with its reference voltage estimator and its block of neural order. After that, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with rule inference begins to establish the photovoltaic solar system at the MPP. The obtained simulation results using MATLAB/simulink software for the proposed approach compared to ANN and the perturb and observe (P&O), proved that neuro-fuzzy approach fulfilled to extract the optimum power with pertinence, efficiency and precision.
Solar Photovoltaic Power Forecasting in Jordan using Artificial Neural NetworksIJECEIAES
In this paper, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are used to study the correlations between solar irradiance and solar photovoltaic (PV) output power which can be used for the development of a real-time prediction model to predict the next day produced power. Solar irradiance records were measured by ASU weather station located on the campus of Applied Science Private University (ASU), Amman, Jordan and the solar PV power outputs were extracted from the installed 264KWp power plant at the university. Intensive training experiments were carried out on 19249 records of data to find the optimum NN configurations and the testing results show excellent overall performance in the prediction of next 24 hours output power in KW reaching a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value of 0.0721. This research shows that machine learning algorithms hold some promise for the prediction of power production based on various weather conditions and measures which help in the management of energy flows and the optimisation of integrating PV plants into power systems.
This paper presented the study, development and implementation of the maximum power point of a photovoltaic energy generator adapted by elevator converter and controlled by a maximum power point command. In order to improve photovoltaic system performance and to force the photovoltaic generator to operate at its maximum power point, the idea of the context of this paper deals with the exploitation of the technique of the artificial intelligence mechanism (neural network) certainly based on the three parts of the photovoltaic system (photovoltaic module inputs (temperature and solar radiation), photovoltaic module and control (MPPT)) that have been adopted within a simulation time of 24 hours. In addition, to reach the optimal operating point regardless of variations in climatic conditions, the use of a neuron network based disturbance and observation algorithm (P&O) is put into service of the system given its reliability, its simplicity and view that at any time it can follow the desired maximum power. The entire system is implemented in the Matlab / Simulink environment where simulation results obtained are very promising and have shown the effectiveness and speed of neural technology that still require a learning base so to improve the performance of photovoltaic systems and exploit them in energy production, as well as this technique has proved that these results are much better in terms (of its very great precision and speed of computation) than those of the controller based on the conventional MPPT method P&O.
A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Trend.pdfssuser793b4e
This paper systematically and successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2010 to 2023. This review
detailed the difference renewable energy and conclusion was drawn that solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has the
leading trend in power generation growth and innovation. This research work explained in detail the most recent
solar photovoltaic optimization techniques and it was observed from the review that hybridization of intelligent and
non-intelligent maximum power point tracking technique has the best tracking power conversion efficiency. The
advantages and disadvantage of solar PV together with the solar optimization and innovational growth trends were
examined. This research showed that clean and renewable energy sources will continue to grow and the solar energy
industry is expected to experience significant growth and rapid innovation in the next 10 years. From the observed
rapid growth and innovation trend in solar energy, the world will have a very cheap, abundant and clean energy
before 2050.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract:Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average till 2035. Renewables are the fastest growing source of new electricity generation. Indian Solar PV Market enjoys its Place in the solar applications following the Infusion of tracking requirements. This paper focuses on the comparative study of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. It has been analysed with different MPPT methods following the same goal of maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. In this paper maximum power point tracking techniques are reviewed on basis of simplicity, convergence speed, digital or analogical implementation, sensors required, cost, range of effectiveness, and in other aspects.
Keywords: MPPT, Tracking techniques, Convergence speed, Digital or analogical implementation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to maximum power point tracking based on differential conductance.pdf (20)
Academic Journal Writing and Types of Journals.pdfssuser793b4e
Academic journal writing serves as the lifeblood of scholarly communication, fostering the
dissemination of knowledge and innovation within various academic disciplines. This
seminar paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the significance of academic journal
writing and an in-depth analysis of the diverse types of scholarly journals available. The
paper delves into the fundamental structure and components of academic journal articles,
emphasizing their pivotal role in presenting original research, conducting literature reviews,
and fostering academic discourse. Additionally, it outlines the distinct characteristics of
various types of journals, including research journals, review journals, scholarly versus trade
journals, open access journals, and interdisciplinary journals. Furthermore, the seminar
paper offers crucial insights into the selection criteria for appropriate journals, highlighting
considerations such as scope, audience, impact factor, and adherence to submission
guidelines. Understanding these factors aids researchers, scholars, and academics in
effectively navigating the complex landscape of academic publishing, ensuring the
successful dissemination of their work within their respective fields. This seminar paper
serves as a valuable guide for individuals involved in academic research, offering a
comprehensive understanding of academic journal writing and equipping them with the
knowledge necessary to navigate the scholarly publishing landscape effectively. This
abstract encapsulates the key points and objectives covered in the seminar paper on
academic journal writing and types of journals, providing a concise overview of its contents
and significance within the academic community
The Differences between Single Diode Model and Double Diode Models of a Solar...ssuser793b4e
This research paper systematically reviewed and investigated single
diode model and double diode model of a solar photovoltaic systems in terms
of accuracy, differences under major unknown PV parameters, different
optimization and fabrication. This research paper reviewed the differences and
the similarities between the single diode model and double diode model. From
the review, it was clear that single diode model has less computation time and
number of unknown parameters compared to double diode model. The double
diode model on its own superiority is more accurate under solar shading
condition effect than single diode model but single diode model performs
better under high insolation levels. None of the two models is superior than
the other but the solar photovoltaic modelers/installers should bear the solar
irradiance of the environment before installation
Redefining Academic Performance Metrics Evaluating the Excellence of Research...ssuser793b4e
The Redefining Academic Performance Metrics: Evaluating the Excellence of Researchers, Academics, and Scholars
explores the evolving landscape of academia, focusing on the shift from traditional metrics like publication and
citation counts to a more inclusive, open, and equitable approach. The study acknowledges the limitations of
traditional metrics and celebrates pioneers in shaping the future of scholarly endeavors, highlighting the importance
of inclusivity, openness, and equitable evaluations in assessing academic excellence.
Qualities and Characteristics of a Good Scientific Research.pdfssuser793b4e
Many young researchers find it difficult to write a good and quality research thesis/article
because they are not prone to article writing ethics and training. Yet, a thesis/publication is
often vital and paramount for career advancement, grants, academic qualifications and
others. This research work described the basics and systematic steps to follow in writing a
good scientific thesis/article. This research also outlined the main sections that an average
thesis/article should contain, the elements that should appear in each section, the systematic
approaches in writing research, the characteristics of a good thesis/article, the attributes of
a good research thesis/article, qualities of a good researcher and finally the ethics guiding
research
Maximizing Journal Article Impact Strategies for Enhanced Visibility in Today...ssuser793b4e
In the dynamic realm of academia, researchers face the dual challenge of generating
groundbreaking insights and ensuring widespread visibility for their contributions. This
article explores the evolving strategies employed by researchers to enhance the visibility of
their journal articles in the changing landscape of academic technology. Online publishing
platforms have transformed scholarly communication, democratizing knowledge through
open-access journals, preprint servers, and institutional repositories. Beyond traditional
metrics, we delve into innovative methods, collaboration, and technology-driven solutions
that amplify the reach and impact of scholarly articles. Visibility extends beyond
dissemination, encapsulating the art of captivating diverse audiences and transcending
disciplinary boundaries. This research article illuminates the path towards heightened
visibility, empowering researchers to contribute to the collective tapestry of knowledge
through means such as Academia.edu, ISSUU, Scribd, ResearchGate, social media, Search
Engine Optimization (SEO), and ORCID. Enhanced visibility offers multifaceted advantages,
including increased citations, higher impact factors, knowledge dissemination, international
collaboration, career advancement, public engagement, and job opportunities within the
scholarly community. Researchers are equipped with the insights needed to thrive in the
evolving landscape of journal article visibility in the digital cosmos.
Impact of Urban Planning on Household Poverty Reduction in Uganda A Review.pdfssuser793b4e
The study analyzed the impact of urban planning on reducing household poverty in
Uganda. It found that both negative and positive factors significantly influence household
poverty. The study also identified five key factors that contribute to household poverty:
social services, research and development, employment, and investment. The findings
suggest that urban planners should align their policies with government policies when
allocating resources to reduce poverty caused by unplanned urbanization. The study
recommends that urban planners work to improve the quality of life for households in
Uganda
Government Interventions and Household Poverty in Uganda A Comprehensive Revi...ssuser793b4e
This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted impact of government interventions
on household poverty in Uganda, a nation grappling with socio-economic challenges.
Through an in-depth analysis of diverse policies and programs implemented by the
Ugandan government, this study examines their efficacy in alleviating poverty and
enhancing the overall well-being of households. Drawing upon a wide array of scholarly
articles, policy documents, and empirical studies, the research assesses the effectiveness
of interventions such as social welfare programs, economic programs, pro-poor programs
and educational reforms. The review delves into the intricate interplay between these
government interventions and household poverty dynamics, considering factors like
income disparity, access to education, healthcare services, and employment opportunities.
By synthesizing existing literature, this study elucidates the successes and shortcomings of
various strategies, shedding light on the key determinants of their effectiveness.
Additionally, it analyzes the role of governance, accountability mechanisms, and resource
allocation in shaping the outcomes of poverty-alleviation initiatives. Hence, this review
critically examines the challenges faced by marginalized households in accessing and
benefiting from government interventions, highlighting areas that require targeted policy
reforms and targeted interventions. By identifying gaps in existing research and policy
frameworks, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and
development practitioners, aiming to inform evidence-based decision-making processes.
Ultimately, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on poverty reduction
strategies in Uganda and offers recommendations for enhancing the impact of government
interventions on vulnerable households, thereby fostering sustainable socio-economic
development in the region.
The Effect of Financial Management on the Learning Ability of Students in.pdfssuser793b4e
This review explores the crucial nexus between financial
management and the learning environment within government-aided primary
schools in Ibanda Municipality, Uganda. Education in developing nations
heavily depends on the efficient allocation and utilization of funds, directly
impacting the quality of education and overall learning experience for
students. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of selected schools in
Ibanda Municipality, this review investigates the diverse financial
management strategies employed and their subsequent influence on essential
educational components, including infrastructure, teaching resources, and
student welfare. This review research revealed that there is a direct correlation
between effective financial management and the overall enhancement of the
learning environment. Schools with robust financial planning mechanisms
demonstrate improved infrastructure, better teacher-student ratios, and
enhanced availability of educational resources whereas those schools facing
financial constraints struggle to survive financially which affects the quality
of education. Moreover, this review sheds light on the challenges faced by
schools in resource allocation and highlights potential solutions to enhance
financial sustainability. It emphasizes the need for strategic financial
planning, transparent budgeting, and community involvement to ensure the
effective utilization of limited resources.
Quantification of Earth Material for Sustainable Road Works in Southeast Nige...ssuser793b4e
This paper examines the use of earth materials in sustainable road
construction in South East, Nigeria. The study aims to determine factors
associated with the use of earth materials, identify limiting factors, and
examine strategies to improve their use. The study population comprised 60
engineers and craftsmen using local materials. The results show limitations in
the use of earth materials in sustainable road works. The study recommends
contracting firms to develop better storage facilities for earth materials to
prevent damage and wastage. It also suggests incorporating earth materials
into construction education curriculums to sensitize students to their potential
benefits. The government should adopt a policy of adapting earth materials
that require minimal capital and foreign exchange and utilizing available raw
materials and skills in small-scale operations. The study's findings highlight
the importance of sustainable road construction in Nigeria's socio-economic
growth.
Navigating Challenges and Maximizing Benefits in the Integration of Informati...ssuser793b4e
The integration of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in the educational systems of both public and private primary schools in
Africa has become a crucial factor in enhancing teaching and learning. This
paper explores the role of ICT tools in education, including computers,
interactive whiteboards, learning management systems, educational apps,
online collaboration tools, television, and online assessment tools. It discusses
their applications and the advantages they offer, such as fostering creativity,
improving academic performance, increasing motivation and responsibility,
and promoting teamwork. However, it also acknowledges the challenges
associated with ICT integration, including distractions, excessive usage,
exposure to false information, data theft, reduced human contact, and
cyberbullying. Moreover, the paper highlights key challenges in African
education, such as the lack of computer literacy among instructors, low
teledensity, unstable power supply, inadequate financing, and the absence of a
comprehensive ICT curriculum. It concludes by emphasizing the need for a
holistic approach to ICT integration, addressing infrastructure, teacher
training, curriculum development, and organizational support to realize the
full potential of ICT in education especially at the Primary school level.
Mobile Disinfectant Spraying Robot and its Implementation Components for Viru...ssuser793b4e
The virus pandemic COVID-19 outbreak brought a huge pressure
to the public healthcare system worldwide, especially in developing African
countries like Uganda. The Educational system and institutions were put on a
standstill due to no quick countermeasures to make the environment clean and
safe for normal activities to continue. This paper successfully and
comprehensively reviewed the Bluetooth and smart disinfectant spraying
robot that successfully controlled the spread of the deadly virus. It also
detailed different components that made up the complete spraying robot
systems and from this it was observed that spraying robot systems are made
up of almost the same components for implementations but differs on
program that is embedded on the microcontroller due to different functions.
This programing differs based on the functions that the designer/programmer
wants the robot to do despite using almost the same components. This
research review paper will act as guide for future researchers when designing
and implementing a mobile spraying robot.
Assessing Energy Policies, Legislation and Socio-Economic Impacts in the Ques...ssuser793b4e
The energy sector in Africa, particularly in countries like Uganda,
plays a pivotal role in shaping economic development, social progress, and
environmental sustainability. This study delves into the nuanced interplay
between energy policies, legislation, and their real-world consequences in
Uganda. By employing a case study approach, this research investigates the
multifaceted impact of Uganda's energy policies and legislation on various
stakeholders, including government institutions, businesses, and local
communities. This study provides an overview of Uganda's energy landscape,
highlighting the challenges faced by the nation in ensuring a stable and
sustainable energy supply. It then meticulously examines the evolution of
energy policies and legislation over the past few decades, analysing their
formulation, implementation, and effectiveness. Through qualitative and
quantitative analyses, this research assesses the socio-economic consequences
of these policies and legislations. It explores how regulatory decisions have
influenced energy accessibility, affordability, and reliability for urban and
rural populations. Additionally, the environmental impact of energy policies
is scrutinized, focusing on their contributions to climate change mitigation,
natural resource conservation, and the promotion of sustainable practices. The
study also evaluates the social repercussions, including the empowerment of
local communities, employment generation, and overall improvements in the
quality of life resulting from energy policy interventions. This research
critically examines the challenges faced during policy implementation, such
as bureaucratic hurdles, financial constraints, and political influences, which
often hinder the desired outcomes. It identifies key lessons from Uganda's
experiences, offering valuable insights for other African nations grappling
with similar energy challenges.
A Review of Cross-Platform Document File Reader Using Speech Synthesis.pdfssuser793b4e
Document files are files used to store documents on storage
devices primarily for computer use. Software is used to view these files,
displaying their text content in a legible way. However, it is essential to have
programs for transforming electronic files into versions usable by those who
suffer from specific disabilities. This paper reviewed fifteen published articles
in the field of document file reading. It was observed from the review that
various attempts have been made by different researchers in order to develop
a software cable for converting document files that consist of text to an audio
format. Text may now be easily translated into natural-sounding voice across
many platforms using different software. It was observed from the systematic
review that the use of AI such as the GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 Turbo Large
Language Model (LLM) technologies has the best performance because it
does not end at producing a vocal sound that is similar to human own, but it
also translates different languages. In conclusion, cross-platform document
file reader (text-to-speech) synthesis has improved user experiences in a
variety of applications such as language learning, audiobooks and virtual
assistants.
A Critical Assessment of Data Loggers for Farm Monitoring Addressing Limitati...ssuser793b4e
This comprehensive review examines thirty-nine data loggers and
their associated literature, systematically critiquing their design and
implementation. The integration of data loggers in farm monitoring proves
cost-effective, enabling the simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters
without human intervention. The accrued data, when logged over time,
contributes to more accurate weather predictions, empowering farmers to
strategically plan for upcoming seasons. However, the review reveals a
prevalent issue among existing data loggers: many cannot read and record
various weather parameters concurrently, coupled with insufficient storage
capacity. This limitation hinders their suitability for prolonged, unattended
data storage. Additionally, a significant number of the reviewed data loggers
lack long-range wireless data transmission capabilities, restricting effective
weather monitoring from a distance. The findings underscore the need for
researchers to focus on developing advanced long-range data logger systems
with enhanced memory storage capacities to address these identified
shortcomings.
A Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies and its Impact on Economi...ssuser793b4e
Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of
global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster
sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented
renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of
renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on
economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a
comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on
economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy
policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings
suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth
varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design,
institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally,
examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy
policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and
further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and
future researchers
The study investigated principals’ administrative strategies as correlates of teachers’ job
performance in public secondary schools in Obollo-Afor Education Zone of Enugu State. Four
research questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a
correlational survey design. The population of the study was 1,854 principals and teachers in
48 secondary schools in the Zone. A sample of 605 teachers was drawn using proportionate
stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data
collection and was subjected to face-validation by three experts. The internal consistency of
the instrument was obtained using Cronbach Alpha, which yielded an index of 0.72. Data
collected were analyzed using regression analysis while regression ANOVA was used in testing
the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study revealed that,
open communication, carrying teachers’ along and providing for teachers’ welfare among
others are principals’ administrative strategies for enhancing teachers’ job performance in
secondary schools. The result also, revealed a high positive significant relationship existing
between principals’ administrative strategies in decision making, delegation of duties, open
communication and management of staff welfare and teachers’ job performance in secondary
schools. The study recommended among others that principals in public secondary schools
should adopt positive administrative strategies as identified in this study to promote
teachers’ job performance.
Automated Hybrid Smart Door Control System.pdfssuser793b4e
This research paper successfully designed, developed and implemented an automated hybrid smart door control system which has the ability to secure a home up to 92% electronically. This smart door system is designed and implemented by building a hardware made up of the Bluetooth module and fingerprint scanner which are interfaced with the Microcontroller system that uses +5V power supply. The written programs were interfaced into the microcontroller chips by plugging the Arduino USB cable into the laptop and upload the codes. The microcontroller chips helped in enrolling the users fingerprint into the fingerprint scanner and it automatically administers and saves the users fingerprint after enrollment. Furthermore, after all the processes the user places the enrolled or registered finger into the fingerprint scanner which either accepts or denies the user by triggering the solenoid lock to either unlock, lock or deny access. This process of unlocking and locking requires using Bluetooth and fingerprint to either lock or unlock the door smartly without stress and it can be done within one second that is why the Solenoid lock is used in building this security system. This automated hybrid smart door control system developed has curbed the problem of door breaking theft for about 92%, strengthened security and as well made it so easy for the physically challenged people to have access to their homes without third party assistance.
Design and Implementation of a Smart Surveillance Security System.pdfssuser793b4e
Home security is essential for occupant’s conveniences and protection. This research project designed and implemented a comparatively inexpensive smart surveillance security system that automatically captures an intruder’s image through a raspberry pi camera module and PIR sensor and sends mail to the user via Wi-Fi using the users registered email address. This system operates by triggering the Pi Camera through Raspberry Pi whenever an intruder comes in range using PIR sensor. The Pi camera will capture the image, save it and send the image of the intruder via mail to the user through the help of the command codes embedded in the Raspberry pi microcontroller. This research project will enable home/supermarket and office owners to secure their facilities and monitor the activities of their employers at any location at cheaper cost which is the earnest desire of an Engineer. Proteus 2022 was used as the simulation tool.
Review of the Implications of Uploading Unverified Dataset in A Data Banking ...ssuser793b4e
This review paper comprehensively detailed the methodologies involved in data analysis and theevaluation steps. It showed that steps and phases are the two main methodological parameters to be considered during data assessment for data of high qualities to be obtained.It is reviewed from this research that poor data quality is always caused by incompleteness, inconsistency, integrity and time-related dimensions and the four major factors that causes error in a dataset are duplication, commutative entries, incorrect values and black entries which always leads to catastrophe. This paper also reviewed the types of datasets, adopted techniques to ensure good data quality, types of data measurement and its classifications.Furthermore, the Kaggle site was used as a case study to show the trend of data growth and its consequences to the world and the data bankers. It is then deduced that low data quality which is caused as a result of errors during primary data mining and entries leads to wrong results which bring about the wrong conclusions. It was advised that critical data quality measures should be adopted by the data bankers such as Kaggle before uploading the data into their site to avoid catastrophe and harm to humans.Finally, the outlined solutions as reviewed in this paper will serve as a guide to data bankers and miners to obtain data of high quality, fit for use and devoid of a defect.
Qualitative research is concerned with feelings, ideas, or experiences. Finding insights that can result in testable hypotheses is the main goal of the data collection, which is frequently done in narrative form. During the exploratory phases of a study, educators use qualitative research to find patterns or fresh perspectives. A methodology called qualitative research is created to gather non-numerical data to produce insights. It is not statistical and is either semi-structured or unstructured. It is predicated on data gathered using a research methodology that provides an answer to the why. This article discussed the approaches to qualitative research, qualitative data collection methods, advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and tools for analyzing qualitative data
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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1. Introduction
In the past few years, solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources that have
been gaining increased attention. The amount of energy supplied to the earth by the sun in a day is
sufficient to power the total energy needs of the earth in a year (Azimi, Dehkordi, & Niroomand,
2012). A comparative study of the world energy consumption released by International Energy
Agency shows that in 2050, more than 45% of necessary energy in the world will be solely produced
by solar arrays.
The basic structural unit of a solar system is the PV module, which consists of solar cells (Safari &
Mekhilef, 2011). A solar cell converts the energy in the photons of sunlight into electricity by means
of the photovoltaic phenomenon found in the certain type of semiconductors such as silicon, germa-
nium, and selenium.
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are rated in terms of maximum power which is the highest power that
can be generated by PV system under Standard Test Condition (STC). The power output efficiency of
the solar module depends on many factors such as temperature, irradiance and spectral character-
istics of sunlight (Safari & Mekhilef, 2011). At STC the temperature is 25°C, solar irradiance is 1,000 W/
m2
, air mass is 1.5, wind speed is 2 m/s and solar panels tilt angle when it faces south is 30° (Eze &
Olisa, 2015; Topic, Brecl, Kurnik, & Sites, 2006). Under normal operating conditions, maximum power
generation from PV is not possible because the PV panel cannot always be operating at optimum
power. PV systems generate the highest amount of power when the incident sun beam is perpen-
dicular to the panel. The effective utilization of power from the sun using PV systems is improved by
adding PV Efficiency Enhancement (EE) systems. Examples of EE systems are the solar tracking sys-
tem and maximum power point (MPP) tracking systems.
The solar tracking system was the conventional method used to align PV panel to the direction
where the solar irradiation is highest. The main drawback of this technique was that the solar track-
ing system is so expensive, difficult to maintain and the power generated is not well utilized due to
power losses during transfer (Nguyen, Low, & Member, 2010). Due to the drawbacks of solar tracking
techniques, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was introduced. For the power generated by the
PV system to be utilized well, MPPT technique is developed to enhance the utilization of power gener-
ated by the PV. Not all the power generated by PV panel is transferred to the load.
PV modules transfer the highest percentage of power generated to the load at MPP. MPP is a point
along the P-V characteristic of a PV panel where the photovoltaic impedance is equal to the load
impedance. It is also a point where there is negligible energy loss in the transmission of the gener-
ated power to the load. MPP along the P-V curve is detected using MPPT techniques. MPPT is the
method of operating the photovoltaic system in a manner that allows the modules to transfer most
of the power generated to the load. It is implemented in charge controllers alongside battery charge
level monitoring system. MPPT varies the electrical operating point of the PV system so that the
module will deliver nearly all the generated power to the load. It ensures that maximum power is
transferred from the photovoltaic (PV) panel to the load (Chafle & Vaidya, 2013).
An example of MPP technique is incremental conductance (INC) method. INC method makes use
of instantaneous conductance (panel) and INC (load) to determine the MPP. Resultant conductance
is determined by the instantaneous conductance
(
I
v
)
and INC
(
dI
dv
)
as shown in Equation (1). For an
ideal INC, the resultant conductance (the slope of the P-V curve) at MPPT is zero as in (2). For a per-
fect condition to be achieved in MPPT based on INC technique, Equation (2) must be satisfied (Chafle
& Vaidya, 2013).
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Figure 1 shows the plot of power and resultant conductance against voltage at MPP. Figure 1
shows that power is at its maximum when the resultant conductance (ϒ) is zero and it occurs at Vmpp
.
It is also observed from Figure 1 that power at MPP (Pmpp
) occurs at Vmpp
. Any MPPT technique with
resultant conductance equals to zero at Vmpp
and maximum power at Vmpp
is an ideal maximum point
tracking technique. Ideally, maximum power occurs when the resultant conductance is equal to
zero.
The objective of this paper is to develop an optimized adaptive differential conductance technique
that will accurately track the MPP. This technique was developed to solve the problem of conven-
tional INC technique such as tracking accuracy.
The difference between optimized adaptive differential conductance technique and the conven-
tional incremental technique is the replacement of
I
V
with
Impp
Vmpp
. In this paper,
I
V
as replaced with
Impp
Vmpp
to
ensure that MPP is tracked with better accuracy.
2. Derivation of optimized adaptive differential conductance technique
Optimized adaptive differential conductance technique is a modified INC technique that is devel-
oped using a single diode model of the solar cells. A single diode model is given in Figure 2. The cir-
cuit consists of the series resistor (Rs
) and a shunt resistor (Rsh
). A large value of series resistor leads
to the large voltage drop across it and this leads to drop in terminal voltage for the same current.
Series resistance losses are most important at high illumination intensities (Mahapatro, 2013). Rsh
are added to the circuit which limits the performance of the cell and also accounts for the dissipative
phenomena at the cell internal losses. This implies that very high value of Rsh
leads to significant
reduction in short circuit current. The parallel resistance takes care of the recombination losses,
(1)
Υ =
dI
dv
+
I
v
Figure 1. Plot of resultant
conductance and power against
voltage for an ideal maximum
power point tracking technique.
Figure 2. The equivalent circuit
of PV cell with single diode.
Source: Adamo, Attivissimo,
Di Nisio, Lanzolla, and
Spadavecchia (2009).
Rs I
Iph
V
Ish
Rsh
ID
+
-
4. Page 4 of 13
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mainly due to thickness, surface effect and the non-ideality of the junction. The circuit also consists
of the photovoltaic currents (Iph
),
the diode current (ID
) and shunt current (Ish
). The value of Rs
and Rsh
modifies shunt circuit current of the cell in a single diode equivalent circuit of PV, Photo generated
Iph
and the following equivalent electrical circuit results as in Figure 2.
Applying Kirchhoff’s law to the nodes of the circuit of Figure 2 yields (3) (Al-hamadi, 2014).
where, I = Output current (load current), Iph
= Photo generated current, ID
= Diode current and
Ish
= Shunt current
For all environmental conditions, current generated by the photovoltaic cell Iph
is expressed by (4)
(Chouder, Silvestre, Sadaoui, & Rahmani, 2012).
where, Isc
= Short circuit current (A), Ki
= Shunt circuit current temperature coefficient of the cell (/°C),
T and Tref
are the working temperatures of the cell and the reference temperature of the cell respec-
tively in Kelvin, and G and Gref
are the solar radiation on the cell surface and reference solar radiation
respectively in W/m2
.
However, at STC, Equation (4) becomes Iph
= Isc
.
The current passing through the diode (ID
) in this type of system is given by (5).
where, q = Electron charge (1.602 × 110−19
C), k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.3865 × 10−23
J/K), T = Cell
temperature in Kelvin, A = Diode ideality constant (A = 2 for Silicon, 1 for Germanium), n = Number of
PV cells in series, and Io
= Reverse saturation current of the diode and is given by (6)
where, Egap
= Energy band gap of the semiconductor material (Andalibi, Rostami, & Darvish, 2016;
Bellia, Youcef, & Fatima, 2014), and Irs
= Diode saturation current and it is given by (7)
where Isc
and Voc
are the short circuit current and open circuit voltage respectively.
Ish
is the saturation current through the shunt resistance and using current division rule it
becomes
Substituting (5) and (8) into (3), then (3) yields Equation (9)
(3)
I = Iph − ID − Ish
(4)
Iph = Isc
[
1 + ki
(
T − Tref
)] G
Gref
(5)
ID = I0
(
Exp
(
qV
AnkT
− 1
))
(6)
I0 = Irs
[
T
Tref
]3
Exp
[(
qEgap
Ak
)(
1
Tref
−
1
T
)]
(7)
Irs =
Isc
[
Exp
(
qVoc
AkT
− 1
)]
(8)
Ish =
VD
Rsh
=
V + IRs
Rsh
(9)
I = Iph − I0
(
Exp
q
(
V + IRs
)
AnkT
− 1
)
−
V + IRs
Rsh
5. Page 5 of 13
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Equation (9) is a general I-V characteristic equation of PV cell based on single diode model (Kumar,
Shaktawat, Kumar, & Lal, 2013).
2.1. Assumption and approximations of some parameters made in this work
In this research work, Equations (10) to (19) are general equations that lead to successful develop-
ment of the model. Equations (20), (21) and (23) are the models developed in this paper. They are
used for calculating the voltage at the MPP, current at MPP and optimized adaptive differential con-
ductance respectively.
Case 1: Using a single diode model, for n-cell PV with Rsh
very large and Rs
very small, Ish
will tend
to zero and therefore (4) can be rewritten as in (10) (Abd, Wooi, & Selvaraj, 2013; Visweswara, 2013).
Equation (10) can be further simplified as shown in (11).
Case 2: At open circuit, I = zero and V = Voc
, therefore (11) becomes (12) (Kumar et al., 2013).
Substituting (4) in (12), the open circuit voltage (Voc
) is rewritten as (13).
Case 3: At short circuit current V = 0 and Isc
will be written as in (16) (Mahapatro, 2013). Equation
(14) can be rewritten as in (15).
To obtain the short circuit current of a single diode model, Equation (15) can be rewritten as in
(16). Substituting (16) and (4) in (11), the load current of the PV cell is given as in (17).
The power delivered to the load by the PV system is given by (18). Substituting (17) in (18) and dif-
ferentiating with respect to V gives (19).
(10)
I = Iph − I0
(
Exp
q
(
V + IRs
)
AnkT
− 1
)
− 0
(11)
I = Iph − I0
(
Exp
q
(
V + IRs
)
AnkT
)
(12)
Iph = I0
[
Exp
(
qVoc
AnkT
)]
(13)
Voc =
AnkT
q
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝
loge
⎡
⎢
⎢
⎣
Isc
�
1 + ki
�
T − Tref
�� G
Gref
I0
⎤
⎥
⎥
⎦
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
(14)
I0
(
Exp
qIscRs
AnkT
)
=
[
I0 +
1
1000
]
(15)
Exp
qIscRs
AnkT
= 1 +
1
1000
(16)
Isc =
AnkT
qRs
loge
(
1 +
1
1000I0
)
(18)
P = VI
6. Page 6 of 13
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where the input parameter V is such that 0 ≤ V ≤ Voc
At MPP
dp
dv
= 0. Solving Equation (19) for V at MPP, Equation (20) is obtained.
To determine the current of the PV cell at MPP (Impp
), (20) is substituted in (11) and (21) is obtained.
Equation (20) and (21) represents the voltage and current at MPP of a PV panel respectively.
To determine the ratio of output current to the output voltage of the PV cell, differentiate (11) with
respect to cell output voltage and Equation (22) is obtained.
But the resultant conductance of the system is given by (23) where ϒ is the resultant conductance
(in mho) and
dI
dV
the slope in A/V.
When (20), (21) and (22) are substituted in (23), Equation (24) is obtained.
Equation (24) is the model developed in this paper. This model can be compared with the conven-
tional INC model represented in (2). This technique differs from the conventional INC technique as it
considered
Impp
Vmpp
instead of
I
V
and this leads to better accuracy.
From (24), the conductance of the PV panel
(
1
Zpanel
)
and conductance of the load
(
1
Zload
)
are repre-
sented as in (25) and (26) respectively.
For maximum power transfer to be achieved, Υ must be equal to zero and therefore,
1
Zpanel
= 1
Zload
..
This technique achieves this by balancing the impendence of the photovoltaic panel with that of the
(19)
dp
dv
=
(
AnkT
qRs
loge
(
1 +
1
1000I0
)
[
1 + ki
(
T − Tref
)] G
Gref
)
− I0Exp
(
qV
AnkT
)[
qV
AnkT
+ 1
]
(20)
Vmpp =
AnkT
q
⎡
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎣
loge
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎜
⎝
AnkT
qRs
loge
�
1 + 1
1000I0
��
1 + Ki
�
T − Tref
�� G
Gref
I0
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎟
⎠
− loge
�
1 +
qV
AnkT
�⎤
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎦
(21)
Impp =
(
AnkT
qRs
loge
(
1 +
1
1000I0
)
[
1 + ki
(
T − Tref
)] G
Gref
)
− I0
[
Exp
(
qVmpp
AnkT
)]
(22)
dI
dV
=
qI0
AnkT
Exp
(
qV
AnkT
)
(23)
Υ =
(
Impp
Vmpp
−
dI
dV
)
(24)
Υ =
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎜
⎝
�
AnkT
qRs
loge
�
1 + 1
1000I0
��
1 + Ki
�
T − Tref
�� G
Gref
�
− I0
�
exp
�qVmpp
AnkT
��
Vmpp
−
qI0
AnkT
Exp
�
Vq
AnkT
�⎞
⎟
⎟
⎟
⎠
(25)
1
Zpanel
=
(
AnkT
qRs
loge
(
1 + 1
1000I0
)[
1 + ki
(
T − Tref
)] G
Gref
)
− I0
[
Exp
(qVmpp
AnkT
)]
Vmpp
(26)
1
Zload
=
I0q
AnkT
Exp
(
Vq
AnkT
)
7. Page 7 of 13
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load. Comparing Equation (2) and (23), it is observed that (2) differentiated only the voltage and cur-
rent but (23) differentiated the voltage and current at MPP which will give accurate MPP.
2.2. Performance metrics
Performance metrics are measurement standard that is used to evaluate the performance of mod-
els. Ideal MPPT Accuracy (IMTA) will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
This is obtained by taking the absolute difference of the average mean of new and old techniques,
dividing it by the old technique and taking the percentage as shown in Equation (27) where N is the
number of data points.
The performance of proposed model was validated using conventional incremental conductance.
The conventional incremental conductance technique is selected because it has good performance,
low cost and easy to implement (Safari & Mekhilef, 2011).
2.3. Parameters and definitions
The input and output parameters used in the model development are explained as shown in Table 1.
3. Results and discussion
The data obtained from the Equations (2), (18) and (24) were shown in Tables 2–5. Considering Table
2, results showed how resultant conductance and output power of PV system varies with PV voltage
at STC. From table, it was observed that the power output increased with increase in voltage (V) for
V ≤ Vmpp
and decreased with increase in V for V > Vmpp
. On the other hand, the resultant conductance
varied inversely as V for 0 ≤ V ≤ Voc.
For V ≤ Vmpp
, the resultant conductance is positive and this implies
that the model is forwardly tracking the MPP. For V > Vmpp,
the resultant conductance is negative and
this implies that the model is backwardly tracking MPP.
The relationship in Table 2 was clearly shown in Figure 3. From Figure 3, resultant conductance is
positive and it varies inversely with voltage for V ≤ Vmpp
. On the other hand, as the power is increas-
ing, the voltage is also increasing for V ≤ Vmpp
. From the point that Vmpp
is attained, the power started
varying inversely with the voltage. However, the resultant conductance continues to be inversely
proportional to the voltage, though, it is negative in this region. The change in sign of the resultant
conductance about the MPP makes the model adaptive in tracking MPP.
(27)
IMTA =
1
N
�
�
∑
Υold
�
� − 1
N
�
�
∑
Υnew
�
�
1
N
�
�
∑
Υold
�
�
× 100
Table 1. The input and output parameters
Input data Output data
Names of parameter Symbol Value Names of parameter Symbol
Reverse saturation current I0
0.07 A Output power P
Series resistance Rs
0.008 Ω Open circuit voltage Voc
Diode ideality factor A 2 Short circuit current Isc
Number of cells n 100 Output current I
Electron charge Q 1.6 × 10−19
°C Resultant conductance ϒ
Boltzmann’s constant k 1.3805 × 10−23
J/K Current maximum power point Impp
Reference temperature Tref
298 K Load conductance (slope) dl
dV
Working temperatures T 298, 328, 358 K Voltage maximum power point Vmpp
Reference irradiance Gref
1,000 W/m2
Photovoltaic current Iph
Working irradiance G 1,000, 800, 600 W/m2
Panel conductance Impp
Vmpp
Voltage V 0–Voc
8. Page 8 of 13
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Table 3 showed how resultant conductance and power varies with the voltage at different irradi-
ance. It was observed from table that the resultant conductance was directly proportional to the
received irradiance for all values of the input voltage. The results showed that the higher the value
of irradiance, the higher the value of resultant conductance. This is because the impedance of panel
falls with the increase in irradiance while the impedance of the load is constant. The relationship in
Table 3 was clearly shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 showed the resultant conductance-voltage relationship at 298 K and 600, 800 and
1,000 W/m2
. From figure, it was observed that the resultant conductance increases as the irradiance
increases and vice versa. This is because the impedance of the panel decreased as the irradiance is
increasing while the impedance of the load is not affected by the irradiance. This showed that
matching of panel impedance with load impedance using this model is faster at low irradiance but
less accurate.
Table 2. The resultant conductance (ϒ) and power varies with voltage at 1,000 W/m2
and 298 K
(STC) for the proposed model
Data point ϒ (mho) Power (W) Voltage (V)
1 0.3903 0 0
2 0.3832 19.5811 2.1758
3 0.3722 38.9168 4.3516
4 0.3554 57.8128 6.5274
5 0.3298 75.9383 8.7032
6 0.2906 92.7358 10.879
7 0.2308 107.274 13.0548
8 0.1395 118.009 15.2306
9 −8.3243 × 10−6
122.395 17.4064
10 −0.2131 116.262 19.5822
11 −0.5386 92.8034 21.758
12 −1.0359 40.9619 23.9338
Table 3. The resultant conductance (ϒ) varies with voltage at varying Solar irradiance and
temperature of 298 K for the proposed model
600 W/m2
800 W/m2
1,000 W/m2
Voltage (V)
Resultant conductance
ϒ (mho) ϒ (mho) ϒ (mho)
0.2539 0.3235 0.3903 0.0000
0.2467 0.3163 0.3832 2.1758
0.2357 0.3053 0.3722 4.3516
0.2189 0.2885 0.3554 6.5274
0.1933 0.2629 0.3298 8.7032
0.1542 0.2237 0.2906 10.879
0.0944 0.1639 0.2308 13.0548
0.003 0.0726 0.1395 15.2306
−0.1365 −0.0669 −8.3243 x 10−6
17.4064
−0.3496 −0.28 −0.2131 19.5822
−0.6751 −0.6055 −0.5386 21.7580
9. Page 9 of 13
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Table 4. Variation of resultant conductance with voltage at 1,000 W/m2
irradiance for varying
temperatures for the proposed model
298 K 328 K 358 K Voltage (V)
Resultant conductance
ϒ (mho) ϒ (mho) ϒ (mho)
0.3903 0.3403 0.2909 0.0000
0.3832 0.3345 0.2861 2.1758
0.3722 0.3259 0.2793 4.3516
0.3554 0.3134 0.2696 6.5274
0.3298 0.2949 0.2557 8.7032
0.2906 0.2678 0.2361 10.8790
0.2308 0.2280 0.2081 13.0548
0.1395 0.1694 0.1683 15.2306
−8.3243 x 10−6
0.0834 0.1117 17.4064
−0.2131 −0.0429 0.0311 19.5822
−0.5386 −0.2286 −0.0835 21.7580
−1.0359 −0.5015 −0.2466 23.9338
Figure 3. Plot of resultant
conductance and power against
voltage for the proposed model.
Figure 4. Plot of resultant
conductance against voltage
at different irradiance for the
proposed model.
10. Page 10 of 13
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Table 4 showed how the resultant conductance varies with the voltage at 1,000 W/m2
irradiance
at 298, 328 and 358 K. From table, it was observed that resultant conductance varied inversely with
the temperature for V ≤ Vmpp
. However, for V > Vmpp
, the resultant conductance is directly propor-
tional to the temperature. This is because panel impedance decreases with the increase in panel
temperature (this behaviour is right since the panel is made from semiconductor) and panel tem-
perature has no effect on the load impedance. Table 4 also showed that the model tracks MPP faster
and more accurately at low temperature. The relationship in Table 4 was clearly shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 showed how the resultant conductance varies with voltage for temperatures of 289, 328
and 358 K. The characteristic behaviour in Figure 5 showed that the resultant conductance was in-
versely proportional to the temperature of the PV panel for V ≤ Vmpp
and directly proportional to the
temperature for V > Vmpp
. Figure also showed that the model tracks MPP faster and more accurately
at low temperature.
Table 5. Variation of resultant conductance with voltage at 600 w/m2
and 298 k for the
proposed model and conventional incremental conductance technique
Data
point
Optimized adaptive
differential
conductance (OADC) at
600 W/m2
Conventional
incremental
conductance at
600 W/m2
Powers at 600 W/m2
Voltage (V)
Resultant conductance
ϒ (mho) ϒ (mho) P (W)
1 0.2539 0.2090 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2467 0.2018 11.6556 2.1758
3 0.2357 0.1909 23.0658 4.3516
4 0.2189 0.1741 34.0363 6.5274
5 0.1933 0.1485 44.2363 8.7032
6 0.1542 0.1093 53.1083 10.8790
7 0.0944 0.0495 59.7210 13.0548
8 0.0030 −0.0418 62.5302 15.2306
9 −0.1365 −0.1813 58.9910 17.4064
10 −0.3496 −0.3944 44.9322 19.5822
11 −0.6751 −0.7199 13.5483 21.7580
Figure 5. Plot of resultant
conductance against voltage at
different temperature for the
proposed model.
11. Page 11 of 13
Eze et al., Cogent Engineering (2017), 4: 1339336
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1339336
Table 5 showed how the resultant conductance varies with the voltage at 600 W/m2
and 298 K for
the proposed and conventional INC technique. From table, it was observed that at 600 W/m2
and
298 K, the resultant conductance of optimized adaptive differential conductance was larger than
the resultant conductance of conventional INC technique. It was also observed that at Vmpp
, the re-
sultant conductance of the proposed technique is closer to the value for the ideal model (zero)
compared to the resultant conductance of the INC technique. Using Equation (27), it was observed
that the proposed model has accuracy improvement of 6.0558% over the conventional INC tech-
nique. However, the speed of tracking the MPP is the same for both models. This is because the MPP
occurs at data point eight for the two models.
The results in Table 5 were clearly presented in Figure 6. From figure, it was observed that the plot
of the resultant conductance of the proposed technique against voltage intersected the plot of pow-
er against the voltage at the Vmpp
while that of the INC technique intersected the power plot at a
point far from Vmpp
. This also showed that the developed technique has better accuracy. However,
the data point plots of each model correspond showing that the two models have the same speed
(Table 6).
Figure 6. Plot of resultant
conductance and power against
voltage.
Table 6. Symbols and its nomenclatures
Symbol Nomenclature
Lowercase Uppercase
A alpha
N nu
Q qu
k kappa
P rho
V Nu
T tau
I lota
ϒ Gamma
12. Page 12 of 13
Eze et al., Cogent Engineering (2017), 4: 1339336
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1339336
5. Conclusion
In this paper, optimized adaptive differential conductance technique was successfully developed.
The model developed was simulated using MATLAB. From the result, it was observed that the new
model was very accurate. It tracks the MPP faster and more accurately at low temperature. On the
other hand, the MPP is tracked faster at low irradiance but the tracking is more accurate at higher
irradiance. In comparison with conventional INC technique, it was noticed that the optimized adap-
tive differential conductance technique developed was 6.0558% more accurate. The importance of
the result obtained in this research is that it showed the expected performance of the techniques
developed. The result will act as a lookup table and chart for designers as it concerns some input and
expected out parameters. The significance of the method developed in this paper is that it will lead
to the implementation of better MPPT-based charge controller for photovoltaic application. Charge
controller developed using this method will maximize the transfer of power from the PV panel to the
load with minimal loss.
Author details
Val Hyginus U. Eze1
E-mail: ezehyginusudoka@gmail.com
Ogechukwu N. Iloanusi1
E-mail: ogechukwu.iloanusi@unn.edu.ng
Martin C. Eze1
E-mail: martin.eze@unn.edu.ng
Charles C. Osuagwu1
E-mail: charles.osuagwu@unn.edu.ng
1
Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Citation information
Cite this article as: Maximum power point tracking
technique based on optimized adaptive differential
conductance, Val Hyginus U. Eze, Ogechukwu N.
Iloanusi, Martin C. Eze Charles C. Osuagwu, Cogent
Engineering (2017), 4: 1339336.
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