This chapter is for class 9 based on CBSE curriculum in which physical nature of matter, its characteristics are discussed along with states of matter, their inconversion, scales of temperature and difference between boiling and evaporation and factors affecting evaporation with inforgraphics and key points.
Best PowerPoint presentation on NCERT class 9 Atoms and Molecules as per CBSE syllabus it covers full chapter with all information.
By Raxit Gupta
9C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BALLYGUNGE
HEAT
TEMPERATURE
LAND BREEZE
EFFECT OF HEAT
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
CLINICAL THERMOMETERS
DIGITAL THERMOMETERS
SEA BREEZE
TRANSFER OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
RADIATION
DARK COLOURED SURFACES AND COLOURED SURFACES
WIND
Class 7th science chapter 8. Winds, Storms and CyclonesSwayam Khobragade
This ppt file is converted into pdf so if u want to use it you may download it and convert it into ppt so u can use it for expaining the concepts of this chapter...... This ppt contains only the information given in the textbook.. This ppt also have the keywords,exercises and other basic knowledge....
Best PowerPoint presentation on NCERT class 9 Atoms and Molecules as per CBSE syllabus it covers full chapter with all information.
By Raxit Gupta
9C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BALLYGUNGE
HEAT
TEMPERATURE
LAND BREEZE
EFFECT OF HEAT
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
CLINICAL THERMOMETERS
DIGITAL THERMOMETERS
SEA BREEZE
TRANSFER OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
RADIATION
DARK COLOURED SURFACES AND COLOURED SURFACES
WIND
Class 7th science chapter 8. Winds, Storms and CyclonesSwayam Khobragade
This ppt file is converted into pdf so if u want to use it you may download it and convert it into ppt so u can use it for expaining the concepts of this chapter...... This ppt contains only the information given in the textbook.. This ppt also have the keywords,exercises and other basic knowledge....
Chapter - 2, Is matter around us pure?, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Is matter around us pure?, Science, Class 9
PURE SUBSTANCES
WHAT IS A MIXTURE?
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
SOLUTION
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
CONCENTRATION
SUSPENSION
COLLOIDAL SOLUTION
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
TYNDALL EFFECT
COMPONENTS OF COLLOID
SEPARATING THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE
PHYSICAL CHANGE
CHEMICAL CHANGE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
this presentation is on the chapter reproduction in animals for class 8 . it includes all the topics in detail mentioned in the chapter . i have made it with a lot of hard work . hope u like it !
The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class - 9NehaRohtagi1
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class - 9 to understand that How a Cell Divides and the Organization Of Nucleas and so on. This Slide Presentation will clear your doubts and help you to score good marks in the examinations.
Electric circuit is the path in which electric current flows from a source across various components.
Electric circuit diagram is the diagrammatic representation of an electric circuit.
This Presentation is especially for the grade 10 as it is informaive and can be used for the CBSE syllabus of india ( of course ). hope this helps you alot and if any problems please let me know from the comments section below.................peace out......... and message me at bavitharavi@hotmail.com. this is also the chpter 9 of the cbse gr 10 science book biology.
This is a PowerPoint presentation on a chapter based on CBSE syllabus class 10th chapter no. 6 LIFE PROCESSES. It will help you to complete your homework or project work.
Chemistry is that branch of science dealing with the study of composition, structure, and properties of matter. It deals with the study of the changes which different forms of matter undergo under different conditions. Chemistry also had branches that look at the laws governing these changes.
The chapters in Organic Chemistry are important for NEET-UG. It carries high weightage in the exam.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
Chapter - 2, Is matter around us pure?, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Is matter around us pure?, Science, Class 9
PURE SUBSTANCES
WHAT IS A MIXTURE?
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
SOLUTION
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
CONCENTRATION
SUSPENSION
COLLOIDAL SOLUTION
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
TYNDALL EFFECT
COMPONENTS OF COLLOID
SEPARATING THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE
PHYSICAL CHANGE
CHEMICAL CHANGE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
this presentation is on the chapter reproduction in animals for class 8 . it includes all the topics in detail mentioned in the chapter . i have made it with a lot of hard work . hope u like it !
The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class - 9NehaRohtagi1
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class - 9 to understand that How a Cell Divides and the Organization Of Nucleas and so on. This Slide Presentation will clear your doubts and help you to score good marks in the examinations.
Electric circuit is the path in which electric current flows from a source across various components.
Electric circuit diagram is the diagrammatic representation of an electric circuit.
This Presentation is especially for the grade 10 as it is informaive and can be used for the CBSE syllabus of india ( of course ). hope this helps you alot and if any problems please let me know from the comments section below.................peace out......... and message me at bavitharavi@hotmail.com. this is also the chpter 9 of the cbse gr 10 science book biology.
This is a PowerPoint presentation on a chapter based on CBSE syllabus class 10th chapter no. 6 LIFE PROCESSES. It will help you to complete your homework or project work.
Chemistry is that branch of science dealing with the study of composition, structure, and properties of matter. It deals with the study of the changes which different forms of matter undergo under different conditions. Chemistry also had branches that look at the laws governing these changes.
The chapters in Organic Chemistry are important for NEET-UG. It carries high weightage in the exam.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
Class 9 Chapter 1 Matter in our surrounding ncert cbse board ppt
for school made on canvajjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
Matter in our surroundings-9TH- NCERT CBSEAmazingTechno
Matter in our surroundings-9TH- NCERT CBSE! I Made It In Class 9TH! I Think This would Help You all! Videos Were There but there was not any source so I removed them! But They Can Be downloaded From Youtube!
From NCERT CH-1
Contains info about-
-matter
-Evaporation
-Change of states of matter
-Boiling point and melting point
-Latent Heat of Fusion And Vaporisation
-Q and A
It is my friend's PPT for School Science Seminar made by Me. He stand at 1st position in the Seminar. Its the 1st chapter of class 9th Science of CBSE. Just View and You will definitely like it.
PPT FOR CBSE, ICSE BOARD,
CHAPTER 1: MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING
MATTER, PROPERTIES OF MATTER, CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER, DIFFUSION, EVAPORATION, SUBLIMATION, KEY OINTS, NOTES.
EXPERIMENTS: PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL
PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE ALWAYS MOVING
PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE EXPERIMENT
class 09 ch 1 matter
these are my personal noter made by me i made it using ncert workboook , some youtube videos and my personal knowlege . hope it is helpfull for you
Matter of our surrounding |part 2
9th cbse
Can Matter change its state?
Effect of change of temperature
Effects of change of pressure
Evaporation
Factors affecting evaporation
How does evaporation cause cooling
Summary
Matter of our surrounding |part 2
A presentation that provides basic knowledge of the Kinetic Model of Matter. It sheds light on introductory concepts about the arrangement and motion of particles in each of the 3 states of matter. The presentation clearly and graphically explains the processes of changes in states of matter in a straightforward tone using simple language. A brief overview of the major gas laws is also given. Suggested for the IGCSE and O Level Physics and Chemistry lessons.
It is always amazing to see the interaction of planets, Sun, Stars, and other celestial objects in space which leads to astronomical events. In this chapter we will learn certain laws of physics which explains gravitation between celestial objects, free fall of body, mass and weight of the objects.
Matter is seen in variety of shape, texture, sizes and colours. The matter has physical and chemical characteristics which defines its category. In this chapter we will study about characteristics of mixtures and its types, how they are different from pure substances, colloids, suspensions and solutions, separation techniques for components of mixtures and their commercial use, physical and chemical changes, metals, non metals and metalloids, elements and compounds.
Atom - the fundamental unit of matter. From its discovery to its structural analysis, it amazes us. In this chapter you will study about beginner level of atomic structure and how scientists have contributed in making the structure of atom present today
Life originated from inorganic matter but interaction of these inorganic matter lead to the formation of organic molecules which makes up the life sustaining entity called cell. In this chapter we will study about cell, how it is discovered, cell theory, parts of cell and their functions.
This PPT is made for class 10 students. It covers all the topics of CBSE curriculum. An interactive inforgraphic based demonstration for better understanding. Do ask questions for any confusion.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Physical
Nature of
Matter
Characteristics
of Particles of
Matter
States of
Matter
Effect of
Temperature
and Pressure
Evaporation
Solids
Gases
Liquids
Melting Point
Latent Heat of
Vaporisation
Boiling Point
Latent Heat of
Fusion
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
3. MATTER
➔ Matter is anything which occupies space and has mass.
➔ Cannot gain 4 electrons to form C4- ion
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
➔ Early Indian philosophers classified in the form of five basic elements as air, earth, fire, sky and
water called Panch Tatva.
➔ On the basis of the physical state matter is classified as solids, liquids and gases.
➔ On the basis of chemical composition matter is classified as pure substances and mixtures. Pure
substances may be elements or compounds. Mixtures may be homogeneous mixtures or
heterogeneous mixtures.
➔ Cannot gain 4 electrons to form C4- ion
MATTER
PURE
SUBSTANCES
MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES
COMPOUNDSELEMENTS
4. PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER
Matter is made up of particles. Matter can be broken into many pieces
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER
The particles of matter are very tiny.
The particles of matter have space
between them.
The particles of matter attract each other.
The particles of matter are continuously
moving.
6. Activity :- Take some water in a beaker and note its level. Dissolve some salt
or sugar in it with the help of a glass rod. The salt dissolves in the water but
the level of water does not change. This is because the particles of salt get
into the space between the particles of water.
Particles of matter have space between them
7. Activity :- Take some water in a beaker and put a drop of blue or red ink
slowly along the sides of the beaker. Leave it undisturbed for a few hours.
The ink spreads evenly throughout the water due to the movement of the
particles of water and ink. The intermixing of two or more different types of
matter on their own is called diffusion.
Particles of matter are continuously moving
8. Activity :- Take an iron nail, a piece of chalk and a rubber band. Try breaking
them by hammering, cutting or stretching. It is more easier to break the chalk,
less easier to break the rubber band and difficult to break the iron nail. This is
because the particles in the iron nail are held together with greater force
than in the rubber band or chalk.
Particles of matter attract each other
9. Activity :- Dissolve 2 – 3 crystals of potassium permanganate in 100ml of
water in a beaker. Take 10ml of this solution and dissolve in 100ml of water.
Take 10ml of this solution and dissolve in 100ml of water. Repeat this process
5 – 6 times. This shows that a few crystals of potassium permanganate can
colour a large volume of water because there are millions of tiny particles in
each crystal.
Particles of matter are very tiny
11. STATES OF MATTER
➔ Definite shape and
volume
➔ Least Kinetic energy
➔ Strong Force of attraction
➔ Least Compressible
➔ Least Fluidity
➔ Minimum Brownian
motion
➔ Least Diffusion rate
SOLIDS
➔ Indefinite shape but
definite volume
➔ Less Kinetic energy
➔ Less Force of attraction
➔ Less Compressible
➔ Moderate Fluidity
➔ Moderate Brownian
motion
➔ Moderate Diffusion rate
LIQUIDS
➔ Indefinite shape and
volume
➔ High Kinetic energy
➔ Least Force of attraction
➔ Highly Compressible
➔ High Fluidity
➔ High Brownian motion
➔ High Diffusion rate
GASES
12. STATES OF MATTER
➔ Ionized gas
➔ Super energetic and
super excited particles
➔ Unstable gaseous
molecules
PLASMA
➔ Super cooled gas at
absolute Kelvin zero
temperature
BEC
QUARK GLUON
DEGENERATE MATTER
SUPER FLUID
OTHER STATES
13. TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE SCALES
➔ Temperature is the degree of
hotness or coldness of body.
➔ There are different scales on which
temperature can be recorded.
Commonly used scales are Celsius,
Fahrenheit and Kelvin
➔ Relation between K & oC :
0 oC= 273 K
So, K = oC + 273 or oC = K -273
F = 9/5C + 32
14. MELTING AND BOILING
➔ When a solid is heated, the particles
begin to vibrate with greater speed and
begin to move more freely. Then at a
particular temperature the solid melts
and changes into liquid. The process of
melting is also known as fusion.
➔ The temperature at which a solid melts
is called its melting point. The melting
point of ice is 00C or 273 K.
➔ The amount of heat energy required to
change 1kg of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting
point is called the latent heat of fusion.
➔ When a liquid is heated, its particles
begin to move even faster. Then at a
particular temperature the liquid begins
to boil and changes into gas (vapour).
Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
➔ The temperature at which a liquid starts
boiling is called its boiling point. The
boiling point of water is 1000C or 373K
(273 + 100).
➔ The amount of heat energy required to
change 1kg of a liquid into gas at
atmospheric pressure at its boiling point
is called the latent heat of vaporisation.
15. INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER
➔ The phenomenon due to which matter changes from one state to another and
then back to its original state on altering the conditions of temperature and
pressure is called interconversion of states of matter.
➔ The change of state directly from
solid to gas or from gas to solid is
called sublimation.
➔ The change of gaseous state to
liquid state on cooling is called
condensation.
➔ The change of liquid state of a
substance to gaseous state at
boiling point is called
vapourisation.
➔ The change of solid state of a
substance to liquid state at melting
16. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
On increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of the matter
increases and they begin to vibrate with a higher energy. Therefore, the
interparticle force of attraction between the particles reduces and particles
get detached from their position and begin to move freely.
➔ As a result, the state of matter begins to change.
➔ Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
➔ Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.
17. EFFECT OF PRESSURE
By applying pressure, the interparticle spaces between particles of matter
decreases. Thus, by applying pressure and reducing temperature we can
convert a solid to liquid and a liquid to gas.
18. EVAPORATION
➔ The phenomenon of change of
a liquid into vapors at any
given temperature below its
boiling point is called
Evaporation.
➔ Evaporation is different than
boiling.
➔ The particles of liquids have
more kinetic energy.
Therefore, they are able to
overcome the forces of
attraction and convert into
vapor without any external
forces.
19. FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION
➔ Increase in surface area facilitates more space which helps in faster
evaporation.
➔ Increase in temperature increase kinetic energy which overcome interparticle
force of attraction between particles. Hence, increase in evaporation.
➔ High water content in atmosphere (Humidity) decreases rate of evaporation
as less space is present to accommodate water particles in the atmosphere.
➔ High wind speed blow away water vapours allowing faster evaporation rate.
SURFACE AREA WIND SPEEDHUMIDITYTEMPERATURE
20. EVAPORATION CAUSES COOLING
➔ Evaporation is a surface
phenomenon. The particles at
the surface having high K.E.
break up their force of
attraction & form vapours.
Since the energy is lost, that
means temperature gets
lowered and low temperature
means cooling effect so,
evaporation results in cooling
effect.