PPT FOR CBSE, ICSE BOARD,
CHAPTER 1: MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING
MATTER, PROPERTIES OF MATTER, CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER, DIFFUSION, EVAPORATION, SUBLIMATION, KEY OINTS, NOTES.
EXPERIMENTS: PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL
PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE ALWAYS MOVING
PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE EXPERIMENT
Best PowerPoint presentation on NCERT class 9 Atoms and Molecules as per CBSE syllabus it covers full chapter with all information.
By Raxit Gupta
9C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BALLYGUNGE
HEAT
TEMPERATURE
LAND BREEZE
EFFECT OF HEAT
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
CLINICAL THERMOMETERS
DIGITAL THERMOMETERS
SEA BREEZE
TRANSFER OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
RADIATION
DARK COLOURED SURFACES AND COLOURED SURFACES
WIND
Best PowerPoint presentation on NCERT class 9 Atoms and Molecules as per CBSE syllabus it covers full chapter with all information.
By Raxit Gupta
9C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BALLYGUNGE
HEAT
TEMPERATURE
LAND BREEZE
EFFECT OF HEAT
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
CLINICAL THERMOMETERS
DIGITAL THERMOMETERS
SEA BREEZE
TRANSFER OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
RADIATION
DARK COLOURED SURFACES AND COLOURED SURFACES
WIND
This chapter is for class 9 based on CBSE curriculum in which physical nature of matter, its characteristics are discussed along with states of matter, their inconversion, scales of temperature and difference between boiling and evaporation and factors affecting evaporation with inforgraphics and key points.
1. Concept of REST and MOTION
2. Motion and its different forms
Translatory, Circulatory, Oscillatory, Vibratory, Periodic & Non-Periodic, Random, Uniform & Non-Uniform etc
3. Concept of MASS and WEIGHT.
4. Differentiate between MASS and WEIGHT.
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter 4 - Heat, Science, Class 7
HEAT
HOT AND COLD
THERMOMETER
CLINICAL THERMOMETER
HOW TO USE CLINICAL THERMOMETER?
WHILE USING CLINICAL THERMOMETER, THE FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN
LABORATORY THERMOMETER
WHILE USING LABORATORY THERMOMETER, THE FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN
DIGITAL THERMOMETER
TRANSFER OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
CONDUCTORS
INSULATORS
CONVECTION
RADIATION
SEA BREEZE
LAND BREEZE
CLOTHES IN WINTERS AND SUMMERS
HOW DO WOOLLEN CLOTHS KEEP US WARM?
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
Let us now try and define change for the purpose of science. We can define it as an act by which a thing forms or becomes different than its previous self. For instance, when ice melts, it changes into water. Therefore it turns its form from solid to liquid.
Click Here: https://www.digistore24.com/redir/269221/Manikji/
Topics Included:
• Physical Quantities
• Traditional Units of Measurement
• Standard Units of Measurement
• Other SI systems
• Measuring Length
→ Ruler
→ Meter Rod
• Measuring Length of a Curved Line
→ The thread method
→ The divider method
• Measurements in daily life
• Estimation and its Importance in real life
• Motion
• Rest and Motion
• Types of Motion
Friction CLASS 8 NCERT powerpoint presentation KashishSingh43
full chapter explanation of NCERT of class 8 'FRICTION' i hope you understand it clearly and if you have any queries leave a comment i will try to reply it. there are some videos you can go through it which make your concept more clear ;). i have written everything in a very simple language to make you all understand clearly . there are some textbook exercise in the ppt try to solve it so that you can make your chapter more clear. and last and final there is a recap you can take it as your notes and make your concept more clear
Learn the basics of using social media for your business. We'll discuss many of the top platforms, why you should use social media for your business, what to write about, and more.
Showcase your knowledge about your industry and reach new customers by starting a blog. You will learn the fundamentals of blogging and how to use your blog as a tool to maximize exposure with your customer base.
This chapter is for class 9 based on CBSE curriculum in which physical nature of matter, its characteristics are discussed along with states of matter, their inconversion, scales of temperature and difference between boiling and evaporation and factors affecting evaporation with inforgraphics and key points.
1. Concept of REST and MOTION
2. Motion and its different forms
Translatory, Circulatory, Oscillatory, Vibratory, Periodic & Non-Periodic, Random, Uniform & Non-Uniform etc
3. Concept of MASS and WEIGHT.
4. Differentiate between MASS and WEIGHT.
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter 4 - Heat, Science, Class 7
HEAT
HOT AND COLD
THERMOMETER
CLINICAL THERMOMETER
HOW TO USE CLINICAL THERMOMETER?
WHILE USING CLINICAL THERMOMETER, THE FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN
LABORATORY THERMOMETER
WHILE USING LABORATORY THERMOMETER, THE FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN
DIGITAL THERMOMETER
TRANSFER OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
CONDUCTORS
INSULATORS
CONVECTION
RADIATION
SEA BREEZE
LAND BREEZE
CLOTHES IN WINTERS AND SUMMERS
HOW DO WOOLLEN CLOTHS KEEP US WARM?
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
Let us now try and define change for the purpose of science. We can define it as an act by which a thing forms or becomes different than its previous self. For instance, when ice melts, it changes into water. Therefore it turns its form from solid to liquid.
Click Here: https://www.digistore24.com/redir/269221/Manikji/
Topics Included:
• Physical Quantities
• Traditional Units of Measurement
• Standard Units of Measurement
• Other SI systems
• Measuring Length
→ Ruler
→ Meter Rod
• Measuring Length of a Curved Line
→ The thread method
→ The divider method
• Measurements in daily life
• Estimation and its Importance in real life
• Motion
• Rest and Motion
• Types of Motion
Friction CLASS 8 NCERT powerpoint presentation KashishSingh43
full chapter explanation of NCERT of class 8 'FRICTION' i hope you understand it clearly and if you have any queries leave a comment i will try to reply it. there are some videos you can go through it which make your concept more clear ;). i have written everything in a very simple language to make you all understand clearly . there are some textbook exercise in the ppt try to solve it so that you can make your chapter more clear. and last and final there is a recap you can take it as your notes and make your concept more clear
Learn the basics of using social media for your business. We'll discuss many of the top platforms, why you should use social media for your business, what to write about, and more.
Showcase your knowledge about your industry and reach new customers by starting a blog. You will learn the fundamentals of blogging and how to use your blog as a tool to maximize exposure with your customer base.
Chemistry is that branch of science dealing with the study of composition, structure, and properties of matter. It deals with the study of the changes which different forms of matter undergo under different conditions. Chemistry also had branches that look at the laws governing these changes.
The chapters in Organic Chemistry are important for NEET-UG. It carries high weightage in the exam.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
lass 11
Chemistry Project on Green Chemistry – Biodiesel and Biopetrol.
Chemistry Project on Calculating the pH Balance and Change.
Chemistry Project on Quantitative Estimation.
Chemistry Project on Rusting of Iron.
Chemistry Project on Characterization and Purification of Organic Substances.
Matter in our surroundings-9TH- NCERT CBSEAmazingTechno
Matter in our surroundings-9TH- NCERT CBSE! I Made It In Class 9TH! I Think This would Help You all! Videos Were There but there was not any source so I removed them! But They Can Be downloaded From Youtube!
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
3. CHARECTERISTICS OF MATTER
The particle of matter are very very small.
The particles of matter have space between them.
The particles of matter are continuously moving.
The particles of matter attract each other.
3
4. The particle of matter are very very
small.
TO SHOW THAT PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE SMALL
Take 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve them in 100mL of water.
Take out approximately 10mL of this solution and put it into 90mL of clear water.
Take out 10mL of this solution and put it into another 90mL of water.
Keep diluting the solution 5-8 times.
Observance : this experiment shows that just a few crystals of permanganate can colour a large amount of
water(say 1000mL).
Conclusion :
4
6. The particles of matter have space
between them.
TO SHOW THAT PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEENTHEM
We take about 100 mL of water in a beaker. And mark the level of water in the beaker with a marking pen.
Now add 50gm of sugar to the beaker and dissolve it by stirring it with a glass rod. When all the sugar has dissolved, we get
a sugar solution.
Now look at the level, is it at the same level or it is displaced?
OBSERVANCE : WE WILL FIND THAT EVEN AFTER DISSOLVING 50gm OF SUGAR, THE VOLUME HAS NOT INCREASED.
CONCLUSION : THE PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
6
8. The particles of matter are
continuously moving.
THE BEST EVIDENCE THAT PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE CONSTANTLY
MOVING COMES FROM THE STUDIES OF DIFFUSION AND BROWNIAN
MOTION. EXAMPLES:-
a) when we light an incense stick (agarbatti) in one corner of a room, its fragrance spreads in
the whole room quickly
b) When a few crystals of copper sulphate are placed at the bottom of a beaker containg water,
then water in the whole beaker turns blue slowly.
8
9. The particles of matter attract each
other.
There are some forces of attraction between the particles of
matter which bind them together.
9
10. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five basic
elements- the ‘panch tatva’ – air, water, earth, fire and sky.
Modern scientists have evolved two types of classification of matter based
on its physical properties and chemical aspects.
10
12. SOLID
In solids, the particles are closely packed.
Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
Solids cannot be compressed much.
Solids have high densities. They are heavy.
Solids do not flow.
Solids have great force of attraction.
12
13. LIQUID
In liquids, the particles are close together, but they are not as close as in
solids.
Liquids have a fixed volume but they have no definite shape. Liquids take
the shape of vessel in which they are placed.
Liquids cannot be compressed much.
Liquids have moderate and high densities. They are usually less dense than
solids.
Liquids generally flow easily.
13
14. GAS
Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.
Gases can be compressed easily.
Gases have very low densities. They are very, very light. A gas is much
lighter than the same volume of solid or gas.
Gases flow easily.
In solids, the particles are much farther apart from one another as
compared to solids and liquids.
14
15. BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
The BEC happens at super low temperatures. We have talked about
temperature scales and Kelvin. At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all
molecular motion stops. Scientists have figured out a way to get a
temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero. When
temperatures get that low, you can create a BEC with a few special
elements. Cornell and Weiman did it with rubidium (Rb).
15
16. PLASMA
A plasma is a gas that has been energized to the point that some of the
electrons break free from, but travel with, their nucleus. Gases can become
plasmas in several ways, but all include pumping the gas with energy. A
spark in a gas will create a plasma.
16
17. DIFFUSION
The spreading out and mixing of a substance with another substance due
to the motion of its particles is called diffusion.
Diffusion is a property of matter which is based on the motion of its
particles. Diffusion is fastest in gases and slowest in solids.
The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the temperature of the
diffusing substance.
Diffusion is fastest in gases and slowest in liquid.
17
18. SI UNIT OF TEMPREATURE
The common unit of measuring
temperature (like melting points, boiling
points, etc.).
There is another scale of temperature called
kelvin scale of temperature which is used by
the scientist mainly for research work. The SI
unit of measuring temperature is kelvin (K).
18
20. EFFECT OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE
By increasing the temperature, a solid can be converted into liquid
state; and the liquid can be converted into gaseous state.
By decreasing the temperature, a gas can be converted into liquid
state; and a liquid can be converted into solid state.
20
21. SOLID TO LIQUID: MELTING
The process in which a solid substance changes into a liquid on heating, is
called melting (or fusion).
The temperature at which a solid substance melts and changes into a
liquid at atmospheric pressure is called melting point.
The melting point of a solid is a measure of the force of attraction between
its particles (atoms or molecules).
When a solid is heated sufficiently, it changes its physical state and
becomes a liquid.
21
22. LIQUID TO GAS: VAPORISATION
The process in which a liquid substance changes into a gas rapidly on
heating is called boiling.
The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes rapidly into a gas at
atmospheric pressure, is called boiling point of the liquid.
The boiling point of liquid is a measure of the force of attraction between
it’s particles.
When a liquid is heated, it changes its physical state and becomes a gas.
22
23. GAS TO LIQUID: CONDENSATION
The process of changing a gas( or vapor) to a liquid by cooling, is called
condensation.
Please note that condensation is reverse of boiling.
23
24. LIQUID TO SOLID: FREEZING
The process of changing a liquid into a solid by cooling, is called freezing.
Freezing means solidification.
Please note that solidification is reverse of melting.
The state of matter can be changed by changing the temperature (by
heating or cooling).
24
25. LATENT HEAT
The heat energy which has to be supplied to change the state of a
substance is called its latent heat. Latent heat does not raise the
temperature. But latent heat has always to be supplied to change the
state of a substance.
Why temperature does not rise? The latent heat which we supply is
used up in overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles of
a substance during the change of state.
Latent heat is of two types-
i) Latent heat of fusion.
ii) Latent heat of vaporization.
25
26. LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
The heat energy which is required to change the state of matter from solid
to liquid is called latent heat of fusion.
26
27. LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION
The heat energy required to change the state of matter from liquid to
gas is known as latent heat of vaporization
27
28. SUBLIMATION
The changing of a solid directly into gas on heating, and of
vapors into solid on cooling, is known as sublimation
28
29. EFFECT OF CHANGE OF PRESSURE
The physical state of matter can also be changed by changing the
pressure.
Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and lowering temperature.
29
30. EVAPORATION
The process of a liquid changing into vapor( or gas) is called evaporation.
FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION
Temperature: the rate of evaporation increases on the increasing of
temperature.
Surface area: the rate of evaporation increases on the increasing of surface
area.
Humidity: when the humidity of air is low, then the rate of evaporation is
high.
Wind speed: the rate of evaporation increases on the increasing of wind
speed.
30
31. COOLING CAUSED BY EVAPORATION
The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when
a liquid evaporates, it draws (or takes) the latent heat of
vaporization from ‘anything’ which it touches. By losing heat,
anything gets cooled.
31
32. PRESENCE OF WATER VAPOUR IN AIR
Presence of water vapour can be shown by following:
We take a steel tumbler and put some well crushed ice into it. Wipe
the tumbler with a cotton cloth to make the surface clear and dry.
Allow the ice tumbler undisturbed for 5 minutes.
Observance: a large number of tiny droplets of water appear on the
outer surface of the tumbler.
Reason : the air around the steel tumbler contains water vapour in
it. When these water vapor come in contact with cold, outside
surface of tumbler, they condense to form tiny drops of liquid
water.
32
33. KEY POINTS
1. Matter- Matter is anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. Air and
water, sugar and sand, hydrogen and oxygen etc. Matter is made up of very small tiny particles.
Particles of matter have space between them they attract each other.
2. Classification- On the basis of physical properties, matter is classified as solids, liquids and
gases. On the basis of chemical properties, matter is classified as elements, compounds and
mixtures.
• Solids- Solids have strong molecular force and a definite shape and size solids can neither
flow nor be compressed.
• Liquids- Liquids have weak intermolecular flow and large intermolecular spaces. Liquids
do not have a definite shape but can flow.
• Gases- Gases have weak intermolecular flow, high compressibility, and no definite shape
and volume.
3. Physical properties of matter- Matter is made up of particles which are very small in size.
Everything around us is made up of tiny pieces or particles. The particles of matter are
constantly moving (they are in motion).The particles which make up matter are atoms and
molecules.
4. Interchange in states of matter- Matter can change its state in solid, liquid or gas depending
upon the type of matter.
5. Diffusion- The mixing of a substance with another substance due to the motion or
movement of its particles is called diffusion. It is one of the properties of materials. The
diffusion of one substance into another substance goes on until a uniform mixture is formed.
Diffusion takes place in gases, liquids and solids.
33
34. 6. Latent heat- Latent heat is the heat energy which has to be supplied to change the state of
a substance. Latent heat does not increase the temperature of a substance. But latent heat has
to be supplied in order to change the state of a substance. Latent heat can be of fusion or of
vaporization.
7. Sublimation- The changing of a solid directly into vapours on heating and of vapours into
solid on cooling, is known as sublimation. When these solid substances are heated, their
particles move quickly and they separate completely to form vapor (or gas). Similarly when
these vapor (or gas) is cooled, these particles slow down so quickly that they become fixed
and form a solid.
8. Evaporation- The process of conversion of a liquid into vapour (or gas) at its boiling point
is called evaporation. Some particles in liquid always have more kinetic energy than the
others. So, even when a liquid is well below its boiling point, some of its particles have
enough energy to break the forces of attraction between the particles and escape from the
surface of the liquid in the form of vapour. Thus the fast moving particles of a liquid are
constantly escaping from the liquid to form vapor or gas. Temperature, surface area of liquid,
humidity, and wind speed are fators that affect evaporation. Evaporation causes cooling
effect.
9. Effect of Change of Pressure: The physical state of matter can also be changed by
increasing or decreasing the pressure to it. Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and
lowering temperature. When high pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed, and when
in addition to it we lower its temperature, it gets converted into liquid. So, we can also say
that gases can be turned into liquids by compression and cooling.
34
36. WHAT ARE CHARECTERISTICS OF MATTER?
Below are the characteristics of matter
The particle of matter are very small.
The particles of matter have space between them.
The particles of matter are continuously moving.
The particles of matter attract each other.
36
37. What do you mean by following terms-
(a) evaporation
(b) sublimation
(c) condensation
Answer:
a) The process in which a liquid substance changes into a gas rapidly on
heating is called evaporation.
b) The changing of a solid directly into gas on heating, and of vapors into
solid on cooling, is known as sublimation.
c) The process of a liquid changing into vapor( or gas) is called evaporation.
37
38. Define latent heat of fusion and latent of vaporization.
The heat energy which is required to change the state of matter from solid
to liquid is called latent heat of fusion.
The heat energy required to change the state of matter from liquid to gas
is known as latent heat of vaporization
38