The stiffness of clay in soil has lots to observe for engineering purpose, these has been monitored through it depositions at various area, the engineering properties of soil were applied to determined the rates of compression in soils, lots of compression index in various types of soil has been carried through experimental applications, empirical model has been applied in several type of soil, these applications predict compression index for numerous formations, but the application of mathematical model thus mathematical methods has not been applied to predict compression index for stiff clay, these application were used through these parameters, it express formations characteristics to developed the system for the study, such application generated the derived equation that produced the model to predict compression index for stiff clay, simulation were applied and it produced theoretical values for stiff clay at various depth, the simulation values were compared with experimental data, both parameters express best fits validating the developed model for the study, compression index were observed to gradually increase with slight variation at different depth, but produced specified compression index within the range for stiff clay.
SETTLEMENT POTENTIALITY ANALYSIS OF CLAY SOILS, NORTH JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIAIAEME Publication
This document summarizes the settlement potential analysis of clay soils in North Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Twenty boreholes were drilled and 24 undisturbed soil samples were collected from depths of 35-40 meters. The samples were classified as high plasticity clays (CH) and inorganic silts of high compressibility (MH). Consolidation tests were performed to determine coefficients of volume change, compression index, and expansion index. The coefficients of volume change ranged from 0.00305-0.02 cm2/gm for clays and 0.00263-0.08389 cm2/gm for silts. Compression indices ranged from 0.10426-0.3547 for clays and
ASSESSMENT OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF SOIL USING MULTI-LINEAR REGRESSION MO...IAEME Publication
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for subsurface geotechnical investigation and this procedure have evolved over a period of 100 years. Estimation of the liquefaction potential of soils is often based on SPT test. Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. In the present study, SPT based data were analysed to find out a suitable numerical procedure for establishing a Multi-Linear Regression Model using IBM-Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics v20.0.0) and MATLAB(R2010a) in analysis of soil liquefaction for a particular location at a site in Lucknow City. A Multi-Storeyed Residential Building Project site was considered for this study to collect 12 borehole data sets along 10 km stretch of IIM road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India).
Improved analyses of liquefaction and settlementRobert Pyke
Based on three papers presented at the 7ICEGE held in Rome in June 2019, this paper outlines the limitations of simplified methods for evaluation liquefaction and settlement and shows how improved analyses can be conducted using nonlinear effective stress site response analyses.
01 Hydraulic Structures In International Perspective PilarczykKrystian Pilarczyk
The document discusses hydraulic and coastal structures from an international perspective. It defines coastal structures as any man-made structure in contact with the marine environment and hydraulic structures as those in contact with fresh water. Coastal structures include breakwaters, jetties, groins, seawalls, and more. The design process for these structures involves identifying the problem, understanding hydraulic and morphological processes, considering alternatives, and mitigating environmental impacts. Coastal erosion control presents challenges due to interactions between loading, morphology, foundations, and structures.
Prediction of swelling pressure of expansive soils using compositional andIAEME Publication
The document discusses predicting swelling pressure of expansive soils using compositional and environmental factors. Expansive soils exhibit significant volume changes with moisture content variations, which can damage foundations. Directly determining swelling characteristics is expensive. The paper investigates how soil state (reflected by initial moisture content, dry density, and surcharge pressure) and soil type (reflected by liquid limit and plasticity index) influence predicted swelling pressure. 46 free swell oedometer tests were conducted on 4 soils, varying one factor at a time over practical ranges. Results show swelling pressure is associated with both compositional and environmental factors.
This chapter discusses analyzing soil boring data to assess liquefaction resistance and predict liquefied soil thickness using the EPOLIQAN code. The EPOLIQAN code calculates liquefaction parameters from a single soil boring that are then used to compute average and range values for case studies. Empirical methods are preferred for liquefaction assessments as they are based on in situ tests that directly correlate to field performance during earthquakes. The most widely used empirical method is based on Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blowcounts, though methods exist using Cone Penetration Tests and Becker Penetration Tests as well.
Geosynthetics&Geosystems In Coastal Engineering Pilarczyk2009Krystian Pilarczyk
This document reviews the use of geosynthetics and geosystems in coastal engineering applications. It discusses how geosynthetics like geotextiles have become common in revetment construction but geosystems like geotubes are relatively new. While these systems were initially designed based on limited experience, research has improved design techniques and reliability. The document provides an overview of various geosynthetic and geosystem applications in coastal engineering, discusses sources of information on these systems, and makes recommendations to support future use and improvements. It then reviews specific geosystems like geotextiles in revetments, geomattresses, geobags, geotubes and geocontainers in more detail.
Hyperbolic constitutive model for tropical residual soilsIAEME Publication
The document presents a study on developing a simple constitutive model to describe the stress-strain behavior of tropical residual soils. Laboratory tests were conducted on five tropical residual soil samples from Southern India to analyze their stress-strain and pore pressure responses under undrained triaxial loading. The test results showed that the soils exhibited strain softening behavior associated with continued positive pore water pressures. Based on the test data analysis, the researchers proposed a hyperbolic constitutive model relating stress ratio and mean effective stress to strain that captures the stress dependency, nonlinearity and strain softening observed in the tropical residual soils. The model parameters can be determined from standard triaxial tests, making the model simple and practical for engineering applications involving these soils.
SETTLEMENT POTENTIALITY ANALYSIS OF CLAY SOILS, NORTH JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIAIAEME Publication
This document summarizes the settlement potential analysis of clay soils in North Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Twenty boreholes were drilled and 24 undisturbed soil samples were collected from depths of 35-40 meters. The samples were classified as high plasticity clays (CH) and inorganic silts of high compressibility (MH). Consolidation tests were performed to determine coefficients of volume change, compression index, and expansion index. The coefficients of volume change ranged from 0.00305-0.02 cm2/gm for clays and 0.00263-0.08389 cm2/gm for silts. Compression indices ranged from 0.10426-0.3547 for clays and
ASSESSMENT OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF SOIL USING MULTI-LINEAR REGRESSION MO...IAEME Publication
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for subsurface geotechnical investigation and this procedure have evolved over a period of 100 years. Estimation of the liquefaction potential of soils is often based on SPT test. Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. In the present study, SPT based data were analysed to find out a suitable numerical procedure for establishing a Multi-Linear Regression Model using IBM-Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics v20.0.0) and MATLAB(R2010a) in analysis of soil liquefaction for a particular location at a site in Lucknow City. A Multi-Storeyed Residential Building Project site was considered for this study to collect 12 borehole data sets along 10 km stretch of IIM road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India).
Improved analyses of liquefaction and settlementRobert Pyke
Based on three papers presented at the 7ICEGE held in Rome in June 2019, this paper outlines the limitations of simplified methods for evaluation liquefaction and settlement and shows how improved analyses can be conducted using nonlinear effective stress site response analyses.
01 Hydraulic Structures In International Perspective PilarczykKrystian Pilarczyk
The document discusses hydraulic and coastal structures from an international perspective. It defines coastal structures as any man-made structure in contact with the marine environment and hydraulic structures as those in contact with fresh water. Coastal structures include breakwaters, jetties, groins, seawalls, and more. The design process for these structures involves identifying the problem, understanding hydraulic and morphological processes, considering alternatives, and mitigating environmental impacts. Coastal erosion control presents challenges due to interactions between loading, morphology, foundations, and structures.
Prediction of swelling pressure of expansive soils using compositional andIAEME Publication
The document discusses predicting swelling pressure of expansive soils using compositional and environmental factors. Expansive soils exhibit significant volume changes with moisture content variations, which can damage foundations. Directly determining swelling characteristics is expensive. The paper investigates how soil state (reflected by initial moisture content, dry density, and surcharge pressure) and soil type (reflected by liquid limit and plasticity index) influence predicted swelling pressure. 46 free swell oedometer tests were conducted on 4 soils, varying one factor at a time over practical ranges. Results show swelling pressure is associated with both compositional and environmental factors.
This chapter discusses analyzing soil boring data to assess liquefaction resistance and predict liquefied soil thickness using the EPOLIQAN code. The EPOLIQAN code calculates liquefaction parameters from a single soil boring that are then used to compute average and range values for case studies. Empirical methods are preferred for liquefaction assessments as they are based on in situ tests that directly correlate to field performance during earthquakes. The most widely used empirical method is based on Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blowcounts, though methods exist using Cone Penetration Tests and Becker Penetration Tests as well.
Geosynthetics&Geosystems In Coastal Engineering Pilarczyk2009Krystian Pilarczyk
This document reviews the use of geosynthetics and geosystems in coastal engineering applications. It discusses how geosynthetics like geotextiles have become common in revetment construction but geosystems like geotubes are relatively new. While these systems were initially designed based on limited experience, research has improved design techniques and reliability. The document provides an overview of various geosynthetic and geosystem applications in coastal engineering, discusses sources of information on these systems, and makes recommendations to support future use and improvements. It then reviews specific geosystems like geotextiles in revetments, geomattresses, geobags, geotubes and geocontainers in more detail.
Hyperbolic constitutive model for tropical residual soilsIAEME Publication
The document presents a study on developing a simple constitutive model to describe the stress-strain behavior of tropical residual soils. Laboratory tests were conducted on five tropical residual soil samples from Southern India to analyze their stress-strain and pore pressure responses under undrained triaxial loading. The test results showed that the soils exhibited strain softening behavior associated with continued positive pore water pressures. Based on the test data analysis, the researchers proposed a hyperbolic constitutive model relating stress ratio and mean effective stress to strain that captures the stress dependency, nonlinearity and strain softening observed in the tropical residual soils. The model parameters can be determined from standard triaxial tests, making the model simple and practical for engineering applications involving these soils.
This document investigates the effect of cyclic wetting and drying on expansive soils through laboratory experiments. It discusses how swelling and shrinkage cycles impact soil cracking behaviour, structure, and plasticity characteristics. Specimens of Romainville clay were subjected to 5 wet-dry cycles while monitoring cracking patterns, shrinkage, and other properties. Results showed cracking behaviour reached equilibrium after 3 cycles, with crack patterns stabilizing thereafter. Cyclic wetting and drying was found to influence soil structure and plasticity.
The document describes a study that investigated the influence of swelling on the stress-strain behavior, shear strength, and elasticity modulus of expansive soils under various confining pressures. Laboratory tests were conducted using triaxial apparatus on specimens of expansive clay from Indonesia that were compacted at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The tests measured stress-strain behavior, shear strength, and elasticity modulus both before and after allowing specimens to swell under confining pressures of 50, 70, and 90 kPa. The results showed that shear strength and elasticity modulus decreased significantly, by 73-88%, after swelling compared to before swelling.
This document discusses various methods for correlating and classifying soil swelling potential based on index properties, mineral composition, stress history, and other factors. It provides equations from numerous studies that relate swelling to plasticity index, clay content, dry density, void ratio, cation exchange capacity, and more. Classification charts are presented from several sources that categorize swelling potential as low, medium, or high based on correlations with parameters like plasticity index and activity.
Relationship with the Degree of Saturation of the Swelling StrainIJERA Editor
The document describes a study on the relationship between swelling strain and the degree of saturation of expansive soil in Sokoo Ngawi, East Java. Laboratory tests were conducted on disturbed soil samples to measure swelling strain under different initial moisture contents and dry densities, ranging from 15.04% to 42.88% moisture and 0.962 to 1.471 g/cm3 density. The results showed that higher initial moisture content and lower dry density produced lower swelling strain, down to a minimum of 1.68% at 42.88% moisture. Higher initial moisture and density led to greater swelling strains up to a maximum of 38.04% at 15.04% moisture.
Maaf, saya tidak dapat menjawab soal latihan karena tidak ada informasi tentang hasil uji batas plastis dan shrinkage limit yang dibutuhkan untuk menghitung indeks-indeks seperti indeks plastisitas, aktivitas, dan sensitivitas. Saya hanya dapat menjelaskan definisi dan metode pengukuran batas Atterberg serta beberapa aplikasi tekniknya, tetapi tidak dapat menyelesaikan soal-soal latihan karena kurangnya data. Bisak
porosity model evaluation pressured by void ratio on homogenous compressionIJCMESJOURNAL
This study develop model that will evaluates the influences of soil compression in natural condition or in an impose loads determined by the rate of soil porosity. Porosity evaluation in homogeneous fines sand formation were to monitor the homogeneous setting effect from the rate of low void ratio and permeability observed to pressure compression of fine sand, the expression has proven different dimensions that will always generate homogeneous setting in the deltaic formation, to predict this types of porosity, mathematical modelling approach were applied, the developed system generated governing equation that were derived to produced predictive model for porosity evaluation in fine sand formation. Soil and highway engineers can apply these techniques during design of roads and foundation as a parameter that is highly significant to check the rate of porosity on soil compression.
The document summarizes developments in the design and application of geosynthetics and geosystems in hydraulic and coastal engineering. It provides an overview of different geosynthetic and geosystem applications such as revetments, fill-containing systems, geocontainers, and their use in dams, dikes, and for erosion control. It also discusses design methodology, stability criteria, and performance of these systems. Research has provided better understanding but more work is still needed to develop generally valid design guidelines.
The impact of providing surface cover on the soil loss and water discharge un...Alexander Decker
This study examined the impact of different surface covers on soil loss and water discharge under moderate rainfall. Three plots were established with grass coverage of 100% (Plot A), 0% (Plot B), and 50% (Plot C). The plots were subjected to simulated rainfall of 52 mm/hr for 2 hours. Plot A had negligible soil loss, while Plot B had the most soil loss due to no surface cover. Plot C showed better results than B in restricting soil loss. Water discharge was highest from Plot B and lowest from Plot A. Plot C reduced water discharge more than the bare plot due to grass patches scattering and reducing flow. The study suggests 50% grass cover can adequately protect exposed soils under moderate rainfall.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes research on the liquefaction of fine-grained soils. It establishes that fine-grained soils like silts and clays can liquefy under certain conditions. The liquefaction potential of silts changes with plasticity index. There are still anomalies in understanding the effect of fines on liquefaction that require further research, such as the impact of neglecting fines below 5% and the effect of void ratio on soils with low plasticity fines. More experimental studies are needed to clarify these issues.
This document presents the results of laboratory tests conducted to determine the Atterberg limits of a fine-grained soil, including the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index. The liquid limit test procedure and results are shown, indicating a liquid limit of 58%. The plastic limit test procedure and results show a plastic limit of 28%, giving a plasticity index of 30. Classification charts are included showing the plasticity characteristics of the soil. Procedures for determining the shrinkage limit are also presented.
Like all civil engineering projects, landfill construction projects have fundamental requirements
related to strength, safety and economic concerns. There are precautions that must be taken in the planning
period of a sanitary landfill project, at every step of the construction and after the completion of waste
deposition at the site. The objective is to provide long term stability, environmental protection, ensure
regulatory compliance and achieve cost effective utilization of manpower, equipment and space. This paper
discusses the criteria for site selection, possible soil problems and their effects on safety and necessary
precautions. Studies have shown that the major possible soil deformation modes are landfall, overturn, sliding,
lateral deformation and outflow.
This document discusses soil consistency and various methods used to evaluate it, including rupture resistance, stickiness, plasticity, and Atterberg limits such as liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit. It describes how to determine these limits through standardized tests and defines relevant terms like plasticity index and liquidity index. The document also discusses factors that influence consistency like moisture content, clay mineralogy and activity. It provides classifications for terms like stickiness, plasticity and evaluates soil consistency through visual and tactile assessments.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document summarizes a study on the cyclic swelling behavior of clays. The study investigated how the expansive characteristics of clay soils change when subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Six expansive clay soils from northern Jordan were tested by subjecting compacted clay specimens to multiple cycles of fully swelling when submerged in water, followed by drying back to their initial water content. The results showed that the swelling potential and swell pressure of the clays decreased with each additional cycle, with the largest reduction after the first cycle. Both properties appeared to reach an equilibrium state after 4-5 cycles. Understanding how clays behave under cyclic moisture changes can help predict damage to structures from the expansion and contraction of foundations soils.
IRJET - Influence of Submergence on the Behaviour of Shallow FootingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of floods on the settlement behavior of shallow foundations. Laboratory scale load tests were conducted where model circular footings were placed in a masonry tank with arrangements for pumping in water and drawdown. Tests examined the effects of three types of submergence: sudden rise of groundwater, sudden inflow of surface water, and drawdown. It was observed that footing settlement considerably increased due to sudden submergence. Settlement rate increased with higher water discharge rates and was more pronounced in clayey soils compared to sand. In drawdown conditions, settlement increased over time but at a slower rate than during rising groundwater conditions.
This document discusses soil classification tests that are important for engineering purposes. Specifically, it focuses on the liquid limit and plastic limit tests developed by Albert Atterberg in the early 1900s. The liquid limit test determines the moisture content at which a soil transitions from a plastic to a liquid state. The plastic limit test determines the moisture content at which a soil can no longer be remolded and crumbles. The difference between these two limits is known as the plasticity index and provides a measure of a soil's cohesiveness. Exceeding the liquid limit or plastic limit can have detrimental effects in the field such as landslides or liquefaction during earthquakes.
UofA - FCMG IRC Poster Xiangyu Ehab FINALXiangyu Li
The SAGD process can damage the integrity of the caprock and cement sheath surrounding wells. Increased reservoir pressure from SAGD alters rock stresses and can cause deformations in the caprock, potentially leading to the release of steam into aquifers or the surface. The cement sheath also experiences extreme temperature changes that cause stress changes, risking incomplete zonal isolation. To study this, the authors experimentally determine constitutive models for the caprock and cement to analyze how a steam chamber impacts abandoned well integrity using numerical simulation.
Stabilization of Expansive Soils Employing Activated Fly Ash: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on stabilizing expansive soils using activated fly ash. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of improving expansive soil qualities and examining the impact of additives. It then reviews literature on using materials like fly ash and lime to reduce swelling pressure and improve engineering properties. The document discusses various stabilization techniques in detail, including compaction, soil replacement, and blending soils. It provides results from studies showing that additions like fly ash can lower plasticity, swelling pressure, and improve strength when mixed with expansive soils. Overall, the research demonstrates that waste materials like fly ash and lime can effectively stabilize expansive soils.
IRJET - Shrinkage Crack Study due to Lead Contamination in Bentonite ClayIRJET Journal
1. The document studies the effect of lead contamination on the shrinkage cracking of bentonite clay. Bentonite clay samples contaminated with varying percentages of lead (0-0.1%) were tested.
2. The results showed that with increasing lead concentration, the consistency limits (liquid limit and plastic limit) of the bentonite clay decreased. The shrinkage limit was not significantly affected. Hydraulic conductivity increased with increasing lead concentration.
3. Digital image processing was used to analyze the crack patterns of the contaminated bentonite clay samples. The crack intensity factor, which is the ratio of crack surface area to total surface area, increased with higher lead contamination levels.
This document investigates the effect of cyclic wetting and drying on expansive soils through laboratory experiments. It discusses how swelling and shrinkage cycles impact soil cracking behaviour, structure, and plasticity characteristics. Specimens of Romainville clay were subjected to 5 wet-dry cycles while monitoring cracking patterns, shrinkage, and other properties. Results showed cracking behaviour reached equilibrium after 3 cycles, with crack patterns stabilizing thereafter. Cyclic wetting and drying was found to influence soil structure and plasticity.
The document describes a study that investigated the influence of swelling on the stress-strain behavior, shear strength, and elasticity modulus of expansive soils under various confining pressures. Laboratory tests were conducted using triaxial apparatus on specimens of expansive clay from Indonesia that were compacted at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The tests measured stress-strain behavior, shear strength, and elasticity modulus both before and after allowing specimens to swell under confining pressures of 50, 70, and 90 kPa. The results showed that shear strength and elasticity modulus decreased significantly, by 73-88%, after swelling compared to before swelling.
This document discusses various methods for correlating and classifying soil swelling potential based on index properties, mineral composition, stress history, and other factors. It provides equations from numerous studies that relate swelling to plasticity index, clay content, dry density, void ratio, cation exchange capacity, and more. Classification charts are presented from several sources that categorize swelling potential as low, medium, or high based on correlations with parameters like plasticity index and activity.
Relationship with the Degree of Saturation of the Swelling StrainIJERA Editor
The document describes a study on the relationship between swelling strain and the degree of saturation of expansive soil in Sokoo Ngawi, East Java. Laboratory tests were conducted on disturbed soil samples to measure swelling strain under different initial moisture contents and dry densities, ranging from 15.04% to 42.88% moisture and 0.962 to 1.471 g/cm3 density. The results showed that higher initial moisture content and lower dry density produced lower swelling strain, down to a minimum of 1.68% at 42.88% moisture. Higher initial moisture and density led to greater swelling strains up to a maximum of 38.04% at 15.04% moisture.
Maaf, saya tidak dapat menjawab soal latihan karena tidak ada informasi tentang hasil uji batas plastis dan shrinkage limit yang dibutuhkan untuk menghitung indeks-indeks seperti indeks plastisitas, aktivitas, dan sensitivitas. Saya hanya dapat menjelaskan definisi dan metode pengukuran batas Atterberg serta beberapa aplikasi tekniknya, tetapi tidak dapat menyelesaikan soal-soal latihan karena kurangnya data. Bisak
porosity model evaluation pressured by void ratio on homogenous compressionIJCMESJOURNAL
This study develop model that will evaluates the influences of soil compression in natural condition or in an impose loads determined by the rate of soil porosity. Porosity evaluation in homogeneous fines sand formation were to monitor the homogeneous setting effect from the rate of low void ratio and permeability observed to pressure compression of fine sand, the expression has proven different dimensions that will always generate homogeneous setting in the deltaic formation, to predict this types of porosity, mathematical modelling approach were applied, the developed system generated governing equation that were derived to produced predictive model for porosity evaluation in fine sand formation. Soil and highway engineers can apply these techniques during design of roads and foundation as a parameter that is highly significant to check the rate of porosity on soil compression.
The document summarizes developments in the design and application of geosynthetics and geosystems in hydraulic and coastal engineering. It provides an overview of different geosynthetic and geosystem applications such as revetments, fill-containing systems, geocontainers, and their use in dams, dikes, and for erosion control. It also discusses design methodology, stability criteria, and performance of these systems. Research has provided better understanding but more work is still needed to develop generally valid design guidelines.
The impact of providing surface cover on the soil loss and water discharge un...Alexander Decker
This study examined the impact of different surface covers on soil loss and water discharge under moderate rainfall. Three plots were established with grass coverage of 100% (Plot A), 0% (Plot B), and 50% (Plot C). The plots were subjected to simulated rainfall of 52 mm/hr for 2 hours. Plot A had negligible soil loss, while Plot B had the most soil loss due to no surface cover. Plot C showed better results than B in restricting soil loss. Water discharge was highest from Plot B and lowest from Plot A. Plot C reduced water discharge more than the bare plot due to grass patches scattering and reducing flow. The study suggests 50% grass cover can adequately protect exposed soils under moderate rainfall.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes research on the liquefaction of fine-grained soils. It establishes that fine-grained soils like silts and clays can liquefy under certain conditions. The liquefaction potential of silts changes with plasticity index. There are still anomalies in understanding the effect of fines on liquefaction that require further research, such as the impact of neglecting fines below 5% and the effect of void ratio on soils with low plasticity fines. More experimental studies are needed to clarify these issues.
This document presents the results of laboratory tests conducted to determine the Atterberg limits of a fine-grained soil, including the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index. The liquid limit test procedure and results are shown, indicating a liquid limit of 58%. The plastic limit test procedure and results show a plastic limit of 28%, giving a plasticity index of 30. Classification charts are included showing the plasticity characteristics of the soil. Procedures for determining the shrinkage limit are also presented.
Like all civil engineering projects, landfill construction projects have fundamental requirements
related to strength, safety and economic concerns. There are precautions that must be taken in the planning
period of a sanitary landfill project, at every step of the construction and after the completion of waste
deposition at the site. The objective is to provide long term stability, environmental protection, ensure
regulatory compliance and achieve cost effective utilization of manpower, equipment and space. This paper
discusses the criteria for site selection, possible soil problems and their effects on safety and necessary
precautions. Studies have shown that the major possible soil deformation modes are landfall, overturn, sliding,
lateral deformation and outflow.
This document discusses soil consistency and various methods used to evaluate it, including rupture resistance, stickiness, plasticity, and Atterberg limits such as liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit. It describes how to determine these limits through standardized tests and defines relevant terms like plasticity index and liquidity index. The document also discusses factors that influence consistency like moisture content, clay mineralogy and activity. It provides classifications for terms like stickiness, plasticity and evaluates soil consistency through visual and tactile assessments.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document summarizes a study on the cyclic swelling behavior of clays. The study investigated how the expansive characteristics of clay soils change when subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Six expansive clay soils from northern Jordan were tested by subjecting compacted clay specimens to multiple cycles of fully swelling when submerged in water, followed by drying back to their initial water content. The results showed that the swelling potential and swell pressure of the clays decreased with each additional cycle, with the largest reduction after the first cycle. Both properties appeared to reach an equilibrium state after 4-5 cycles. Understanding how clays behave under cyclic moisture changes can help predict damage to structures from the expansion and contraction of foundations soils.
IRJET - Influence of Submergence on the Behaviour of Shallow FootingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of floods on the settlement behavior of shallow foundations. Laboratory scale load tests were conducted where model circular footings were placed in a masonry tank with arrangements for pumping in water and drawdown. Tests examined the effects of three types of submergence: sudden rise of groundwater, sudden inflow of surface water, and drawdown. It was observed that footing settlement considerably increased due to sudden submergence. Settlement rate increased with higher water discharge rates and was more pronounced in clayey soils compared to sand. In drawdown conditions, settlement increased over time but at a slower rate than during rising groundwater conditions.
This document discusses soil classification tests that are important for engineering purposes. Specifically, it focuses on the liquid limit and plastic limit tests developed by Albert Atterberg in the early 1900s. The liquid limit test determines the moisture content at which a soil transitions from a plastic to a liquid state. The plastic limit test determines the moisture content at which a soil can no longer be remolded and crumbles. The difference between these two limits is known as the plasticity index and provides a measure of a soil's cohesiveness. Exceeding the liquid limit or plastic limit can have detrimental effects in the field such as landslides or liquefaction during earthquakes.
UofA - FCMG IRC Poster Xiangyu Ehab FINALXiangyu Li
The SAGD process can damage the integrity of the caprock and cement sheath surrounding wells. Increased reservoir pressure from SAGD alters rock stresses and can cause deformations in the caprock, potentially leading to the release of steam into aquifers or the surface. The cement sheath also experiences extreme temperature changes that cause stress changes, risking incomplete zonal isolation. To study this, the authors experimentally determine constitutive models for the caprock and cement to analyze how a steam chamber impacts abandoned well integrity using numerical simulation.
Stabilization of Expansive Soils Employing Activated Fly Ash: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on stabilizing expansive soils using activated fly ash. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of improving expansive soil qualities and examining the impact of additives. It then reviews literature on using materials like fly ash and lime to reduce swelling pressure and improve engineering properties. The document discusses various stabilization techniques in detail, including compaction, soil replacement, and blending soils. It provides results from studies showing that additions like fly ash can lower plasticity, swelling pressure, and improve strength when mixed with expansive soils. Overall, the research demonstrates that waste materials like fly ash and lime can effectively stabilize expansive soils.
IRJET - Shrinkage Crack Study due to Lead Contamination in Bentonite ClayIRJET Journal
1. The document studies the effect of lead contamination on the shrinkage cracking of bentonite clay. Bentonite clay samples contaminated with varying percentages of lead (0-0.1%) were tested.
2. The results showed that with increasing lead concentration, the consistency limits (liquid limit and plastic limit) of the bentonite clay decreased. The shrinkage limit was not significantly affected. Hydraulic conductivity increased with increasing lead concentration.
3. Digital image processing was used to analyze the crack patterns of the contaminated bentonite clay samples. The crack intensity factor, which is the ratio of crack surface area to total surface area, increased with higher lead contamination levels.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT COMPRESSION INDEX OF UNIFORM LOOSE SAND IN COAS...IAEME Publication
This document presents a mathematical model to predict the compression index of uniform loose sand in the coastal area of Degema, Rivers State, Nigeria. The model uses governing equations that relate void ratio, permeability, compression index, depth and other factors. Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure compression indices at various depths and the results were used to validate the model by comparing predicted and measured values, which showed favorable agreement. Tables of predicted and measured compression indices at different depths are presented, showing the model can accurately predict the compression behavior of loose sand under load.
IRJET - Prolonged Transitional Zone Effectiveness in Pre-Conditioned SCC Cube...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on evaluating the initial surface absorption of pre-conditioned concrete cubes using the initial surface absorption test (ISAT). Seventy-two concrete cubes with six different mixture designs were tested. The mixtures varied the water-cement ratio, slump, and compressive strength. ISAT values were highest at initial testing times of 10 minutes and decreased over longer durations of 30 and 60 minutes. Cubes with lower compressive strength or higher water-cement ratios exhibited higher ISAT values compared to stronger mixtures. The research aims to understand how saturated conditioning of the cubes influences ISAT values and correlates absorption rates with diffusion properties and mixture designs.
This document is a thesis submitted by Gianvito Scaringi for a PhD in Risk Seismico, Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica at Università degli Studi della Basilicata. The thesis investigates the influence of pore fluid composition on the mechanical behavior of clays, using the Costa della Gaveta landslide in southern Italy as a case study. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of pore solution on the residual shear strength and creep behavior of the Costa della Gaveta soil. Field investigations characterized the natural pore fluid composition in the slope. The results help explain how changes in pore fluid chemistry can impact slope stability and landslide movement.
Effect of Compaction Moisture Content on Strength Parameters of Unsaturated C...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of compaction moisture content on the shear strength parameters of unsaturated clay soils using triaxial and direct shear tests. Six different clay soil samples from various locations in India were tested at moisture contents of 0.95, 1.00, and 1.05 times the optimum moisture content as determined from standard Proctor tests. Both triaxial and direct shear tests were performed under unconsolidated undrained conditions at strain rates of 0.625 mm/min and 1.25 mm/min. The results showed that cohesion decreases with increasing moisture content while the angle of internal friction is higher at lower strain rates and from triaxial tests compared to direct shear tests. Among the soil samples
This document summarizes a doctoral thesis on the influence of pore fluid composition on the behavior of clays. The thesis examines the Costa della Gaveta landslide in Italy, which involves the slow movement of 6 million cubic meters of clayey soil. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate how the residual shear strength and creep behavior of the clay are affected by pore fluid composition. Field studies characterized the natural pore fluid in the clay slope, which varies spatially from saline concentrations to negligible values. The test results help explain how changes in pore fluid composition can impact slope stability and landslide movements.
IRJET - Effectiveness of Concrete Ingredients on Isat in DCC CubesIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that assessed the effectiveness of different concrete ingredients on initial surface absorption test (ISAT) values in dry conditioned concrete cubes. Six different concrete mixtures were prepared varying slump, water-cement ratio, and compressive strength. ISAT tests were conducted on 72 concrete cubes according to BS 1881 standards after drying for 3 days at 105±5°C. The results showed that ISAT values increased at initial testing for mixtures with lower compressive strength and water diffusion coefficient, and decreased with higher strength, constant slump, and over time. Higher water-cement ratios and slump also increased ISAT values. The study aimed to interpret the influence of drying conditions and mixture proportions on ISAT results.
Full Paper - Ratcheting Uplift of Buried Pipelines in Sand (P. Chitas)Pagkratios Chitas
This document summarizes an experimental study on the ratcheting failure mechanism of buried offshore pipelines in sand. Small-scale laboratory tests were conducted using a pipe section buried in dry silica sand at various densities and embedment depths. Both monotonic and cyclic (load-controlled) pull-out tests were performed to simulate upheaval buckling and ratcheting failure. The test results were analyzed to investigate controlling parameters, validate prediction methods, and determine adequate soil cover required to resist ratcheting. The experimental setup, soil sample preparation, and testing procedure are described in detail.
Study on the approaches of soil stabilizationIRJET Journal
This document discusses approaches to soil stabilization. There are two broad categories of soil stabilization: in-situ and ex-situ. In-situ stabilization involves applying stabilizing agents directly to soils on-site, and can be done through deep mixing methods or mass stabilization. Deep mixing methods like wet or dry mixing inject cementitious materials into soils to desired depths to improve strength. Ex-situ stabilization involves removing soils from their original location and transporting them elsewhere for treatment, such as dredging of contaminated sediments. The document provides details on various deep mixing and mass stabilization methods and their applications in soil improvement projects.
IRJET - Heave Reduction on Expansive Soil by using GeotextilesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using geotextiles to reduce heaving in expansive soils. The study measured the upward movement of expansive bentonite soil reinforced with single and double layers of coir and jute geotextiles placed at depths of 0.1B and 0.3B below a footing. Placement of a single coir geotextile layer at 0.1B reduced heaving by 24%, while double coir geotextile layers at 0.1B and 0.3B reduced heaving by 73%. Previous studies on predicting and controlling heaving in expansive soils using techniques like micropiles and geosynthetics are also summarized. The results indicate geot
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
A Comprehensive Review on Reflective Cracking: Concept, Mechanism, and Labora...IJCMESJOURNAL
Asphalt overlay is one the common rehabilitation alternative to mitigate a deteriorated flexible or rigid pavement. In such case, the cracks from existing pavement rapidly propagate through the asphalt concrete overlay, which makes this solution as a less durable alternative for rehabilitation purpose. The appearance of existing cracks or joint from underlying pavement through the surface of new overlayed bituminous surface is commonly referred as reflective cracking. This cracking usually appears in the early age of overlay serviceability. There are two main roots of reflecting presences cracks though new surface: traffic and environmental loading. Many studies have been done to understand the mechanism of each loading and its contribution to the reflective cracking initiating and propagation process. There is not a complete solution for preventing of such cracks in AC overlay yet, while many types of research concentrated on the retardation of reflective cracking in the AC overlay. In this review, the significant factors involved in initiating and propagation process of reflective cracking were reviewed and discussed, and then the mechanism of two primary external loading was explained. The finding showed that incorporation of an interlayer effectivity enhances the reflective cracking resistance. And also, modification of used asphalt mixture, overlay thickness, using stress relieving interlayer and incorporation of stress absorbing interlayer have an effective influence on retardation of reflective cracking in AC overlay.
IRJET- Environmental -Sustainable Solution of Pervious Concrete for PavementIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on pervious concrete, which is a type of concrete with high permeability that allows water to pass through it. It discusses the composition and properties of pervious concrete, including its open pore structure, strength, permeability, and ability to reduce stormwater runoff. The document also reviews previous studies on pervious concrete that examined the effects of variables like the water-cement ratio on its properties. Applications of pervious concrete discussed include pavements, sidewalks, pools, and more. Benefits highlighted are reducing stormwater, recharging groundwater, lower costs, and increased safety.
The document summarizes research on the effects of using magnetized water in concrete. Eighteen concrete mixes were produced using either tap water or water treated with a 0.75 Tesla magnetic field. Tests found that mixes using magnetized water had higher slump values, indicating better workability, with increases up to 25%. Compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths were also higher, with compressive strength increases of up to 20%. Tests on three cement types found magnetized water increased consistency and compressive strength. The research suggests magnetized water produces concrete with improved fresh and hardened properties.
Evaluation of Saturated Conditioned Concrete Cubes by Initial Surface Absorpt...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on evaluating saturated concrete cubes using an Initial Surface Absorption Test (ISAT). Seventy-two concrete cubes with different mixture proportions were prepared and tested. The objectives were to examine how ISAT values are influenced by conditioning, time, water-cement ratio, and concrete grade. ISAT was performed on saturated conditioned cubes to characterize near-surface absorption for different mixtures. Results showed ISAT values increased at initial time points for lower strength mixtures, and decreased over time. Charts were developed to provide a better assessment of normal strength concrete permeability using ISAT.
Soil Structure effect on buildings: A reviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on the effect of soil structure interaction (SSI) on buildings. It discusses how SSI is an important consideration in seismic analysis of structures. The review summarizes several past works that have studied different aspects of SSI, including its effects on bridges, nuclear power plants, and other structures. It also describes various modeling methods that have been used to analyze and simulate SSI, including finite element modeling and probabilistic approaches. The document emphasizes that accurately accounting for SSI can improve seismic analysis and design of structures.
IRJET - Variation of Cumulative Water Absorption in Concrete CubesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the variation of cumulative water absorption in concrete cubes. It discusses how water absorption and permeability affect the durability of concrete structures. The researchers conducted experiments with 72 concrete cubes containing different concrete mixtures to evaluate the effectiveness of cumulative water absorption. The results showed that cumulative water absorption decreases with decreasing water absorption and increases with increasing water absorption rate. Cumulative absorption also decreases with increasing aggregate content and compressive strength but increases with higher water-cement ratios and over time. The sorptivity coefficient, which indicates water penetration rate, decreases with higher compressive strength and cumulative absorption.
IRJET- Parameters Affecting the Clogging of Recharge Wells in Different Soil ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parameters affecting the clogging of recharge wells in different soil types. The study examined how total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and water head affect recharge well efficiency over time in sandy soil. Experiments were conducted with a model recharge well system using three water tanks. Results showed that in sandy soil, a change in water head affected efficiency from 20% to 31%, while a change in TSS concentration affected efficiency from 70% to 80%. Higher water head and TSS concentration led to a faster decrease in the flow rate from the well over time. It is recommended to use low TSS concentrations for recharging sandy soil to maintain better long-term flow.
Compaction characteristics of fine grained soilavirup naskar
The document discusses compaction of soils. It defines compaction as artificially rearranging and packing soil particles into a closer state through mechanical means to decrease porosity and increase dry density. Compaction is done for purposes like increasing density, strength, load bearing capacity, and stability while decreasing compressibility, permeability, and erosion damage. It reviews literature on field permeability tests being more accurate than lab tests, correlating compaction characteristics like optimum moisture content with thermal behavior, and stabilizing compacted clay through admixtures or compactive effort. The conclusion discusses the importance of field tests, avoiding thin clay liners, compacting wet of optimum, relationships between density, moisture content and thermal properties, not rejecting high saturation tests,
Similar to MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO MONITOR STIFF CLAY COMPRESSION INDEX IN WET LAND AREA OF DEGEMA (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
2. Eluozo. S. N and Ode T
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 60 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article: Eluozo. S. N and Ode T, Mathematical Model To Monitor
Stiff Clay Compression Index in Wet Land Area of Degema. International
Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 6(12), 2015,
pp. 59-72.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=6&IType=12
1. INTRODUCTION
It has been thorough examined that saturated stiff clays exhibit a strong pore pressure
response that considerably affects the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of the
material Genes et al 2007. Stiff sedimentary clays provide the geological background
to many civil engineering projects. In modern years, interest in these types of material
has increased, because they are being considered as possible host geological media for
underground repositories of high-level radioactive waste (Gens, 2003). They exhibit
favourable characteristics, such as low permeability, a degree of self-healing capacity
when fractured, significant retardation properties for solute transport, and no
foreseeable economic value. Possible shortcomings are the likely need for support of
the excavated openings, and sensitivity to chemical actions and to desaturation caused
by ventilation. High-level radioactive waste is heat emitting. Therefore the use of stiff
sedimentary clays in this type of application brings to the fore the thermal response of
this type of material and, especially, the interaction of thermal phenomena with
hydraulic and mechanical behaviour. The possible use of these types of clay as
geological hosts for radioactive waste has prompted the construction of several
underground laboratories. Underground laboratories allow, by the performance of
appropriate in situ tests, observation of the clay response in complex situations that
mimic some of the conditions likely to be encountered in a deep geological repository.
In particular, special attention is paid to the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM)
behaviour of the potential host clay. The observations gathered in the in situ test have
provided an opportunity to examine the integrated thermo-hydro mechanical
Consolidation is characteristically is classified to be primary consolidation settlement
and secondary consolidation settlement. Primary consolidation settlement take place
when there is an excess pore water pressure dissipates from the soil layer under the
embankment into the surrounding soil. It has been observed that it is gradual
dissipation of excess pore water produces corresponding decreases in the soil’s void
ratio as the soil consolidates. More so surface settlement consequential from
consolidation settlement may range from a few centimeters up to numerous meters;
these also depend on the thickness of the clay deposit, in previous loading history it
has been observed that the magnitude developed increased stress caused by the new
embankment load. Base on these factors predicting the amount of primary
consolidation settlement has been noted to be imperative for many civil engineering
projects. (Bartlett 2004).
The initiations of primary consolidation, the resultant from settlement are ranged
between 10 to 15 percent of the amount of embankment placed. For instance, 10-m
high embankments are observed to undergo between 1 to 1.5 m of consolidation
settlement from compression of the foundation soils. Furthermore, it has been
thoroughly observed on large amount of primary consolidation settlement, the period
of consolidation settlement is quite long, it is also noted to be between to 2 to 3 years
to complete, these are determined on the location and nature of the underlying
sediments. Thus, the time-rate of primary consolidation is an imperative design and
construction consideration. Looking at primary consolidation, secondary
3. Mathematical Model To Monitor Stiff Clay Compression Index in Wet Land Area of Degema
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 61 editor@iaeme.com
consolidation it takes long-term form of settlement to occurs under a constant vertical
effective stress (i.e., it implies that vertical effective stress may not be changing with
time). In secondary consolidation, the excess pore pressure dissipation associated with
primary consolidation has in actual fact dissipated, thus secondary consolidation is a
decrease in void ratio change that occurs after primary consolidation and progresses
under a constant vertical effective stress. Secondary consolidation is characterized by
a continuing decrease in void ratio resulting from rearrangement of the soil fabric
with time. The magnitude of secondary consolidation usually diminished with time on
a settlement versus log of elapsed time plot. Secondary consolidation is also referred
to as creep settlement. In general, secondary consolidation settlement is generally
much smaller than primary consolidation settlement and ranges from a few
centimeters to a few tens of centimeters during the lifetime of bridge structure.
(Bartlett, 2004).
Various in situ heating tests have been performed involving the observation of the
response of natural sedimentary clay. For instance, in the Hades laboratory the
following experiments have been performed: (Picard et al., 1994; Bernier & Neerdael,
1996; De Bruyn & Labat, 2002). mineralogy consists mainly of sheet silicates (illite,
illite– smectite mixed layers, chlorites, kaolinites), framework silicates (albites, K-
feldspar), carbonates (calcite, dolomite, ankerite and siderite), and quartz (Bossart et
al., 2002). Opalinus clay behaviour has been intensely studied by means of laboratory
and in situ experimental programmes. A synthesis of the main physical and
geotechnical parameters is reported in Bock (2001). A significant number of
measurements of the in situ stress have been made using different procedures
(borehole slotter, undercoring, and hydraulic fracturing). They have been
supplemented by geological observations and back-analysis of instrumented
excavations. A synthesis of the information available is reported in Wermeille &
Bossart (1999) and in Martin & Lanyon (2003). Naturally, the strength and
significance of each coupling relationship vary widely (Bai & bousleiman, 1997;
Zimmerman, 2000). Observations made during the test did not indicate any
desaturation of the clay; it is presumed that the material has remained saturated
throughout. Coupled THM formulations for saturated porous media have been
proposed by several authors (e.g. Booker & Savvidou, 1985; Katsube, 1988;
Kurashige, 1989; Wang & Papamichos, 1999; Kanj & Abousleiman, 2005).
2. GOVERNING EQUATION
02
2
dx
dc
dx
dc
V
dx
cd
o
(1)
Nomenclature
= Plastic Index
β = Plastic Limit
Vo = Void Ratio
= Porosity
Z = Depth
002
2
dx
dc
V
dx
cd
(2)
4. Eluozo. S. N and Ode T
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 62 editor@iaeme.com
Let
0n
n
n xaC
1
11
n
n
n xnaC
2
211
1
n
n
n xannC
01
1
1
0
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n xnaVxann
(3)
Replace n in the 1st
term by n+2 and in the 2nd
term by n+1, so that we have;
0112
0
1
0
2
n
n
no
n
n
n xanVxann
(4)
i.e.
102 112 nn anVann
(5)
12
1 10
2
nn
anV
a n
n
(6)
2
10
2
n
aV
a n
n
(7)
for
2
,0 10
2
aV
an
(8)
(9)
Subject equation (16) to the following boundary condition
HoCandoC 1
0
x
V
aaxC
0
10
010 aaoC
i.e. 010 aa (10)
x
V
aaxC
0
10
5. Mathematical Model To Monitor Stiff Clay Compression Index in Wet Land Area of Degema
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 63 editor@iaeme.com
x
V
a
V
xC
0
1
01
!2
Ha
V
oC
1
01
!2
0
1
V
H
a
(11)
Substitute (10) into equation (11)
01 aa
0
0
V
H
a
(12)
Hence, the particular solution of equation (16) is of the form:
x
V
V
H
V
H
xC
0
00
1
0
0
x
V
V
H
xC
(13)
3. MATERIALS AND METHOD
Standard laboratory experiment where performed to monitor compression index of
stiff clay at different formation, the soil deposition of the strata were collected in
sequences base on the structural deposition at different locations, this samples
collected at different location generated variations at different depth producing
deposition of stiff clay compression at different strata, the experimental result are
applied to compare with the theoretical values to determined the validation of the
model.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Results and discussion are presented in tables including graphical representation of
compression index of stiff clay
Table 1 Predictive Values of stiff clay compression index at Different Depth
Depth [M] Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
0.2 0.00639
0.4 0.012
0.6 0.018
0.8 0.024
1 0.03
1.2 0.036
1.4 0.04
6. Eluozo. S. N and Ode T
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 64 editor@iaeme.com
Depth [M] Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
1.6 0.048
1.8 0.054
2 0.06
2.2 0.066
2.4 0.072
2.6 0.078
2.8 0.084
3 0.09
3.2 0.096
3.4 0.102
3.6 0.108
3.8 0.114
4 0.12
4.2 0.126
4.4 0.132
4.6 0.138
4.8 0.144
5 0.15
Table 2 Predicted and Measured of compression index for stiff clay at Different Depth
Depth [M] Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc Measured Values of Stiff Clay Cc
0.2 0.00639 5.61E-03
0.4 0.012 0.0116
0.6 0.018 0.0174
0.8 0.024 0.0232
1 0.03 0.029
1.2 0.036 0.0348
1.4 0.04 0.041
1.6 0.048 0.0464
1.8 0.054 0.0523
2 0.06 0.0581
2.2 0.066 0.0639
2.4 0.072 0.0697
2.6 0.078 0.0756
2.8 0.084 0.0814
3 0.09 0.0873
3.2 0.096 0.0931
3.4 0.102 0.0989
3.6 0.108 0.1047
3.8 0.114 0.1106
4 0.12 0.1164
4.2 0.126 0.1223
4.4 0.132 0.1281
4.6 0.138 0.134
4.8 0.144 0.139
5 0.15 0.145
Table 3 Predictive Values of stiff clay compression index at Different Depth
Depth [M] Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
0.2 0.004
0.4 0.008
0.6 0.012
0.8 0.016
1 0.02
1.2 0.024
7. Mathematical Model To Monitor Stiff Clay Compression Index in Wet Land Area of Degema
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 65 editor@iaeme.com
Depth [M] Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
1.4 0.028
1.6 0.032
1.8 0.036
2 0.04
2.2 0.044
2.4 0.048
2.6 0.052
2.8 0.056
3 0.06
3.2 0.064
3.4 0.068
3.6 0.072
3.8 0.076
4 0.08
4.2 0.084
4.4 0.088
4.6 0.092
4.8 0.096
5 0.1
5.2 0.104
5.4 0.108
5.6 0.112
5.8 0.116
6 0.12
6.2 0.124
6.4 0.128
6.6 0.132
6.8 0.136
7 0.14
7.2 0.144
7.4 0.148
7.6 0.152
7.8 0.156
8 0.16
Table 4 Predicted and Measured of compression index for stiff clay at Different Depth
Depth [M] Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc Measured Values of Stiff Clay Cc
0.2 0.004 0.003
0.4 0.008 0.007
0.6 0.012 0.014
0.8 0.016 0.018
1 0.02 0.022
1.2 0.024 0.028
1.4 0.028 0.029
1.6 0.032 0.034
1.8 0.036 0.038
2 0.04 0.042
2.2 0.044 0.046
2.4 0.048 0.049
2.6 0.052 0.054
2.8 0.056 0.058
3 0.06 0.062
3.2 0.064 0.066
3.4 0.068 0.069
3.6 0.072 0.074
3.8 0.076 0.078
9. Mathematical Model To Monitor Stiff Clay Compression Index in Wet Land Area of Degema
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 67 editor@iaeme.com
Depth [M] Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
6.6 0.158
6.8 0.162
7 0.168
Table 6 Predicted and Measured of compression iTndex for stiff clay at Different Depth
Depth [M] Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc Measured Values of Stiff Clay Cc
0.2 0.0048 0.00477
0.4 0.0096 0.00957
0.6 0.014 0.01437
0.8 0.0196 0.01917
1 0.024 0.02397
1.2 0.028 0.02877
1.4 0.033 0.03357
1.6 0.0384 0.03837
1.8 0.0432 0.04317
2 0.048 0.04797
2.2 0.0528 0.05277
2.4 0.0576 0.05757
2.6 0.0624 0.06237
2.8 0.0672 0.06717
3 0.072 0.07197
3.2 0.0768 0.07677
3.4 0.0816 0.08157
3.6 0.0864 0.08637
3.8 0.0912 0.09117
4 0.096 0.09597
4.2 0.1008 0.10077
4.4 0.10564 0.10557
4.6 0.11 0.11037
4.8 0.1152 0.11517
5 0.12 0.11997
5.2 0.1248 0.12477
5.4 0.129 0.12957
5.6 0.1344 0.13437
5.8 0.1392 0.13917
6 0.144 0.14397
6.2 0.1488 0.14877
6.4 0.1536 0.153357
6.6 0.158 0.1584
6.8 0.162 0.16317
7 0.168 0.16797
10. Eluozo. S. N and Ode T
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 68 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 Predictive Values of stiff clay compression index at Different Depth
Figure 2 Predicted and Measured of compression index for stiff clay at Different
Depth
y = 3E-05x2 + 0.0299x + 1E-05
R² = 0.9999
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
predictivevaluesforstiffclay
Depth [M]
Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
Poly. (Predictive of Stiff
Clay Cc)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PredictiveandMeasuredValuesforStiffClay
CompressionIndex
Depth [M]
Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
Measured Values of Stiff
Clay Cc
11. Mathematical Model To Monitor Stiff Clay Compression Index in Wet Land Area of Degema
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 69 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 3 Predictive Values of stiff clay compression index at Different Depth
Figure 4 Predicted and Measured of compression index for stiff clay at Different
Depth
y = -1E-17x2 + 0.02x - 9E-16
R² = 1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0 2 4 6 8 10
PredictiveValuesforStiffClay
Depth [M]
Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
Poly. (Predictive of Stiff Clay
Cc)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0 2 4 6 8 10
PredictivaValuesforStiffClayonCompression
Index
Depth [M]
Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
Measured Values of Stiff
Clay Cc
12. Eluozo. S. N and Ode T
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 70 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 5 Predictive Values of stiff clay compression index at Different Depth
Figure 6 Predicted and Measured of compression index for stiff clay at Different
Depth
The study has expressed the behaviour of stiff clay in terms its deposition, the
stiffness condition are base on the structural behaviour of the soil in terms of
engineering properties, these condition may have affected figure one and two were the
compression index of stiff clay were observed to gradually increase to the optimum
level monitored from it structural setting, slight variation of compression were noted
but it is observed to gradually increase to the optimum level, similar conditions were
found on the validation parameter i.e. figure two. The compression maintained
y = -1E-17x2 + 0.02x - 9E-16
R² = 1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0 2 4 6 8 10
PredictiveValuesforStiffClay
Depth [M]
Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
Poly. (Predictive of Stiff
Clay Cc)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0 2 4 6 8
PredictiveandMeasuredValuesforStiff
ClayonCompressionIndex
Depth [M]
Predictive of Stiff Clay Cc
Measured Values of Stiff
Clay Cc
13. Mathematical Model To Monitor Stiff Clay Compression Index in Wet Land Area of Degema
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 71 editor@iaeme.com
gradual increase to the optimum rate, the results were found to be comparatively
fitting with the theoretical values. Figure three and four maintained similar condition
like the case of figure one and two, gradual variation of compression were found in
figure three and four respectively, variation of parameters that made up the system
were found to developed increment on the compression these figures, these were
also observed from there fitness. While in figure five and six experiences similar
condition, but with slight variation on the increment of compression to the optimum
level, the behaviour of stiff clay from it compressibility has been expressed through
the developed simulation and experimental values, these were monitored through it
fitness between the predictive and the measured values.
5. CONCLUSION
The study of stiff clay compression index in wet land area has been developed
through empirical methods, but there has been no application of mathematical method
in any latest’s literature as observed, empirical solution has been the only concept to
monitor the rate of compression of stiff clay, but the application of these modeling
techniques were able to predict the compression index of stiff at various depth as
universally specified, engineering properties soil or formation characteristics were
applied to formulate the system, these expression generated the developed
mathematical equation derived to generate model that predict compression index for
stiff clay. Such predictive values were compared with other experiment data, both
parameters developed best fits validating compression index for stiff clay, the study
express various gradual increase of compression index at different depth within the
specified rang in for stiff clay in wet land area of Degema.
REFERENCES
[1] Bartlett,S .F 2004 Estimation of Compression Properties of Clayey Soils Salt
Lake Valley, Utah Report Prepared for the Utah Department of
Transportation Research Division Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department University of Utah
[2] A. Gene A Vaunat Garitte B and Wileveau Y In situ behaviour of stiff
layered clay subject to thermal loading: Observations and interpretation
Ge´otechnique 57, No. 2, 207–228.
[3] Gens, A. (2003). The role of geotechnical engineering in nuclear energy
utilisation (Special Lecture). Proc. 13th Eur. Conf. Soil Mech. Geotech.
Engng, Prague 3, 25–67.
[4] Bernier, F. & Neerdael, B. (1996). Overview of in situ thermomechanical
experiments in clay: concept, results and interpretation. Engng Geol. 41, Nos
1–4, 51–64.
[5] Bock, H. (2001). RA experiment. Rock mechanics analyses and synthesis:
Data report on rock mechanics, Technical Report 2000-02. Mont Terri
Project
[6] Bossart, P., Meier, P. M., Moeri. A., Trick, T. & Mayor, J.-C. (2002).
Geological and hydraulic characterisation of the excavation disturbed zone in
the Opalinus clay of the Mont Terri rock laboratory. Engng Geol. 66, Nos 1–
2, 19–38.
[7] Bai, M. & Abousleiman, Y. (1997). Thermoporoelastic coupling with
application to consolidation. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 21, No.
2, 121–132.
14. Eluozo. S. N and Ode T
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 72 editor@iaeme.com
[8] De Bruyn, D. & Labat, S. (2002). The second phase of ATLAS: the
continuation of a running THM test in the HADES underground research
facility at Mol. Engng Geol. 64, Nos 2–3, 309–316.
[9] Picard, J. M., Bazargan, B. & Rousset, G. (1994). Essai thermohydro-
me´canique dans une argile profonde: Essai CACTUS, CEC Report EUR
15482 FR. Luxembourg: CEC.
[10] Wermeille, S. & Bossart, P. (1999). In situ stresses in the Mont Terri Region:
Data compilation, Technical Report 99-02. Mont Terri Project.
[11] Martin, C. D. & Lanyon, G. W. (2003) Measurement of in situ stress in weak
rocks at Mont Terri Rock Laboratory, Switzerland. Int. J. Rock Mech.
Mining Sci. 40, Nos 7–8, 1077–1088
[12] Booker, J. R. & Savvidou, C. (1985). Consolidation around a point heat
source. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 9, No. 2, 173–184.
[13] Katsube, N. (1988). The anisotropic thermo-mechanical constitutive theory
for fluid-filled porous materials with solid/fluid outer boundaries. Int. J.
Solids Struct. 24, No. 4, 375–380.
[14] Dr. Lakshminarayanachari.k, Time – Dependent Two Dimensional
Mathematical Model of Air Pollution Due To Area Source with Settling
Velocity and Transformation Processes of Primary and Secondary Pollutants.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology,
4(6), 2013, pp. 269 - 277.
[15] Kurashige, M. (1989). A thermoelastic theory of fluid-filled porous materials.
Int. J. Solids Struct. 25, No. 9, 1039–1052.
[16] Kanj, M. & Abousleiman, Y. (2005). Porothermoelastic analyses of
anisotropic hollow cylinders with applications. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods
Geomech. 29, No. 2, 103–126