The document provides information about mastectomy, breast anatomy, risk factors for breast cancer, ways to minimize risk, breast cancer in men, lymph node involvement, screening methods, self-breast exams, mammography, biopsy procedures, breast cancer surgeries, treatments, rehabilitation issues, and exercises after breast cancer surgery. It defines a mastectomy, lists what is removed, and explains that lymph nodes may also be removed. It also outlines steps for self-breast exams and describes mammography.
A nephrectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one or part of a kidney. The first successful nephrectomy was performed in 1869 in Germany. Laparoscopic nephrectomy, involving smaller incisions, was first performed in 1990. A nephrectomy removes the kidney through small incisions or one larger incision in the abdomen. It is used to treat severe kidney damage or diseases like cancer, infections, or cysts, and to donate a healthy kidney for transplantation. Risks include infection, bleeding, and kidney failure of the remaining kidney. Patients may experience pain and discomfort after surgery and should avoid strenuous activity during recovery.
Prostatectomy Surgery abroad in India info on cost Prostatectomy Surgery India,Prostatectomy male Surgery hospitals India,Prostatectomy surgeons India.
Mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both breasts to treat breast cancer. There are several types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Complications can include lymphedema, nerve damage, hematoma, seroma, chronic pain, and infection. The document discusses the different types of mastectomies and breast surgery procedures, as well as indications for surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, complications, and incision types.
A cholecystectomy involves the surgical removal of the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver to aid in fat digestion. Cholecystectomy is commonly performed to treat gallstones and related complications like gallbladder inflammation. The surgery can be performed through traditional open surgery or through laparoscopic methods involving small incisions. Conditions that may require open rather than laparoscopic cholecystectomy include severe inflammation, abdominal lining inflammation, liver cirrhosis, late-stage pregnancy, or bleeding disorders.
1) Thyroidectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland and can be performed for conditions like goiters, thyroid nodules, or thyroid cancer.
2) The surgery involves making an incision in the neck, raising skin flaps, exposing and removing the thyroid gland, controlling blood vessels, and closing the incision.
3) Post-operative care includes monitoring for complications, drain removal, dressing changes, and pain management to aid recovery.
This document provides an outline on below knee (transtibial) amputation. It discusses the relevant anatomy, classification, indications, preoperative preparations, intraoperative procedure, postoperative care/rehabilitation, complications, prosthesis, and situation in the subregion. The goal of amputation is to find an adequate level for healing and prosthetic fitting while addressing the patient's medical conditions through a multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation.
Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney. It is done to treat kidney cancer, diseases, and injuries. There are two types - partial nephrectomy which removes only the diseased part, and radical nephrectomy which removes the entire kidney.
A nephrectomy set contains various instruments needed for the surgery, including bulldog clamps to control blood flow, self-retaining retractors to hold tissues out of the way, and kidney pedicle clamps to clamp the renal blood vessels. Bulldog clamps, self-retaining retractors, and kidney pedicle clamps are essential instruments used during nephrectomy.
Mastectomy is the removal of the whole breast. There are five different types of mastectomy: "simple" or "total" mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, partial mastectomy, and subcutaneous (nipple-sparing) mastectomy.
A nephrectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one or part of a kidney. The first successful nephrectomy was performed in 1869 in Germany. Laparoscopic nephrectomy, involving smaller incisions, was first performed in 1990. A nephrectomy removes the kidney through small incisions or one larger incision in the abdomen. It is used to treat severe kidney damage or diseases like cancer, infections, or cysts, and to donate a healthy kidney for transplantation. Risks include infection, bleeding, and kidney failure of the remaining kidney. Patients may experience pain and discomfort after surgery and should avoid strenuous activity during recovery.
Prostatectomy Surgery abroad in India info on cost Prostatectomy Surgery India,Prostatectomy male Surgery hospitals India,Prostatectomy surgeons India.
Mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both breasts to treat breast cancer. There are several types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Complications can include lymphedema, nerve damage, hematoma, seroma, chronic pain, and infection. The document discusses the different types of mastectomies and breast surgery procedures, as well as indications for surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, complications, and incision types.
A cholecystectomy involves the surgical removal of the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver to aid in fat digestion. Cholecystectomy is commonly performed to treat gallstones and related complications like gallbladder inflammation. The surgery can be performed through traditional open surgery or through laparoscopic methods involving small incisions. Conditions that may require open rather than laparoscopic cholecystectomy include severe inflammation, abdominal lining inflammation, liver cirrhosis, late-stage pregnancy, or bleeding disorders.
1) Thyroidectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland and can be performed for conditions like goiters, thyroid nodules, or thyroid cancer.
2) The surgery involves making an incision in the neck, raising skin flaps, exposing and removing the thyroid gland, controlling blood vessels, and closing the incision.
3) Post-operative care includes monitoring for complications, drain removal, dressing changes, and pain management to aid recovery.
This document provides an outline on below knee (transtibial) amputation. It discusses the relevant anatomy, classification, indications, preoperative preparations, intraoperative procedure, postoperative care/rehabilitation, complications, prosthesis, and situation in the subregion. The goal of amputation is to find an adequate level for healing and prosthetic fitting while addressing the patient's medical conditions through a multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation.
Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney. It is done to treat kidney cancer, diseases, and injuries. There are two types - partial nephrectomy which removes only the diseased part, and radical nephrectomy which removes the entire kidney.
A nephrectomy set contains various instruments needed for the surgery, including bulldog clamps to control blood flow, self-retaining retractors to hold tissues out of the way, and kidney pedicle clamps to clamp the renal blood vessels. Bulldog clamps, self-retaining retractors, and kidney pedicle clamps are essential instruments used during nephrectomy.
Mastectomy is the removal of the whole breast. There are five different types of mastectomy: "simple" or "total" mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, partial mastectomy, and subcutaneous (nipple-sparing) mastectomy.
An exploratory laparotomy is a surgical procedure where the abdomen is opened to examine the internal organs. It is performed under general anesthesia through an upper midline incision. Indications include trauma, infections, malignancy, complications of other procedures, and removal of foreign bodies. During the procedure, the surgeon examines the abdominal organs and treats any issues found. Potential complications include ileus, infection, hernia, and adhesive obstruction.
This document discusses prostatectomy procedures including simple and radical prostatectomy. Simple prostatectomy involves removing part of the prostate for benign conditions, while radical prostatectomy removes the entire prostate and surrounding tissues for prostate cancer. The document describes different approaches for radical prostatectomy including radical perineal, supra pubic, and retro pubic. Key instruments used in prostatectomy are also listed such as retractors, forceps, scissors, and hemoclip appliers.
The document provides information about lumbar laminectomy surgery, which involves removing part of the lamina bone in the lower back to widen the spinal canal and relieve pressure on nerve roots, and details what patients can expect after the outpatient procedure including short-term pain and a recovery period over several weeks with physical therapy. It also lists medications that should be avoided before surgery due to increased bleeding risk and provides post-operative guidelines about incision care, activity levels, and follow-up appointments.
This document provides information about below knee amputation, including:
- Indications for below knee amputation include gangrene, peripheral vascular disease, trauma, burns, and severe loss of function.
- The level of amputation is determined by the disease process, tissue viability, and available prosthetics. Adequate blood flow is confirmed using clinical assessments and Doppler ultrasound.
- Postoperative care includes preventing complications, deformities, edema, strengthening muscles, and rehabilitating the patient for mobility and prosthetic use.
What is Craniotomy?
What are the Indications for Craniotomy?
What are the Types of Craniotomy?
Equipment used in craniotomy?
What happen to the Bone flap?
What are the Tests Done Prior to Craniotomy?
What happens during surgery?
What are the risks?
References
The document discusses the anatomy and types of skin grafts and skin flaps. It describes that skin has two layers, the epidermis and dermis. There are two types of skin grafts - partial thickness grafts which remove some dermis and full thickness grafts which remove the full dermis. Skin flaps differ in that they maintain the blood supply of the transferred tissue. Local flaps use nearby tissue while distant flaps require long pedicles. The techniques, indications, and advantages/disadvantages of various skin grafts and flaps are outlined.
Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a recent technique that applies subatmospheric pressure to facilitate wound treatment. It involves placing an open cell interface directly on the wound and sealing it with an occlusive dressing. A vacuum pump then applies negative pressure to the entire wound surface. NPWT works by providing a closed moist environment, decreasing wound volume, removing excess fluids, promoting granulation, and helping remove interstitial fluid. It is indicated for large, clean, or exudative wounds as well as fixing skin grafts and tissue flaps. Contraindications include clotting disorders, necrotic wound beds, untreated infections, and neoplastic tissue in wounds. NPWT prepares wound beds
1) Polytrauma refers to multiple injuries that affect multiple body systems and can lead to organ dysfunction or failure. It requires management by a team of surgeons and physicians, including an orthopedic surgeon.
2) The priorities in managing polytrauma are life salvage, limb salvage, and salvaging total function if possible. This involves controlling hemorrhage, treating life-threatening injuries, and splinting fractures while avoiding further injury.
3) Damage control orthopedics focuses on rapidly stabilizing fractures to control bleeding and prevent further tissue injury, while delaying more definitive fixation to avoid exacerbating the body's inflammatory response in critically injured patients.
Post-operative care involves three phases of care for patients after surgery. The immediate/post-anesthetic phase in the post-operative care unit focuses on intensive monitoring and care to address complications. Nursing management includes frequent assessment of vital signs and surgical sites, pain and anxiety management, and encouraging early mobilization. Common post-operative complications include shock, hemorrhage, DVT, PE, and urinary retention. Preventing complications involves careful monitoring by medical staff and early intervention in high-risk patients.
Discuss the operation of simple nephrectomyJim Badmus
This document discusses the operation of simple nephrectomy. It begins with definitions and indications for the procedure. Key steps include preoperative evaluation, positioning the patient in lateral decubitus position, making a flank or abdominal incision, dissecting and removing the kidney, ligating blood vessels, and closing the incision in layers. Postoperative care focuses on preventing infection and blood clots. Complications can include wound infections, DVT, and iatrogenic injuries.
This document provides information on surgical drains, including:
- Surgical drains are tubes used to remove fluids like pus, blood or serum from surgical sites or wounds.
- Drains are classified as open or closed systems and can be active, using suction, or passive, relying on gravity. Common types include Jackson-Pratt, chest, and nasogastric tubes.
- Drains must be properly inserted, secured, and monitored for drainage volume and signs of infection. They are usually removed once drainage decreases to less than 25ml/day to avoid complications like infection or blockage.
This document provides an overview of skin grafts. It defines grafts and flaps, and classifies grafts as autografts, allografts, or xenografts according to their donor site. Grafts are further classified by thickness as thin split-thickness, thick split-thickness, or full-thickness grafts. Success of grafts depends on factors like adequate blood supply, infection prevention, and wound care following transplantation. Common indications for skin grafts include treating skin loss from trauma, surgery, or wounds, while contraindications include unvascularized wound beds or active infection.
Splints are devices that immobilize and protect injured limbs. They are used for fractures, sprains, dislocations and other injuries. Common splinting materials include plaster, fiberglass, pre-fabricated splints and air splints. Traction involves applying a pulling force to the skeletal system using weights, ropes and pulleys. The objectives are to reduce fractures and dislocations, relieve pain, and prevent deformities. Common types are skin traction, which applies force through the skin, and skeletal traction, which attaches directly to bone. Complications can include infection, pressure sores, and effects of prolonged immobilization.
A nephrectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a kidney. There are several types including simple, partial, and radical nephrectomies. A surgeon must have knowledge of renal anatomy and vasculature. Approaches can be open, laparoscopic, or robotic. Key steps include mobilizing the kidney, isolating and ligating the renal vessels, and closing fascial layers. Complications include bleeding, fistula, and loss of renal function.
Laparoscopic appendectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix through small incisions using an instrument with a camera, instead of one large incision. It has several advantages over traditional open appendectomy, including lower risk of infection, faster recovery, smaller scars, and shorter hospital stay. The surgeon makes small incisions and inserts surgical tools and a laparoscope to see the appendix and remove it.
Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision into the chest wall to access the thoracic organs like the heart, lungs, esophagus, or thoracic aorta. There are three main types of incisions: posterolateral, anterolateral, and axillary. The posterolateral incision is the gold standard as it provides optimal access to the lungs and pulmonary hilum. It involves cutting between the scapula and mid-spinal line. The anterolateral incision runs from the sternum to the mid-axillary line and divides the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. The axillary incision is muscle-sparing and made under
Postoperative care & management after sui operationsWafaa Benjamin
Surgeries for SUI are not without hazards.
Proper preoperative assessment, patient counseling, meticulous postoperative care& early discovery of complications are the mainstays of management.
Voiding difficulty after anti-incontinence surgeries can become persistent and have a significant impact on quality of life.
Supra-pubic catheter & CISC should be added to our practice.
Careful surgical technique with avoidance of over-elevation might play a role in prevention of VD.
This document discusses hip dislocation, including anatomy, mechanisms of injury, classification, clinical evaluation, treatment, and complications. It notes that hip dislocations are usually caused by high-energy trauma and result in the femoral head being displaced from the acetabulum. Posterior dislocations are more common, occurring when the flexed knee strikes an object. Treatment involves closed or open reduction to place the femoral head back in the acetabulum, sometimes requiring surgical reconstruction for fractures. Complications can include osteonecrosis, osteoarthritis, nerve injuries, and recurrent dislocations.
This document discusses various post-operative complications organized into categories. It describes wound complications including seroma, hematoma, wound dehiscence, and surgical site infections. It also covers thermal regulation issues like hypothermia and malignant hyperthermia. Gastrointestinal complications involving ileus, bleeding, and leaks are outlined. Other complications discussed include DVT, pulmonary embolism, infections and fever, pulmonary issues, renal failure, cardiovascular events, neurological problems like stroke and delirium, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Prevention and management strategies are provided for each complication.
Breast disorder & Mastectomy -a7med mo7ameda7med mo7amed
The document discusses breast disorders and mastectomy. It defines mastectomy as the surgical removal of all or part of the breast tissue. There are different types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Risk factors for breast cancer are discussed, as well as signs and symptoms. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and adjuvant therapies. Nursing care involves managing pain, promoting positive body image, and providing education and support before and after surgery.
This document provides information about breast cancer, including:
- Breast cancer develops from breast tissue and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Early diagnosis and treatment has improved survival rates.
- Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lack of physical activity, hormone exposure. Genetic factors contribute to some cases.
- Symptoms may include lumps, nipple discharge, skin changes. Advanced cases may spread to bones or organs. Diagnosis involves mammograms, biopsies and scans.
- Treatment includes surgery to remove cancer (mastectomy or lumpectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapies and bone-directed therapies depending on cancer type and stage
An exploratory laparotomy is a surgical procedure where the abdomen is opened to examine the internal organs. It is performed under general anesthesia through an upper midline incision. Indications include trauma, infections, malignancy, complications of other procedures, and removal of foreign bodies. During the procedure, the surgeon examines the abdominal organs and treats any issues found. Potential complications include ileus, infection, hernia, and adhesive obstruction.
This document discusses prostatectomy procedures including simple and radical prostatectomy. Simple prostatectomy involves removing part of the prostate for benign conditions, while radical prostatectomy removes the entire prostate and surrounding tissues for prostate cancer. The document describes different approaches for radical prostatectomy including radical perineal, supra pubic, and retro pubic. Key instruments used in prostatectomy are also listed such as retractors, forceps, scissors, and hemoclip appliers.
The document provides information about lumbar laminectomy surgery, which involves removing part of the lamina bone in the lower back to widen the spinal canal and relieve pressure on nerve roots, and details what patients can expect after the outpatient procedure including short-term pain and a recovery period over several weeks with physical therapy. It also lists medications that should be avoided before surgery due to increased bleeding risk and provides post-operative guidelines about incision care, activity levels, and follow-up appointments.
This document provides information about below knee amputation, including:
- Indications for below knee amputation include gangrene, peripheral vascular disease, trauma, burns, and severe loss of function.
- The level of amputation is determined by the disease process, tissue viability, and available prosthetics. Adequate blood flow is confirmed using clinical assessments and Doppler ultrasound.
- Postoperative care includes preventing complications, deformities, edema, strengthening muscles, and rehabilitating the patient for mobility and prosthetic use.
What is Craniotomy?
What are the Indications for Craniotomy?
What are the Types of Craniotomy?
Equipment used in craniotomy?
What happen to the Bone flap?
What are the Tests Done Prior to Craniotomy?
What happens during surgery?
What are the risks?
References
The document discusses the anatomy and types of skin grafts and skin flaps. It describes that skin has two layers, the epidermis and dermis. There are two types of skin grafts - partial thickness grafts which remove some dermis and full thickness grafts which remove the full dermis. Skin flaps differ in that they maintain the blood supply of the transferred tissue. Local flaps use nearby tissue while distant flaps require long pedicles. The techniques, indications, and advantages/disadvantages of various skin grafts and flaps are outlined.
Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a recent technique that applies subatmospheric pressure to facilitate wound treatment. It involves placing an open cell interface directly on the wound and sealing it with an occlusive dressing. A vacuum pump then applies negative pressure to the entire wound surface. NPWT works by providing a closed moist environment, decreasing wound volume, removing excess fluids, promoting granulation, and helping remove interstitial fluid. It is indicated for large, clean, or exudative wounds as well as fixing skin grafts and tissue flaps. Contraindications include clotting disorders, necrotic wound beds, untreated infections, and neoplastic tissue in wounds. NPWT prepares wound beds
1) Polytrauma refers to multiple injuries that affect multiple body systems and can lead to organ dysfunction or failure. It requires management by a team of surgeons and physicians, including an orthopedic surgeon.
2) The priorities in managing polytrauma are life salvage, limb salvage, and salvaging total function if possible. This involves controlling hemorrhage, treating life-threatening injuries, and splinting fractures while avoiding further injury.
3) Damage control orthopedics focuses on rapidly stabilizing fractures to control bleeding and prevent further tissue injury, while delaying more definitive fixation to avoid exacerbating the body's inflammatory response in critically injured patients.
Post-operative care involves three phases of care for patients after surgery. The immediate/post-anesthetic phase in the post-operative care unit focuses on intensive monitoring and care to address complications. Nursing management includes frequent assessment of vital signs and surgical sites, pain and anxiety management, and encouraging early mobilization. Common post-operative complications include shock, hemorrhage, DVT, PE, and urinary retention. Preventing complications involves careful monitoring by medical staff and early intervention in high-risk patients.
Discuss the operation of simple nephrectomyJim Badmus
This document discusses the operation of simple nephrectomy. It begins with definitions and indications for the procedure. Key steps include preoperative evaluation, positioning the patient in lateral decubitus position, making a flank or abdominal incision, dissecting and removing the kidney, ligating blood vessels, and closing the incision in layers. Postoperative care focuses on preventing infection and blood clots. Complications can include wound infections, DVT, and iatrogenic injuries.
This document provides information on surgical drains, including:
- Surgical drains are tubes used to remove fluids like pus, blood or serum from surgical sites or wounds.
- Drains are classified as open or closed systems and can be active, using suction, or passive, relying on gravity. Common types include Jackson-Pratt, chest, and nasogastric tubes.
- Drains must be properly inserted, secured, and monitored for drainage volume and signs of infection. They are usually removed once drainage decreases to less than 25ml/day to avoid complications like infection or blockage.
This document provides an overview of skin grafts. It defines grafts and flaps, and classifies grafts as autografts, allografts, or xenografts according to their donor site. Grafts are further classified by thickness as thin split-thickness, thick split-thickness, or full-thickness grafts. Success of grafts depends on factors like adequate blood supply, infection prevention, and wound care following transplantation. Common indications for skin grafts include treating skin loss from trauma, surgery, or wounds, while contraindications include unvascularized wound beds or active infection.
Splints are devices that immobilize and protect injured limbs. They are used for fractures, sprains, dislocations and other injuries. Common splinting materials include plaster, fiberglass, pre-fabricated splints and air splints. Traction involves applying a pulling force to the skeletal system using weights, ropes and pulleys. The objectives are to reduce fractures and dislocations, relieve pain, and prevent deformities. Common types are skin traction, which applies force through the skin, and skeletal traction, which attaches directly to bone. Complications can include infection, pressure sores, and effects of prolonged immobilization.
A nephrectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a kidney. There are several types including simple, partial, and radical nephrectomies. A surgeon must have knowledge of renal anatomy and vasculature. Approaches can be open, laparoscopic, or robotic. Key steps include mobilizing the kidney, isolating and ligating the renal vessels, and closing fascial layers. Complications include bleeding, fistula, and loss of renal function.
Laparoscopic appendectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix through small incisions using an instrument with a camera, instead of one large incision. It has several advantages over traditional open appendectomy, including lower risk of infection, faster recovery, smaller scars, and shorter hospital stay. The surgeon makes small incisions and inserts surgical tools and a laparoscope to see the appendix and remove it.
Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision into the chest wall to access the thoracic organs like the heart, lungs, esophagus, or thoracic aorta. There are three main types of incisions: posterolateral, anterolateral, and axillary. The posterolateral incision is the gold standard as it provides optimal access to the lungs and pulmonary hilum. It involves cutting between the scapula and mid-spinal line. The anterolateral incision runs from the sternum to the mid-axillary line and divides the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. The axillary incision is muscle-sparing and made under
Postoperative care & management after sui operationsWafaa Benjamin
Surgeries for SUI are not without hazards.
Proper preoperative assessment, patient counseling, meticulous postoperative care& early discovery of complications are the mainstays of management.
Voiding difficulty after anti-incontinence surgeries can become persistent and have a significant impact on quality of life.
Supra-pubic catheter & CISC should be added to our practice.
Careful surgical technique with avoidance of over-elevation might play a role in prevention of VD.
This document discusses hip dislocation, including anatomy, mechanisms of injury, classification, clinical evaluation, treatment, and complications. It notes that hip dislocations are usually caused by high-energy trauma and result in the femoral head being displaced from the acetabulum. Posterior dislocations are more common, occurring when the flexed knee strikes an object. Treatment involves closed or open reduction to place the femoral head back in the acetabulum, sometimes requiring surgical reconstruction for fractures. Complications can include osteonecrosis, osteoarthritis, nerve injuries, and recurrent dislocations.
This document discusses various post-operative complications organized into categories. It describes wound complications including seroma, hematoma, wound dehiscence, and surgical site infections. It also covers thermal regulation issues like hypothermia and malignant hyperthermia. Gastrointestinal complications involving ileus, bleeding, and leaks are outlined. Other complications discussed include DVT, pulmonary embolism, infections and fever, pulmonary issues, renal failure, cardiovascular events, neurological problems like stroke and delirium, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Prevention and management strategies are provided for each complication.
Breast disorder & Mastectomy -a7med mo7ameda7med mo7amed
The document discusses breast disorders and mastectomy. It defines mastectomy as the surgical removal of all or part of the breast tissue. There are different types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Risk factors for breast cancer are discussed, as well as signs and symptoms. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and adjuvant therapies. Nursing care involves managing pain, promoting positive body image, and providing education and support before and after surgery.
This document provides information about breast cancer, including:
- Breast cancer develops from breast tissue and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Early diagnosis and treatment has improved survival rates.
- Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lack of physical activity, hormone exposure. Genetic factors contribute to some cases.
- Symptoms may include lumps, nipple discharge, skin changes. Advanced cases may spread to bones or organs. Diagnosis involves mammograms, biopsies and scans.
- Treatment includes surgery to remove cancer (mastectomy or lumpectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapies and bone-directed therapies depending on cancer type and stage
This document provides an overview of breast cancer. It begins with defining breast cancer as a malignant condition where cells grow uncontrollably in the breast. It then lists the main risk factors like older age, family history, and obesity. The stages of breast cancer are explained from stage 0 to IV. Common signs and diagnostic tests are also outlined. Treatment options discussed include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. Prevention strategies and nursing management of breast cancer are briefly addressed before concluding with a bibliography.
Breast imaging techniques have advanced significantly since the 1950s. Mammography was introduced in the 1960s and digital mammography in the 2000s improved image quality and reduced radiation exposure. Tomosynthesis was developed in the 2010s to reduce tissue superimposition by creating 1mm slices. Ultrasound is used as an adjunct to mammography to differentiate cysts from solid masses and guide biopsies. The BI-RADS classification system standardizes how breast imaging findings are reported and communicated. While mammography remains the primary breast cancer screening tool, tomosynthesis and ultrasound have improved cancer detection rates by reducing false negatives, especially for women with dense breasts.
Breast cancer awareness.ppt presentation from other authorswatisheth8
Breast cancer forms in the cells of the breast. It occurs when cells grow uncontrollably and form tumors. Risk factors include being a woman over 50, family history, early menstruation, late menopause, obesity, alcohol use, and lack of physical activity. Symptoms may include breast lumps, nipple changes, or discharge. Diagnosis involves physical exams, mammograms, biopsies, and other tests. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and palliative care depending on cancer stage and type. Side effects of treatment can impact quality of life.
BREST CARSINOMA and its anatomy,resources.pptxomkarnunna1
1. Breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor that develops from cells in the breast, most commonly beginning in the milk-producing lobules or ducts.
2. The most common types of breast cancer are invasive ductal carcinoma (79% of cases) and invasive lobular carcinoma (10% of cases), both of which can spread to other tissues and organs.
3. Risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, certain breast changes, reproductive and menstrual history, hormone therapy, obesity, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption.
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Risk factors include gender, age, genetics, family history, lifestyle factors like obesity, alcohol use, and hormone therapy. Symptoms may include a breast lump, skin changes, nipple discharge or inversion. Diagnosis involves breast exams, mammograms, biopsies and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, medication, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nurses play a key role in educating patients, managing symptoms, and supporting adjustment throughout the cancer journey.
This document provides a summary of common reproductive disorders including uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. For uterine fibroids in a woman who wants to have children, a myomectomy surgery to remove the fibroids may be the treatment of choice. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder causing irregular periods and excess hair growth that is diagnosed via ultrasound and treated with oral contraceptives or medications. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are generally diagnosed via biopsy and treated with surgery such as hysterectomy along with possible chemotherapy or radiation.
Early detection of breast cancer is critical to improve outcomes and survival rates. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with over 2 million new cases diagnosed each year. While prevention is not possible, early detection through regular screening can lead to successful treatment. Screening methods like clinical breast exams, breast self-exams, and mammograms can find breast cancer early before symptoms appear. Finding cancer at an early, localized stage makes treatment less difficult and more effective at improving survival. Therefore, creating awareness about early detection and prioritizing screening programs is important, especially in low-resource settings where most cancers are diagnosed at late stages.
Breast cancer forms when breast cells mutate and grow out of control. There are several types of breast cancer, the most common being infiltrating ductal carcinoma which makes up 80% of cases. Symptoms can include breast lumps, skin changes, discharge from the nipple, and swelling. Diagnostic tests include mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRIs. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and type but may involve surgery to remove cancerous tissue, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.
Ca breast, diagnosis, clinical examination and diagnostic workup Satyajeet Rath
This document provides an overview of the clinical presentation, examination, and diagnostic workup for breast cancer. It discusses collecting a history including symptoms like breast lumps or nipple discharge. Physical examination involves inspecting and palpating the breasts and axillary lymph nodes. Diagnostic workup includes imaging like mammography or ultrasound, as well as pathology studies to confirm a diagnosis and determine tumor characteristics. Staging further involves tests like bone scans or CT scans to identify distant metastases. A thorough evaluation is important for developing a treatment plan tailored to each patient's specific cancer.
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy for breast cancer. It begins by introducing breast cancer as the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. It then discusses the history and improvements in diagnosis and treatment over the last 30 years, moving from radical mastectomies to more targeted surgical options. The rest of the document covers risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, various treatment options including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy, and side effects of treatment.
1) The document discusses breast cancer, including its definition, anatomy, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and medical and surgical management.
2) A case scenario is presented of a 65-year-old woman who underwent a mammogram and was found to have a breast mass, with risk factors including family history and hormone therapy.
3) Nursing diagnoses and interventions are identified for issues such as body image changes, pain management, and coping with the emotional impacts of a breast cancer diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of benign breast diseases. It begins with the anatomy of the breast and describes common benign breast conditions. It then discusses the aims of triple assessment, which includes clinical examination, imaging like mammography, and pathology to accurately diagnose breast problems. The document outlines various diagnostic modalities like physical examination, mammography, ultrasound and their role in evaluating breast abnormalities. It emphasizes that the goal of diagnosing benign breast diseases is to exclude cancer and treat any remaining symptoms.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed in 2012. It occurs when cancer cells form in the tissues of the breast and can spread to other parts of the body if not properly treated. Some key signs and symptoms include a breast lump, skin changes, nipple discharge or inversion. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, alcohol use and hormone treatments. Treatment options depend on cancer stage but may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Regular self-exams and mammograms are important for early detection and improved outcomes.
download link-https://apnamedcollege.blogspot.com/2023/06/simple-mastectomy-and-radical.html
Simple and radical mastectomy are two types of surgical procedures that can be used to treat breast cancer. In this article, we will explain what these procedures involve, how they differ, and what are their benefits and risks.
**What is simple mastectomy?**
A simple mastectomy¹ is the surgical removal of one or both breasts. The adjacent lymph nodes and chest muscles are left intact. If a few lymph nodes are removed, the procedure is called an extended simple mastectomy.
A simple mastectomy involves removing the breast tissue, nipple, areola, and most of the overlying skin². Unlike a radical mastectomy, it does not involve removal of the underlying muscles and uninvolved lymph nodes (see the images below).
Simple mastectomy may be indicated for:
- Locally advanced breast cancer
- Multifocal breast cancer
- Large tumor relative to the size of the breast, excision of which may compromise cosmesis
- Recurrent breast cancer after previous breast-conserving surgery
- Prophylaxis in high-risk individuals
- Patient preference¹
**What is radical mastectomy?**
A radical mastectomy³ (Halstead mastectomy) is a surgical treatment for breast cancer. It is the most complex type of mastectomy, in which the surgeon removes:
- The entire breast including the skin, nipple, and areola
- All axillary lymph nodes
- Major, minor, and fascia pectoral muscles
A radical mastectomy removes a person’s entire breast, along with the underarm (axillary) lymph nodes and chest wall muscles⁴.
For many decades, radical mastectomy was the “gold standard” in breast cancer treatment. With today’s improved imaging techniques and more treatment options, it is rarely necessary. Studies from the 1970s and 1980s showed that breast-conserving surgery followed by radiation treatment was a valid alternative to radical mastectomy in early-stage breast cancer. Other research found that more extensive surgery did not improve overall survival. In addition, less aggressive procedures are associated with better cosmetic outcomes and fewer serious side effects⁴.
Doctors now only recommend radical mastectomy when a tumor spreads into a person’s chest wall. This is because there are newer surgeries with fewer risks that spare the breast and produce similar outcomes to a radical mastectomy³.
**How do simple and radical mastectomy differ?**
The main difference between simple and radical mastectomy is the extent of tissue removal. Both procedures remove the entire breast, but a radical mastectomy also removes all the underarm lymph nodes and the chest wall muscles. A simple mastectomy leaves these structures intact.
Another difference is the cosmetic outcome. A simple mastectomy preserves more skin and muscle tissue, which can facilitate breast reconstruction if desired. A radical mastectomy results in more scarring and deformity of the chest wall, which can affect arm mobility and self-image.
This document summarizes information about breast cancer including types, risk factors, symptoms, screening and diagnostic tests, staging, treatment options, and prevention strategies. It discusses the main types of breast cancer such as ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer. Risk factors include family history, dense breast tissue, age of starting menstrual periods, and breast radiation. Screening involves breast exams, mammograms, ultrasounds and MRIs. Treatment depends on cancer stage and includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy and targeted drug therapy. Prevention focuses on screening, diet, exercise, breastfeeding and limiting alcohol.
This document provides information on the anatomy, investigations, and various benign breast conditions including:
- The breast anatomy includes lobes, ducts, blood and lymphatic supply. Mammography, ultrasound and MRI are important investigations.
- Fibroadenomas are benign tumors that present as smooth, movable lumps and are easily removed surgically if large.
- Diffuse hypertrophy causes overgrowth of breast tissue during puberty or pregnancy and may require reduction mammoplasty.
- Cyclical mastalgia involves painful breast swelling with menstruation and can be treated with pain medications or hormonal therapies. Cyclical mastalgia with nodularity adds the presence of multiple small cysts.
1. dr r saha breast cancer screening npcdcs_dept. of community meddrdduttaM
Breast cancer is a major public health issue in India, with an increasing incidence and late stage presentation being common. Screening programs aim to detect breast cancer early through methods like clinical breast examination and mammography. While mammography screening is recommended for women aged 40-70, clinical breast examination alone can also reduce mortality. Teaching breast self-examination increases health awareness but does not directly reduce mortality. Early detection through any screening modality can help detect breast cancer at an earlier treatable stage.
Breast cancer occurs in the cells of the breast and is one of the most common cancers among women. It usually begins in the lobules or ducts and spreads through the lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves physical examination, mammography, ultrasound or MRI to detect abnormalities. Biopsies of suspicious areas help determine if cancer is present. Hormone receptor status and genomic assays provide further information on prognosis and treatment options.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Ensure the highest quality care for your patients with Cardiac Registry Support's cancer registry services. We support accreditation efforts and quality improvement initiatives, allowing you to benchmark performance and demonstrate adherence to best practices. Confidence starts with data. Partner with Cardiac Registry Support. For more details visit https://cardiacregistrysupport.com/cancer-registry-services/
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
India Medical Devices Market: Size, Share, and In-Depth Competitive Analysis ...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Medical Devices Market Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition, Opportunity and Forecast, 2019-2029,” the India Medical Devices Market was valued at USD 15.35 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to witness impressive growth in the forecast period, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.35% through 2029. This growth is driven by various factors, including strategic collaborations and partnerships among leading companies, a growing population, and the increasing demand for advanced healthcare solutions.
Recent Trends
Strategic Collaborations and Partnerships
One of the most significant trends driving the India Medical Devices Market is the increasing number of collaborations and partnerships among leading companies. These alliances aim to merge the expertise of individual companies to strengthen their market position and enhance their product offerings. For instance, partnerships between local manufacturers and international companies bring advanced technologies and manufacturing techniques to the Indian market, fostering innovation and improving product quality.
Browse over XX market data Figures and spread through XX Pages and an in-depth TOC on " India Medical Devices Market.” - https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-medical-devices-market/8161.html
Mental Health and well-being Presentation. Exploring innovative approaches and strategies for enhancing mental well-being. Discover cutting-edge research, effective strategies, and practical methods for fostering mental well-being.
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
Fit to Fly PCR Covid Testing at our Clinic Near YouNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
India Home Healthcare Market: Driving Forces and Disruptive Trends [2029]Kumar Satyam
According to the TechSci Research report titled "India Home Healthcare Market - By Region, Competition, Forecast and Opportunities, 2029," the India home healthcare market is anticipated to grow at an impressive rate during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to several factors, including the rising demand for managing health issues such as chronic diseases, post-operative care, elderly care, palliative care, and mental health. The growing preference for personalized healthcare among people is also a significant driver. Additionally, rapid advancements in science and technology, increasing healthcare costs, changes in food laws affecting label and product claims, a burgeoning aging population, and a rising interest in attaining wellness through diet are expected to escalate the growth of the India home healthcare market in the coming years.
Browse over XX market data Figures spread through 70 Pages and an in-depth TOC on "India Home Healthcare Market”
https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-home-healthcare-market/15508.html
2. • What is a mastectomy?
• A mastectomy is a surgery that removes all of the breast
tissue.
• Usually the nipple is removed as well.
• No muscles are removed.
• Lymph nodes from your armpit area can be removed at
the same time.
3. Breast A & P
• Male and female breast
develop at the same rate till
puberty.
• Located between the 2nd &
6th ribs.
• Tail of Spence extends into
the axilla.
• Cooper’s ligaments support
the breast to the chest wall.
• Each breast contains 12-20
lobes.
4. • Personal Health History
• Family Health History
• Certain Genome Changes
• Radiation Therapy to the Chest
• Reproductive and Menstruation History
• Race
• Being Overweight or Obese after Menopause
• Lack of Physical Activity
• Alcohol Use
• Smoking
• Age
Risk Factors
5. • Lose excess weight.
• Be physically active.
• Limit your intake of alcohol.
• Breastfeed your baby.
• Quit smoking.
• Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of
hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
• Reduce exposure to chemicals
Minimizing Your Risk
6. Men & Breast Cancer
• Less than 1% of breast cancers happen to men in
Canada; however the number is increasing
• Men over the age of 60 are most often diagnosed with
breast cancer
• Risk factors, diagnosis, staging and treatment are the
same as in women
• Risk factors include: mumps, radiation exposure &
decreased testosterone levels.
• Most common is ductal carcinoma – found in breast
ducts
• Symptoms include a small painless lump, discharge
from nipple, inverted nipple and skin ulceration
• Adverse feelings related to “manhood” and sexuality,
having a “women’s disease”
7. • Some breast cancers spread to the lymph nodes
under a woman's arm.
• Microscopic examination:
• Lymph node involvement = positive
• Lymph node clear of cancer = negative
• Connection between the number of lymph nodes
involved & aggressiveness of cancer's personality.
• Knowing how many lymph nodes are involved will
help identify appropriate treatment.
Lymph Node Involvement
9. Self Breast Examination
• Self Breast Exams are an important way to find
a breast cancer early.
• Not every cancer can be found this way, but it is
critical to become familiar with your breasts in
order to identify an abnormality
• SBE should be done once a month
approximately 1wk after your menstrual period
10. • Lumps
• most women have lumps or lumpy areas in
the breast that may be the result of
Fibroadenomas or Cysts
• 8 out of 10 lumps removed from the breast
are benign
• Upper/outer area(armpit)- most prominent
lumps/bumps
• Lower half - sandy/pebbly beach
• Underneath nipple - collection of large grains
• Other parts - lumpy bowl of oatmeal
Self Breast Exam cont’d
11. Studies show that regular
breast self-exams,
combined with an annual
exam by a doctor, improves
the chances of detecting
cancer early.
12. – Look in the mirror, shoulders straight
and arms on your hips.
– Look for size, shape, and colour of
breasts, is there any distortion or
swelling present
– Changes to report: dimpling,
puckering, bulging of the skin,
change in nipple position, inverted
nipple, redness, soreness, rash or
swelling.
Steps to a Self Breast Exam:
Step 1
13. – Raise your arms
above your
head and look
for the same
changes.
Step 2
14. • Still standing at the mirror, look for any
discharge/fluid coming from your nipples.
• Changes to report: any fluid coming out of
1 or both nipples (unless you are lactating).
Could be watery, milky, yellow or bloody.
Step 3
15. • Lie down on the bed and
palpate breasts using
pads of a few fingers.
• Use a firm smooth touch
in a circular motion.
• Cover entire breast –
collar bone to top of
stomach, armpit to
sternum.
• Make sure to follow a
pattern so to cover all
area of the breasts.
Step 4
16. Step 5
• Sit or stand and
palpate the breast
in the same manner
as step 4.
• Changes to report:
lumps, bumps,
irregularities
17. Mammography
• Breast imaging technique
• Identifies non-palpable masses and diagnoses palpable
masses
• Procedure takes approximately 15 minutes
• Breast is compressed from top to bottom, and side to
side
• New and old mammograms are compared
• Radiation exposure is equivalent to 1 hour in the sun
• Canadian Cancer Society recommends women to have a
mammogram every 2 years between 50 & 69 years of
age.
• Women at high risk and under 50 should speak with the
HCP
18. EXPERT QUOTE
"The biggest misconception about
mammography is that it picks up every
breast cancer. In fact, mammography
misses at least 10 percent of breast
cancer. So if you feel a lump that
doesn't show up on a mammogram,
bring it to your doctor's attention. Get
it evaluated."
—Susan Orel, M.D.
19. Diagnosis for Breast Cancer
• Procedures for tissue analysis:
– Percutaneous Biopsy
– Fine-Needle Aspiration
– Core Needle Biopsy
– Guided Core Biopsy
– Surgical Biopsy
– Excisional Biopsy
– Incisional Biopsy
25. Radical Mastectomy-In a radical mastectomy, the entire breast, nipple,
nodes and muscle under the breast is removed. This type of surgery is
rarely completed anymore.
26. Total Mastectomy-A simple or total mastectomy is the removal of all the
breast tissue and skin, including nipple and areola. Lymph nodes and
chest muscles are left undisturbed. Prophylactic mastectomies for
women at high risk for breast cancer are usually simple mastectomies
27. Common Rehabilitation Issues Related To
Breast Cancer
I. Upper Quadrant and Trunk Dysfunction
1. Restricted Shoulder Range of Motion and Pain
2. Chest Wall Pain
3. Weakness of Upper Extremity and Trunk/CORE
II. Lymphedema
1. Upper Extremity
2. Breast
3. Trunk
III. Fatigue
IV. Weight Gain
IV. Psychosocial Issues
V. Nutritional Issues
28. Etiology of Musculoskeletal Problems During and
After Breast Cancer Treatment
• Surgery
– Mastectomy/ Breast Conserving Surgery (BCS) (Lumpectomy)
– Axillary Node Dissection (ALND)
– Donor Sites for Reconstruction
– Drain Sites
• Radiation
– Breast/Chest Wall
– Axilla
• Chemotherapy
– Fatigue
– Port Site Pain
– Joint and Muscle Pain
• Quality of Recovery Advice
– Women commonly advised to avoid exercise
– Lack of information regarding maximizing recovery
– Lack of understanding of role of rehabilitation in breast cancer
29. Shoulder Restriction and Loss of Function
Post Surgery
Short Term:
• Significant loss of shoulder range of motion reported 2-3 months post
mastectomy (Gosselink et al, 2003; Reitman, 2003)
Long Term:
• Loss of range of motion reported by 26% of women 1 year post
mastectomy; 15% post BCS (Karki et al, 2005; Blomqvist et al, 2004)
Nature of Restriction:
• Flexion and abduction most limited (Blomqvist et al, 2004)
• Range of motion restriction greater for patients who:
– Mastectomy versus BCS
– Received radiation (Blomqvist et al, 2004)
– Underwent AND versus SNB (Leidenius, 2005)
30. Post-Surgical Pain
Prevalence of Pain 1 Year Post Surgery (Karki et al, 2005)
Mastectomy BCS(breast
conserving
surgery/
lumpectomy
Neck-shoulder pain 42% 37%
Upper extremity Pain 26% 15%
Breast/Chest Wall Pain 28% 20%
31. Weakness Post Surgery
•
• Significant decrease in strength in
shoulder flexion and abduction 15 months
post-mastectomy (Blomqvist et al, 2004)
• EMG abnormalities in upper trapezius and
rhomboids with associated reduction in
shoulder function post-mastectomy
(Shamley, 2007)
32. Axillary Cording (Web Syndrome)
Leidenius et al, 2003; Moskovitz, 2001; Lauridson, 2005
• Painful, palpable cords in axilla,
across antecubital fossa, in severe
cases to base of thumb
• Tissue sampling demonstrated that
cords were lymphatic and venous
tissue (Moskovitz)
33. Axillary Cording
(Ledenius, 2003; Lauridson, 2005)
• Prevalence of 60 – 70 % in
patients in prospective studies
• 20% of patients following
• Cording is associated with limited
ROM
36. Implant
• Tissue expander
placed under pec
major at time of
mastectomy
• Silicone shell
gradually expanded
with saline
• Permanent saline or
silicone implant once
expansion completed
and/or following
adjuvant treatment
Pectoralis
Major
37. Breast Reconstruction
• Immediate or Delayed
• Performed in conjunction with
traditional mastectomy or skin sparing
• Options:
– Implant
– Autologous Tissue Reconstruction
• Latissimus Dorsi
• Transverse Rectus Abdominus Myocutaneous (TRAM)
• Other : buttock (superior or inferior gluteal), thigh
(tensor fascia lata)
38. Exercises After Breast
Cancer Surgery
• Many women with breast cancer have some kind of
surgery, even though other kinds of treatment are done,
too. You may have had a:
• Breast biopsy
• Lymph node biopsy or removal
• Breast conservation surgery (lumpectomy)
• Mastectomy
• Breast reconstruction
39. Exercises can help restore
movement.
• No matter what type of surgery you have, it’s important
to do exercises afterward to get the arm and shoulder
moving again.
• Exercises help to decrease side effects of your surgery
and help you get back to your usual activities.
40. • If you’ve had radiation therapy after surgery, exercises
are even more important to help keep your arm and
shoulder flexible.
• Radiation may affect your arm and shoulder long after
treatment is finished.
• Because of this, it’s important to develop a regular habit
of doing exercises to maintain arm and shoulder mobility
after radiation treatments for breast cancer.
41. • Some exercises should not be done until drains and
sutures (stitches) are removed. But some exercises can
be done soon after surgery.
• The exercises that increase your shoulder and arm
motion can usually be started in a few days. Exercises to
help make your arm stronger are added later
42. The week after surgery
• The exercises should be done for the first 3 to 7 days after
surgery. Do not do them until you get the OK from your
doctor.
• Use your affected arm (on the side where your surgery was) as you
normally would when you comb your hair, bathe, get dressed, and
eat.
• Lie down and raise your affected arm above the level of your heart
for 45 minutes. Do this 2 or 3 times a day.
• Put your arm on pillows so that your hand is higher than your wrist
and your elbow is a little higher than your shoulder. This will help
decrease the swelling that may happen after surgery.
43. • Practice deep breathing exercises (using your
diaphragm) at least 6 times a day. Lie down on your
back and take a slow, deep breath.
• Do not sleep on your affected arm or lie on that side
44. General guidelines for these
exercises
• You will feel some tightness in your chest and armpit after surgery.
This is normal, and the tightness will decrease as you do your
exercises.
• Many women have burning, tingling, numbness, or soreness on the
back of the arm and/or on the chest wall. This is because the
surgery can irritate some of your nerves.
• These feelings might increase a few weeks after surgery. But keep
doing your exercises unless you notice unusual swelling or
tenderness. (If this happens, let your doctor know about it right
away.)
• Sometimes rubbing or stroking the area with your hand or a soft
cloth can help make the area less sensitive.
45. • It may be helpful to do the exercises after a warm shower when
muscles are warm and relaxed.
• Wear comfortable, loose clothing when doing the exercises.
• Do the exercises slowly until you feel a gentle stretch. Hold each
stretch at the end of the motion and slowly count to 5. It’s normal
to feel some pulling as you stretch the skin and muscles that have
been shortened because of the surgery.
• Do not bounce or make any jerky movements when doing any of
the exercises. You should not feel pain as you do them, only gentle
stretching.
46. • Do each exercise 5 to 7 times. Try to do each exercise correctly. If
you have trouble with the exercises, talk to your doctor. You may
need to be referred to a physical or occupational therapist.
• Do the exercises twice a day until you get back your normal
flexibility.
• Be sure to take deep breaths, in and out, as you do each exercise.
• The exercises are set up so that you start them lying down, move to
sitting, and finish them standing up.
47. • Wand Exercises This exercise helps increase your ability to move
your shoulders forward
• Lie on your back with your knees bent and your feet flat.
• Do these exercises on a bed or the floor.
• Hold the wand across your belly in both hands with your palms
facing up.
• Lift the wand up over your head as far as you can. Use your
unaffected arm to help lift the wand until you feel a stretch in your
affected arm.
• Hold for 5 seconds.
• Lower arms and repeat 5 to 7 times.
48. • Elbow winging -This exercise helps increase the movement in the
front of your chest and shoulder.
• It may take many weeks of regular exercise before your elbows will
get close to the bed or floor.
• Clasp your hands behind your neck with your elbows pointing
toward the ceiling.
• Move your elbows apart and down toward the bed or floor.
• Repeat 5 to 7 times.
49. • Shoulder blade exercises- This exercise helps increase your
shoulder blade movement.
• Sit in a chair very close to a table with your back against the back of
the chair.
• Place the unaffected arm on the table with your elbow bent and
palm down. Do not move this arm during the exercise.
• Place the affected arm on the table, palm down, with your elbow
straight.
• Without moving your trunk, slide the affected arm forward, toward
the opposite side of the table. You should feel your shoulder blade
move as you do this.
• Relax your arm and repeat 5 to 7 times.
50. • Shoulder blade squeeze
• This exercise also helps increase shoulder blade movement.
• Sit in a chair in front of a mirror. Face straight ahead. Do not rest
against the back of the chair.
• Your arms should be at your sides with your elbows bent.
• Squeeze your shoulder blades together, bringing your elbows behind
you. Keep your shoulders level as you do this. Do not lift your
shoulders up toward your ears.
• Return to the starting position and repeat 5 to 7 times.
51. • Side bends
• This exercise helps increase movement of your trunk and body.
• Sit in a chair and clasp your hands together in front of you. Lift your
arms slowly over your head, straightening your arms.
• When your arms are over your head, bend your trunk to the right
keeping your arms overhead.
• Return to the starting position and bend to the left.
• Repeat 5 to 7 times.
52. • Chest wall stretch
• This exercise helps stretch your chest.
• Stand facing a corner with your toes about 8 to 10 inches from the
corner.
• Bend your elbows and put your forearms on the wall, one on each
side of the corner. Your elbows should be as close to shoulder height
as possible.
• Keep your arms and feet in place and move your chest toward the
corner. You will feel a stretch across your chest and shoulders.
• Return to the starting position and repeat 5 to 7 times.
• The picture shows stretching both sides at the same time, but you
may find it more comfortable to stretch one arm at a time.
53. • Shoulder stretch
• This exercise helps increase your mobility in your shoulder.
• Stand facing the wall with your toes about 8 to 10 inches from the
wall.
• Put your hands on the wall. Use your fingers to "climb the wall,"
reaching as high as you can until you feel a stretch.
• Return to the starting position and repeat 5 to 7 times.
• The picture shows both arms going up at the same time, but you
might find it easier to raise one arm at a time.
• Be sure you keep your shoulders dropped far away from your ears
as you raise your arms.
54. Things to keep in mind after
breast surgery
• Start exercising slowly and increase as you are able. Stop exercising
and talk to your doctor right away if you:
• Get weaker, start losing your balance, or start falling
• Have pain that gets worse
• Have new heaviness, aching, tightness, or other strange sensations
in your arm
• Have unusual swelling or swelling gets worse
• Have headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, new numbness, or
tingling in your arms or chest
• It’s important to exercise to keep your muscles working as well as
possible, but it’s also important to be safe. Talk with your doctor
about the right kind of exercises for your condition, and then set
goals for increasing your level of physical activity.