Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Risk factors include gender, age, genetics, family history, lifestyle factors like obesity, alcohol use, and hormone therapy. Symptoms may include a breast lump, skin changes, nipple discharge or inversion. Diagnosis involves breast exams, mammograms, biopsies and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, medication, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nurses play a key role in educating patients, managing symptoms, and supporting adjustment throughout the cancer journey.
Carcinoma of breast is the second common killer disease in women after carcinoma of cervix in developing countries like India whereas it is the number one killer in western world. It can also run in families associated with BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes. Early diagnosis is almost curative and that is why they are doing mass screening like mammogram to pick up this cancer early.
cervical cancer is the worlds most leading cause for the death of women. so knowledge regarding that disease will help us to prevent that disease to some extent.
Carcinoma of breast is the second common killer disease in women after carcinoma of cervix in developing countries like India whereas it is the number one killer in western world. It can also run in families associated with BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes. Early diagnosis is almost curative and that is why they are doing mass screening like mammogram to pick up this cancer early.
cervical cancer is the worlds most leading cause for the death of women. so knowledge regarding that disease will help us to prevent that disease to some extent.
Breast Cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Cancer is one of the most serious diseases women face. We urge women and female survivors to encourage one another to adopt a balanced lifestyle and to go for regular screenings in order to decrease their cancer risk or the recurrance of cancer.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Breast Cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Cancer is one of the most serious diseases women face. We urge women and female survivors to encourage one another to adopt a balanced lifestyle and to go for regular screenings in order to decrease their cancer risk or the recurrance of cancer.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
2. Objectives:
• To helped us accumulate extensive knowledge
about the biological processes involved in breast
cancer onset, growth and spread in the body.
• To raise awareness and reduce the stigma of
breast cancer through education on symptoms.
• To develop safe and effective methods to
prevent, detect, diagnosed treat and ultimately
cure the breast cancer.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Breast Cancer is a fatal disease at advance
stages; However, It can be controlled through
prevention and early detection.
• Breast cancer strikes women at ages; indeed
its incidence seems to drastically increase at
the age of 40.
4. INCIDENCE
WORLDWIDE
• Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women
worldwide, contributing 25.4% of the total number
new cases diagnosed in 2018.
• Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide,
accounting for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018.
Breast CA:
• New cases -2.09 million
• Deaths -627,000
5. INCIDENCE
PHILIPPINES
• According to the WHO the number of cancer
cases in the Philippines in 2018 was at 141,021
with total deaths at 86,337.
• Breast cancer- 24,798 new cases in 2018.
• The Philippines topped #197 countries with the
most number of cases of breast cancer.
7. Non-modifiable factors
• Gender
• Age
• Genetic risk function
• Family history
• Personal history of breast cancer
• Race/ethnic background
• Certain benign (not cancer) breast problems
• Menstrual periods
• Breast radiation early in life
8. Non-modifiable factors
Gender- more prevalent in women.
- One (1) in every 150 cases in (male)
Age- The chance of getting breast cancer goes
up as a woman gets older.
- Over 80% of all female breast cancers
occur among women aged 50+ years
9. Non-modifiable factors
• Genetic risk- Women who carry the BRCA1
and BRCA2 genes have a considerably higher
risk of developing breast cancer.
Lifetime breast cancer
risk
Median age of breast
cancer onset (y)
General population 11% 61
BRCA1 65% 43
BRCA2 45% 41
10. Non-modifiable factors
Family History- Breast cancer risk is higher among
women whose close blood relatives have this
disease.
Personal hx- A woman with cancer in one breast
has a greater chance of getting a new cancer in the
other breast or in another part of the same.
Race/Ethnic background- Over all, white women
are slightly more likely to get breast cancer than
African- American women
12. Non-modifiable factors
- African- American women, are slightly more
likely to get breast cancer.
- Asian, Hispanic and native- American women have a
lower risk of getting and dying from breast cancer.
13. Non-modifiable factors
Certain benign breast problems- Women who have
breast changes may have an increased risk of breast
cancer.
Menstrual period- Women who began having periods
early (before age 12) or who went through the change
of life (menopause) after the age of 55 have a slightly
increase risk of breast cancer.
14. Non-modifiable factors
Dense breast tissue- It means there is more
gland tissue and less fatty tissue.
Breast radiation early in life- Women who have
had radiation treatment to the chest area as a
child or young adult have a greatly increased risk
of breast cancer.
17. S/S:
• A lump in a breast
• A pain in the armpits or breast that does not
seem to be related to the woman’s menstrual
period.
• Pitting or redness of the skin of the breast;like the
skin of an orange.
• A rash around (or on) one of the nipples.
• A swelling (lump) in one of the armpits.
• One of the nipples has a discharge, sometimes it
may contain blood
18. S/S:
• An area of thickened tissue in a breast.
• The nipple changes in appearance; It may become
sunken or inverted.
• The size or the shape of the breast changes.
• The nipple-skin or breast-skin may have started to
peel, scale or flake.
19. S/S:
• An area of thickened tissue in a breast.
• The nipple changes in appearance; It may become
sunken or inverted.
• The size or the shape of the breast changes.
• The nipple-skin or breast-skin may have started to
peel, scale or flake.
24. ANATOMY
• The breast are medically known as the mammary
glands.
• The mammary glands are made up of lobules,
milk-producing glandular structures, and a system
of ducts that transport milk to the nipple.
• Lymphatic vessels in the breast drain excess fluid.
• Gynecomastia- is a condition that makes breast
tissue swell in boys and men. It can happen when
the balance of two hormones in your body is
thrown off.
33. Methods of diagnosis
Diagnostic tests and procedures for breast cancer
include:
• Breast exam
• Mammogram
• Breast UTZ Imaging Tests
• Breast MRI scan
• Biopsy
35. Breast self exam
• BSE is an option for women starting in their 20’s.
• Any changes detected should be reported to a
medical expert.
• BSE: Conducted standing or reclining.
37. CLINICAL BREAST EXAM
• Women in their 20’s and 30’s should have a clinical
breast exam every 3 years.
• After age of 40, women should have a breast exam
every year.
38. MAMMOGRAMS
• A technologist will position your breast for the test.
• The breast is press between 2 plates to flatten and
spread the tissue.
• The Ob gyne recommend that a woman obtain her
first baseline between the age of 35 and 40, It should
be done yearly.
• The whole process taken about 20 mins.
40. Breast Ultrasound
• Use sound waves to outline a part of the body.
• The sound wave echoes are picked up by a computer
to create a picture on a computer screen.
• Used to investigate areas of concern found by a
mammogram.
42. Breast MRI
• Patients must or lie inside a narrow tube, face
down on a special platform.
• The platform has openings for each breast
that allow the image to be taken without
pressing on the breast.
• Contrast material may be injected into a vein
to help the MRI show more details.
44. BIOPSY
• A biopsy is done when other tests show that
you might have breast cancer.
• It confirms if a mass is cancerous or not.
• Mass is removed and studied.
45. Examination of breast tissues
Tissues obtained during biopsy are examined to
determined:
• Malignant or benign
• Has it metastasize
• Is the lymph node affected
• Treatment
46. TYPES OF BREAST BOPSIES
• Fine needle
• Core needle
• Vacuum-assisted biopsies
• Surgical (open) biopsy
• Lymph node biopsy
47. Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
• Very fine needle is used.
• Extracts fluid from the lump.
• Guided by ultrasound
• Simple but is not 100% accurate.
48. Core needle biopsy
• Needle is larger than in fine needle biopsy.
• Removes more tissues
• Clearer results
49. Vacuum-Assisted Biopsies:
• Done with systems such as ATEC (Automated
Tissue Excision and Collection)
• Guided by MRI
• First the skin is numbed and a small (incision) is
made.
• A hallow probe is put through the cut into the
breast tissue.
• A piece of tissue is sucked out.
54. Other tests
Tests to find whether the cancer has spread:
• Chest x-ray: the lungs.
• Bone scan: the bones
• CT scan (computed tomography: the chest
and abdomen.
• MRI: Brain and spinal cord.
• UTZ: other parts
55. Staging of breast cancer
• Stage 0: Non- Invasive breast cancer. Has not
spread to breast tissues.
• Stage 1: <2cm and has not spread to breast
tissues.
• Stage II:
– Stage IIA: <2cm and has spread to lymph nodes or 2-
5cm and has spread to lymph nodes.
– Stage IIB: 2-5cm and has spread to lymph nodes or
>5cm and has not spread to lymph nodes.
56. Staging of breast cancer
• Stage III
– Stage IIIA: <5cm and spread to lymph nodes forming
clumps.
– Stage IIIB: Any size and spread to the skin or chest wall
Swelling.
Stage IIIC: Any size, spread to lymph nodes, skin and chest
wall
• Stage IV: Metastasized
60. Treatment
The treatment will depend on various factors:
• The type of breast cancer
• The type and grade of the breast cancer- how
large the tumor is, whether or not it has spread,
and if so how far
• Whether or not the cancer cell are sensitive to
hormones
• The patient overall health
• The age of the patient
• The patients own preferences
61. SURGERY
• Mastectomy- Removal of the whole tissue.
• Lumpectomy- Removal of a small part of the
tissue.
• Cyrotherapy- Associated with lower risk and
less complications. Little bleeding and quick
recovery, can be performed repeatedly to
prevent recurrence of cancer.
62. Medication
• Aromatase inhibitors- Anastrozole,
Exemestane and letrozole. It treat the ER-
positive breast CA.
• Fulvestrant and toremiferene are used to treat
metastatic breast cancer.
64. Preoperative nursing dx.
• Deficient about the planned surgical treatments.
• Anxiety related to the diagnosis of cancer
• Fear related to specific treatments and body
image changes
• Risk for ineffective coping (individual or family)
Related to the diagnosis of breast cancer and
related treatment options.
• Decisional conflict related to treatment options.
65. Pre operative nursing interventions
• Providing educational and preparation about
surgical treatments.
• Reducing fear and anxiety and improving
coping ability.
• Promoting decision making ability.
66. Post operative nursing dx.
• Pain and discomfort related to surgical procedure
• Disturb sensory perception related to nerve irritation
in affected arm, breast or chest wall
• Disturbed body image related to loss or alteration of
the breast
• Risk for impaired adjustment related to the diagnosis
of cancer and surgical treatment
• Self care deficit related to partial immobility of upper
extremity on operative side
• Risk for sexual dysfunction related to loss of body part,
changes in self image and fear of partners responses.
67. Post operative nursing intervention
• Relieving pain or discomfort
• Managing post operative sensations
• Promoting positive body image
• Promoting positive adjustment and coping
• Improving sexual functions
68. INTERPRETATION
• As a future nurses we will play essential role in
oncologic care, that’s why we must educate
ourselves on learning styles and theories to
best meet the educational needs not only in
breast cancer but also in the different types of
cancer. That’s all thankyouuu