This document provides an overview of massive machine-type communications (MMC) and perspectives towards 5G networks. It discusses how 5G will enable the integration of all known machine-to-machine communication technologies through a single infrastructure, creating an environment for smart cities and a fully networked society under the new Internet of Everything concept. By 2020, it is predicted that 5G networks will support up to 50 billion connected devices and provide higher data speeds, lower latency, and improved quality of service compared to 4G networks. This will allow for new applications in areas like automation, transportation, healthcare, and more.
Massive_MTC_An_Overview and Perspectives Towards 5G.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
The document provides an overview of 5G mobile networks and their ability to support massive machine-type communications (mMTC). Some key points:
- 5G networks are expected to be operational by 2020 and will enable up to 50 billion connected devices through technologies like M2M, D2D, and V2V communications.
- 5G aims to consolidate all existing machine-type communications onto a single platform based on the Internet of Things (IoT) concept to create an Internet of Everything enabling smart cities and a fully networked society.
- 5G is expected to significantly increase data speeds, reduce latency, improve energy efficiency, and support a vast number of low-power devices and new applications.
Performance Prediction of 5G : The Next Generation of Mobile Communication ijngnjournal
The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th generation, which presupposes an increase of the
information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new
stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access
to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced
opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of
specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication
development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the
main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic
parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have
been the most demandedones by 2020.
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF 5G: THE NEXT GENERATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONijngnjournal
The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th generation, which presupposes an increase of the information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have been the most demandedones by 2020.
Performance Prediction of 5G : The Next Generation of Mobile Communicationjosephjonse
The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th generation, which presupposes an increase of the information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have been the most demanded ones by 2020.
This document discusses 5G as a service (5GaaS) and how 5G infrastructure could be built utilizing public cloud providers to reduce latency for applications. It argues that with tightening budgets, the "as a service" model allows organizations to consolidate resources and control costs while adapting services seamlessly. The document outlines the benefits of using public cloud providers for 5G core and edge infrastructure due to their ability to handle increasing complexity and rapidly growing demand as more applications and devices connect to 5G networks.
Performance Analysis of Resource Allocation in 5G & Beyond 5G using AIIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using artificial intelligence to optimize resource allocation in 5G and beyond 5G cellular networks. It discusses the increasing demand for network resources due to more connected devices and applications. A dynamic nested neural network model is developed that can adjust its structure online to meet the changing resource allocation needs. An AI-driven algorithm called ADRA is used that combines the neural network with a Markov decision process to train a model for dynamic resource allocation in modern cellular networks. The algorithm is found to improve the average resource hit rate and reduce average delay time compared to other methods.
This document provides an overview of the OpenMTC platform, which is a generic M2M communication platform that aims to enable machine-to-machine connectivity. The key points are:
1) OpenMTC is based on a client/server RESTful architecture and supports ETSI M2M specifications, including capabilities like communication, application enablement, and security.
2) It provides a standard compliant platform for smart city and M2M services across different vertical domains like transportation, utilities, and healthcare.
3) The platform consists of a gateway service capability layer and network service capability layer that allow interactions between applications and the network using standardized interfaces defined by ETSI.
This document summarizes a survey on 5G networks and their key features. 5G networks aim to meet the demands of a rapidly increasing number of mobile devices, massive data usage, and higher data rates. They will provide ubiquitous connectivity, extremely low latency of 1 millisecond, and very high-speed gigabit data transfer. To achieve this, 5G networks will require novel architectures and technologies beyond 4G, including cloud radio access networks, cognitive radio networks, device-to-device communication, dense deployment, and multi-tier heterogeneous networks. The paper discusses challenges in developing 5G and reviews proposed architectures and technologies to address issues like interference, quality of service, security and privacy.
Massive_MTC_An_Overview and Perspectives Towards 5G.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
The document provides an overview of 5G mobile networks and their ability to support massive machine-type communications (mMTC). Some key points:
- 5G networks are expected to be operational by 2020 and will enable up to 50 billion connected devices through technologies like M2M, D2D, and V2V communications.
- 5G aims to consolidate all existing machine-type communications onto a single platform based on the Internet of Things (IoT) concept to create an Internet of Everything enabling smart cities and a fully networked society.
- 5G is expected to significantly increase data speeds, reduce latency, improve energy efficiency, and support a vast number of low-power devices and new applications.
Performance Prediction of 5G : The Next Generation of Mobile Communication ijngnjournal
The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th generation, which presupposes an increase of the
information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new
stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access
to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced
opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of
specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication
development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the
main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic
parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have
been the most demandedones by 2020.
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF 5G: THE NEXT GENERATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONijngnjournal
The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th generation, which presupposes an increase of the information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have been the most demandedones by 2020.
Performance Prediction of 5G : The Next Generation of Mobile Communicationjosephjonse
The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th generation, which presupposes an increase of the information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have been the most demanded ones by 2020.
This document discusses 5G as a service (5GaaS) and how 5G infrastructure could be built utilizing public cloud providers to reduce latency for applications. It argues that with tightening budgets, the "as a service" model allows organizations to consolidate resources and control costs while adapting services seamlessly. The document outlines the benefits of using public cloud providers for 5G core and edge infrastructure due to their ability to handle increasing complexity and rapidly growing demand as more applications and devices connect to 5G networks.
Performance Analysis of Resource Allocation in 5G & Beyond 5G using AIIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using artificial intelligence to optimize resource allocation in 5G and beyond 5G cellular networks. It discusses the increasing demand for network resources due to more connected devices and applications. A dynamic nested neural network model is developed that can adjust its structure online to meet the changing resource allocation needs. An AI-driven algorithm called ADRA is used that combines the neural network with a Markov decision process to train a model for dynamic resource allocation in modern cellular networks. The algorithm is found to improve the average resource hit rate and reduce average delay time compared to other methods.
This document provides an overview of the OpenMTC platform, which is a generic M2M communication platform that aims to enable machine-to-machine connectivity. The key points are:
1) OpenMTC is based on a client/server RESTful architecture and supports ETSI M2M specifications, including capabilities like communication, application enablement, and security.
2) It provides a standard compliant platform for smart city and M2M services across different vertical domains like transportation, utilities, and healthcare.
3) The platform consists of a gateway service capability layer and network service capability layer that allow interactions between applications and the network using standardized interfaces defined by ETSI.
This document summarizes a survey on 5G networks and their key features. 5G networks aim to meet the demands of a rapidly increasing number of mobile devices, massive data usage, and higher data rates. They will provide ubiquitous connectivity, extremely low latency of 1 millisecond, and very high-speed gigabit data transfer. To achieve this, 5G networks will require novel architectures and technologies beyond 4G, including cloud radio access networks, cognitive radio networks, device-to-device communication, dense deployment, and multi-tier heterogeneous networks. The paper discusses challenges in developing 5G and reviews proposed architectures and technologies to address issues like interference, quality of service, security and privacy.
- Digital transformation requires high quality and affordable access to communication networks for all, which involves significantly upgrading infrastructure to address increasing demand from connected devices.
- Investing in fibre networks and mobile 5G is critical to support future technologies and the growing Internet of Things, with an estimated 20 billion connected devices by 2022.
- Promoting competition through infrastructure sharing, reducing barriers to investment, and addressing rural connectivity divides can encourage the investment needed to expand high-quality access.
Business Models for the Next Generation of Mobile Communications ijmnct
The Next Generation of mobile network 5G, which will be based on a high-speed wireless broadband
connection, could bring important changes to the way individuals and businesses employ
telecommunications services and solve the issues related to the explosive growth in demand for mobile
traffic, and the profitability decreasing of the mobile Broadband market. Therefore, the OMNs (Operator
Mobile Networks) should plan for deploying 5G mobile network beyond 2020, which is the expected year
for launching 5G. A business analysis study and mathematic modelling approach was considered. Also, a
new pricing model is proposed to be consistent with the growth of mobile broadband. The results show that
5G is very beneficial, not only because of its lower cost compared with 4G LTE, but also due to the
increment of average data consumptions offered by 5G mobile technologies and the increasing growth of
number of users. We also found that good analysis of Price Elasticity of Volume (PED) gives an important
margin of benefit. We confirm that the reuse of existing sites have a large impact on reducing costs when a
denser macro network deployed. However, we encountered a lack of the limited capacity related to the
macro sites and coverage limited with small cell solutions like femtocells, picocells deployed with 5G
millimeter Wave system and Wi-Fi.
Business models for the next generation of mobile communicationsijmnct
The Next Generation of mobile network 5G, which will be based on a high-speed wireless broadband connection, could bring important changes to the way individuals and businesses employ telecommunications services and solve the issues related to the explosive growth in demand for mobile
traffic, and the profitability decreasing of the mobile Broadband market. Therefore, the OMNs (Operator Mobile Networks) should plan for deploying 5G mobile network beyond 2020, which is the expected year for launching 5G. A business analysis study and mathematic modelling approach was considered. Also, a new pricing model is proposed to be consistent with the growth of mobile broadband. The results show that 5G is very beneficial, not only because of its lower cost compared with 4G LTE, but also due to the
increment of average data consumptions offered by 5G mobile technologies and the increasing growth of number of users. We also found that good analysis of Price Elasticity of Volume (PED) gives an important margin of benefit. We confirm that the reuse of existing sites have a large impact on reducing costs when a denser macro network deployed. However, we encountered a lack of the limited capacity related to the
macro sites and coverage limited with small cell solutions like femtocells, picocells deployed with 5G millimeter Wave system and Wi-Fi.
BUSINESS MODELS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSijmnct
The Next Generation of mobile network 5G, which will be based on a high-speed wireless broadband connection, could bring important changes to the way individuals and businesses employ
telecommunications services and solve the issues related to the explosive growth in demand for mobile traffic, and the profitability decreasing of the mobile Broadband market. Therefore, the OMNs (Operator Mobile Networks) should plan for deploying 5G mobile network beyond 2020, which is the expected year for launching 5G. A business analysis study and mathematic modelling approach was considered. Also, a
new pricing model is proposed to be consistent with the growth of mobile broadband. The results show that 5G is very beneficial, not only because of its lower cost compared with 4G LTE, but also due to the increment of average data consumptions offered by 5G mobile technologies and the increasing growth of
number of users. We also found that good analysis of Price Elasticity of Volume (PED) gives an important margin of benefit. We confirm that the reuse of existing sites have a large impact on reducing costs when a
denser macro network deployed. However, we encountered a lack of the limited capacity related to the macro sites and coverage limited with small cell solutions like femtocells, picocells deployed with 5G millimeter Wave system and Wi-Fi.
Fog computing scheduling algorithm for smart city IJECEIAES
With the advent of the number of smart devices across the globe, increasing the number of users using the Internet. The main aim of the fog computing (FC) paradigm is to connect huge number of smart objects (billions of objects) that can make a bright future for smart cities. Due to the large deployments of smart devices, devices are expected to generate huge amounts of data and forward the data through the Internet. FC also refers to an edge computing framework that mitigates the issue by applying the process of knowledge discovery using a data analysis approach to the edges. Thus, the FC approaches can work together with the internet of things (IoT) world, which can build a sustainable infrastructure for smart cities. In this paper, we propose a scheduling algorithm namely the weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling algorithm to execute the task from one fog node (FN) to another fog node to the cloud. Firstly, a fog simulator is used with the emergent concept of FC to design IoT infrastructure for smart cities. Then, spanning-tree routing (STP) protocol is used for data collection and routing. Further, 5G networks are proposed to establish fast transmission and communication between users. Finally, the performance of our proposed system is evaluated in terms of response time, latency, and amount of data used.
The document describes Sushant Mittal's 6 month internship project at Connectem Software Systems Private Limited where he automated LTE call flows and developed a Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) simulator. The project involved using Robot Framework to automate common LTE procedures like attach, detach, handover. It also included developing a wrapper in Python to run an existing PCRF simulator called Seagull.
This document discusses the vision and potential technologies for 6G wireless communication systems. It begins by outlining the exponential growth in mobile data usage and the need for a system beyond 5G to support emerging applications. 6G is expected to be implemented between 2027-2030 and aims to provide data rates of around 1 Tbps per user, latency below 1 ms, and connectivity 1000 times greater than 5G. Technologies like terahertz communications, artificial intelligence, 3D networking and quantum communications could help 6G achieve high performance while supporting applications in areas like autonomous systems, virtual reality and smart cities. The document also examines 6G requirements, the role of different technologies, challenges and research directions.
This document discusses NTT DOCOMO's 5G white paper on 5G radio access requirements, concepts, and technologies. It outlines the need for 5G due to growing mobile data usage and new services. 5G aims to meet stringent requirements including 100x higher system capacity, 100x more connected devices, near real-time latency under 1ms, and 100x typical user data rates. The white paper explores technical components to achieve this vision such as phantom cells, flexible duplexing, waveform design, massive MIMO, and non-orthogonal multiple access. It also highlights DOCOMO's 5G field trials and pre-standardization activities to enable an initial 5G deployment for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
This document discusses NTT DOCOMO's views on 5G mobile network requirements, concepts, and technologies. It outlines the need for 5G networks to support 1000x higher capacity, 100x more connected devices, and 1ms latency to enable new services like remote monitoring, augmented reality, and high resolution video. DOCOMO proposes a dual-layer 5G network using both existing lower bands for coverage and new higher bands for capacity. Key 5G technologies include exploiting massive MIMO, new waveforms, and non-orthogonal multiple access to achieve these goals and integrate lower and higher frequency bands.
This document discusses NTT DOCOMO's vision for 5G mobile networks. It outlines key market trends driving the need for 5G, including growth in mobile data traffic and new wireless services. The document then presents DOCOMO's 5G requirements, including achieving 100x higher system capacity, 100x higher data rates, support for 100x more connected devices, reduced latency under 1ms, and energy/cost savings. Technical components for 5G discussed include phantom cells, flexible duplexing, waveform design, massive MIMO and non-orthogonal multiple access. DOCOMO is conducting field trials with vendors toward an initial 5G deployment for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
5G wireless networks will support massive connectivity and capacity increases to enable new technologies and applications between 2020 and 2030. 5G will realize ultra-fast and low latency connectivity for both people and devices through advanced wireless technologies built upon existing standards like LTE as well as new radio access technologies. Key technology drivers for 5G include developments in mobile broadband speeds, spectrum and infrastructure to support applications like smart cities, industrial automation, and virtual and augmented reality.
5G will enable 1,000-fold gains in network capacity and connections for 100 billion devices. It will provide 10 Gbps speeds and extremely low latency. 5G networks using new and evolved wireless technologies will emerge between 2020-2030. Breakthroughs in 5G will drive economic and societal growth through capabilities like zero-distance connectivity between people and machines.
5G wireless networks will support 1,000-fold gains
in capacity, connections for at least 100 billion
devices, and a 10 Gb/s individual user experience
capable of extremely low latency and response times.
Deployment of these networks will emerge between
2020 and 2030.
Future European society and economy will strongly rely on 5G infrastructure.
The impact will go far beyond existing wireless access networks with the aim for communication services, reachable everywhere, all the time, and faster. 5G is an opportunity for the European ICT sector which is already well positioned in the global R&D race. 5G technologies will be adopted and deployed globally in alignment with developed and emerging markets’ needs.
56_5G Wireless Communication Network Architecture and Its Key Enabling Techno...EdisonAndresZapataOc
The document summarizes a proposed 5G wireless communication network architecture with an indoor/outdoor segregated design using cloud-based radio access networks (C-RAN). It aims to address challenges of 4G like higher data rates and network capacity by leveraging emerging technologies like massive MIMO, device-to-device communication, visible light communication, ultra-dense networks, and millimeter wave technology, which would be managed by software defined networking/network function virtualization through the C-RAN. The new 5G architecture separates indoor and outdoor networks to avoid penetration losses associated with current designs and allow indoor users to connect to dedicated indoor access points for improved quality of experience.
The document provides India's national roadmap for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. It outlines opportunities for M2M applications across various sectors like smart cities, transportation, utilities and more. The roadmap discusses building out communication infrastructure to support M2M, aligning with global standards, and initiatives to promote M2M adoption and indigenous product manufacturing through programs like Make in India. It serves as a reference for stakeholders and aims to realize the goals of Digital India by facilitating widespread use of interconnected devices and services.
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
F2CDM: Internet of Things for Healthcare Network Based Fog-to-Cloud and Data-...Istabraq M. Al-Joboury
Internet of Things (IoT) evolves very rapidly over time, since everything such as sensors/actuators linked together from around the world with use of evolution of ubiquitous computing through the Internet. These devices have a unique IP address in order to communicate with each other and transmit data with features of wireless technologies. Fog computing or so called edge computing brings all Cloud features to embedded devices at edge network and adds more features to servers like pre-store data of Cloud, fast response, and generate overhasty users reporting. Fog mediates between Cloud and IoT devices and thus enables new types of computing and services. The future applications take the advantage of combing the two concepts Fog and Cloud in order to provide low delay Fog-based and high capacity of storage Cloud-based. This paper proposes an IoT architecture for healthcare network based on Fog to Cloud and Data in Motion (F2CDM). The proposed architecture is designed and implemented over three sites: Site 1 contains the embedded devices layer, Site 2 consists of the Fog network layer, while Site 3 consists of the Cloud network. The Fog layer is represented by a middleware server in Al-Nahrain University with temporary storage such that the data lives inside for 30 min. During this time, the selection of up-normality in behavior is send to the Cloud while the rest of the data is wiped out. On the other hand, the Cloud stores all the incoming data from Fog permanently. The F2CDM works using Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for fast response. The results show that all data can be monitored from the Fog in real time while the critical data can be monitored from Cloud. In addition, the response time is evaluated using traffic generator called Tsung. It has been found that the proposed architecture reduces traffic on Cloud network and provides better data analysis.
MASSIVE MACHINE TYPE COMMUNICATION TOWARDS 6G.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
This white paper explores key research directions for machine type communication (MTC) towards 6G networks by 2030. It discusses the main societal drivers of MTC, such as autonomous mobility and smart manufacturing. Representative MTC use cases are presented across various industries. Emerging MTC services are expected to have highly diverse requirements in terms of performance metrics like reliability, latency, energy efficiency, and scalability. The white paper investigates potential enabling technologies for building a holistic MTC network architecture in 6G that can efficiently support both massive and critical MTC services.
- Digital transformation requires high quality and affordable access to communication networks for all, which involves significantly upgrading infrastructure to address increasing demand from connected devices.
- Investing in fibre networks and mobile 5G is critical to support future technologies and the growing Internet of Things, with an estimated 20 billion connected devices by 2022.
- Promoting competition through infrastructure sharing, reducing barriers to investment, and addressing rural connectivity divides can encourage the investment needed to expand high-quality access.
Business Models for the Next Generation of Mobile Communications ijmnct
The Next Generation of mobile network 5G, which will be based on a high-speed wireless broadband
connection, could bring important changes to the way individuals and businesses employ
telecommunications services and solve the issues related to the explosive growth in demand for mobile
traffic, and the profitability decreasing of the mobile Broadband market. Therefore, the OMNs (Operator
Mobile Networks) should plan for deploying 5G mobile network beyond 2020, which is the expected year
for launching 5G. A business analysis study and mathematic modelling approach was considered. Also, a
new pricing model is proposed to be consistent with the growth of mobile broadband. The results show that
5G is very beneficial, not only because of its lower cost compared with 4G LTE, but also due to the
increment of average data consumptions offered by 5G mobile technologies and the increasing growth of
number of users. We also found that good analysis of Price Elasticity of Volume (PED) gives an important
margin of benefit. We confirm that the reuse of existing sites have a large impact on reducing costs when a
denser macro network deployed. However, we encountered a lack of the limited capacity related to the
macro sites and coverage limited with small cell solutions like femtocells, picocells deployed with 5G
millimeter Wave system and Wi-Fi.
Business models for the next generation of mobile communicationsijmnct
The Next Generation of mobile network 5G, which will be based on a high-speed wireless broadband connection, could bring important changes to the way individuals and businesses employ telecommunications services and solve the issues related to the explosive growth in demand for mobile
traffic, and the profitability decreasing of the mobile Broadband market. Therefore, the OMNs (Operator Mobile Networks) should plan for deploying 5G mobile network beyond 2020, which is the expected year for launching 5G. A business analysis study and mathematic modelling approach was considered. Also, a new pricing model is proposed to be consistent with the growth of mobile broadband. The results show that 5G is very beneficial, not only because of its lower cost compared with 4G LTE, but also due to the
increment of average data consumptions offered by 5G mobile technologies and the increasing growth of number of users. We also found that good analysis of Price Elasticity of Volume (PED) gives an important margin of benefit. We confirm that the reuse of existing sites have a large impact on reducing costs when a denser macro network deployed. However, we encountered a lack of the limited capacity related to the
macro sites and coverage limited with small cell solutions like femtocells, picocells deployed with 5G millimeter Wave system and Wi-Fi.
BUSINESS MODELS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSijmnct
The Next Generation of mobile network 5G, which will be based on a high-speed wireless broadband connection, could bring important changes to the way individuals and businesses employ
telecommunications services and solve the issues related to the explosive growth in demand for mobile traffic, and the profitability decreasing of the mobile Broadband market. Therefore, the OMNs (Operator Mobile Networks) should plan for deploying 5G mobile network beyond 2020, which is the expected year for launching 5G. A business analysis study and mathematic modelling approach was considered. Also, a
new pricing model is proposed to be consistent with the growth of mobile broadband. The results show that 5G is very beneficial, not only because of its lower cost compared with 4G LTE, but also due to the increment of average data consumptions offered by 5G mobile technologies and the increasing growth of
number of users. We also found that good analysis of Price Elasticity of Volume (PED) gives an important margin of benefit. We confirm that the reuse of existing sites have a large impact on reducing costs when a
denser macro network deployed. However, we encountered a lack of the limited capacity related to the macro sites and coverage limited with small cell solutions like femtocells, picocells deployed with 5G millimeter Wave system and Wi-Fi.
Fog computing scheduling algorithm for smart city IJECEIAES
With the advent of the number of smart devices across the globe, increasing the number of users using the Internet. The main aim of the fog computing (FC) paradigm is to connect huge number of smart objects (billions of objects) that can make a bright future for smart cities. Due to the large deployments of smart devices, devices are expected to generate huge amounts of data and forward the data through the Internet. FC also refers to an edge computing framework that mitigates the issue by applying the process of knowledge discovery using a data analysis approach to the edges. Thus, the FC approaches can work together with the internet of things (IoT) world, which can build a sustainable infrastructure for smart cities. In this paper, we propose a scheduling algorithm namely the weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling algorithm to execute the task from one fog node (FN) to another fog node to the cloud. Firstly, a fog simulator is used with the emergent concept of FC to design IoT infrastructure for smart cities. Then, spanning-tree routing (STP) protocol is used for data collection and routing. Further, 5G networks are proposed to establish fast transmission and communication between users. Finally, the performance of our proposed system is evaluated in terms of response time, latency, and amount of data used.
The document describes Sushant Mittal's 6 month internship project at Connectem Software Systems Private Limited where he automated LTE call flows and developed a Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) simulator. The project involved using Robot Framework to automate common LTE procedures like attach, detach, handover. It also included developing a wrapper in Python to run an existing PCRF simulator called Seagull.
This document discusses the vision and potential technologies for 6G wireless communication systems. It begins by outlining the exponential growth in mobile data usage and the need for a system beyond 5G to support emerging applications. 6G is expected to be implemented between 2027-2030 and aims to provide data rates of around 1 Tbps per user, latency below 1 ms, and connectivity 1000 times greater than 5G. Technologies like terahertz communications, artificial intelligence, 3D networking and quantum communications could help 6G achieve high performance while supporting applications in areas like autonomous systems, virtual reality and smart cities. The document also examines 6G requirements, the role of different technologies, challenges and research directions.
This document discusses NTT DOCOMO's 5G white paper on 5G radio access requirements, concepts, and technologies. It outlines the need for 5G due to growing mobile data usage and new services. 5G aims to meet stringent requirements including 100x higher system capacity, 100x more connected devices, near real-time latency under 1ms, and 100x typical user data rates. The white paper explores technical components to achieve this vision such as phantom cells, flexible duplexing, waveform design, massive MIMO, and non-orthogonal multiple access. It also highlights DOCOMO's 5G field trials and pre-standardization activities to enable an initial 5G deployment for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
This document discusses NTT DOCOMO's views on 5G mobile network requirements, concepts, and technologies. It outlines the need for 5G networks to support 1000x higher capacity, 100x more connected devices, and 1ms latency to enable new services like remote monitoring, augmented reality, and high resolution video. DOCOMO proposes a dual-layer 5G network using both existing lower bands for coverage and new higher bands for capacity. Key 5G technologies include exploiting massive MIMO, new waveforms, and non-orthogonal multiple access to achieve these goals and integrate lower and higher frequency bands.
This document discusses NTT DOCOMO's vision for 5G mobile networks. It outlines key market trends driving the need for 5G, including growth in mobile data traffic and new wireless services. The document then presents DOCOMO's 5G requirements, including achieving 100x higher system capacity, 100x higher data rates, support for 100x more connected devices, reduced latency under 1ms, and energy/cost savings. Technical components for 5G discussed include phantom cells, flexible duplexing, waveform design, massive MIMO and non-orthogonal multiple access. DOCOMO is conducting field trials with vendors toward an initial 5G deployment for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
5G wireless networks will support massive connectivity and capacity increases to enable new technologies and applications between 2020 and 2030. 5G will realize ultra-fast and low latency connectivity for both people and devices through advanced wireless technologies built upon existing standards like LTE as well as new radio access technologies. Key technology drivers for 5G include developments in mobile broadband speeds, spectrum and infrastructure to support applications like smart cities, industrial automation, and virtual and augmented reality.
5G will enable 1,000-fold gains in network capacity and connections for 100 billion devices. It will provide 10 Gbps speeds and extremely low latency. 5G networks using new and evolved wireless technologies will emerge between 2020-2030. Breakthroughs in 5G will drive economic and societal growth through capabilities like zero-distance connectivity between people and machines.
5G wireless networks will support 1,000-fold gains
in capacity, connections for at least 100 billion
devices, and a 10 Gb/s individual user experience
capable of extremely low latency and response times.
Deployment of these networks will emerge between
2020 and 2030.
Future European society and economy will strongly rely on 5G infrastructure.
The impact will go far beyond existing wireless access networks with the aim for communication services, reachable everywhere, all the time, and faster. 5G is an opportunity for the European ICT sector which is already well positioned in the global R&D race. 5G technologies will be adopted and deployed globally in alignment with developed and emerging markets’ needs.
56_5G Wireless Communication Network Architecture and Its Key Enabling Techno...EdisonAndresZapataOc
The document summarizes a proposed 5G wireless communication network architecture with an indoor/outdoor segregated design using cloud-based radio access networks (C-RAN). It aims to address challenges of 4G like higher data rates and network capacity by leveraging emerging technologies like massive MIMO, device-to-device communication, visible light communication, ultra-dense networks, and millimeter wave technology, which would be managed by software defined networking/network function virtualization through the C-RAN. The new 5G architecture separates indoor and outdoor networks to avoid penetration losses associated with current designs and allow indoor users to connect to dedicated indoor access points for improved quality of experience.
The document provides India's national roadmap for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. It outlines opportunities for M2M applications across various sectors like smart cities, transportation, utilities and more. The roadmap discusses building out communication infrastructure to support M2M, aligning with global standards, and initiatives to promote M2M adoption and indigenous product manufacturing through programs like Make in India. It serves as a reference for stakeholders and aims to realize the goals of Digital India by facilitating widespread use of interconnected devices and services.
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
F2CDM: Internet of Things for Healthcare Network Based Fog-to-Cloud and Data-...Istabraq M. Al-Joboury
Internet of Things (IoT) evolves very rapidly over time, since everything such as sensors/actuators linked together from around the world with use of evolution of ubiquitous computing through the Internet. These devices have a unique IP address in order to communicate with each other and transmit data with features of wireless technologies. Fog computing or so called edge computing brings all Cloud features to embedded devices at edge network and adds more features to servers like pre-store data of Cloud, fast response, and generate overhasty users reporting. Fog mediates between Cloud and IoT devices and thus enables new types of computing and services. The future applications take the advantage of combing the two concepts Fog and Cloud in order to provide low delay Fog-based and high capacity of storage Cloud-based. This paper proposes an IoT architecture for healthcare network based on Fog to Cloud and Data in Motion (F2CDM). The proposed architecture is designed and implemented over three sites: Site 1 contains the embedded devices layer, Site 2 consists of the Fog network layer, while Site 3 consists of the Cloud network. The Fog layer is represented by a middleware server in Al-Nahrain University with temporary storage such that the data lives inside for 30 min. During this time, the selection of up-normality in behavior is send to the Cloud while the rest of the data is wiped out. On the other hand, the Cloud stores all the incoming data from Fog permanently. The F2CDM works using Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for fast response. The results show that all data can be monitored from the Fog in real time while the critical data can be monitored from Cloud. In addition, the response time is evaluated using traffic generator called Tsung. It has been found that the proposed architecture reduces traffic on Cloud network and provides better data analysis.
MASSIVE MACHINE TYPE COMMUNICATION TOWARDS 6G.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
This white paper explores key research directions for machine type communication (MTC) towards 6G networks by 2030. It discusses the main societal drivers of MTC, such as autonomous mobility and smart manufacturing. Representative MTC use cases are presented across various industries. Emerging MTC services are expected to have highly diverse requirements in terms of performance metrics like reliability, latency, energy efficiency, and scalability. The white paper investigates potential enabling technologies for building a holistic MTC network architecture in 6G that can efficiently support both massive and critical MTC services.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for the book "IoT and Low-Power Wireless: Circuits, Architectures, and Techniques". The book is edited by Christopher Siu and Krzysztof Iniewski and contains 12 chapters covering various topics related to Internet of Things (IoT) and low-power wireless technologies. The table of contents lists the chapter titles and authors for each chapter in the book. The document also provides information about the book series that this book is part of.
RANDOM MAC OPTIMIZATION FOR IOT COMMUNICATION.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing random MAC protocols for IoT communication. It begins by introducing the growth of IoT and issues with collisions that can occur without central coordination. It then discusses how IRSA and CRDSA protocols attempt to reduce collisions by using random repetition of packets. The document reviews the history of IoT and key technologies like TCP/IP that enabled its development. Finally, it outlines important characteristics of IoT like scalability, critical applications, and the need for low-cost communication protocols to support the large number of connected devices expected in the future.
Multi-slot Coded ALOHA with Irregular Degree.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
This document proposes an improvement to the Multi-slot Coded ALOHA (MuSCA) random multiple access scheme for satellite communications. The improvement involves applying variable code rates and irregular user degree distributions, where the code rate and degree for each user are selected according to a probability distribution. This allows the system to achieve higher throughput compared to the original MuSCA scheme and other related schemes like Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted ALOHA (CRDSA). The document describes how the system would work, including encoding data into codewords that are split into multiple bursts and transmitted on random slots, and decoding the received signal using successive interference cancellation. It analyzes the potential throughput gain from optimizing the irregular degree distribution.
Machine-Type-Communication in 5G Cellular System-Li_Yue_PhD_2018.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
This document is a dissertation submitted by Yue Li for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Victoria. The dissertation focuses on improving transmission efficiency for machine-type communication (MTC) devices in 5G cellular systems. Specifically, it proposes applying network coding and device-to-device communications to MTC devices to improve efficiency. It also proposes using floating relays deployed via unmanned aerial vehicles to proactively improve channel quality for MTC devices experiencing high shadowing. The dissertation provides theoretical analyses and performance evaluations of the proposed approaches.
Graph-based Random-Access Protocols for Massive Multiple Access Networks.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
The document is a dissertation submitted by Shun Ogata for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It proposes novel random access schemes for massive multiple access networks using frameless ALOHA. Specifically, it proposes ZigZag decodable frameless ALOHA, which introduces ZigZag decoding to resolve collisions in frameless ALOHA. It also proposes frameless ALOHA with multiple base station cooperation, where base stations share retrieved packets over a backhaul network. Finally, it combines ZigZag decoding and multiple base station cooperation in a single scheme. Analysis and simulations show the proposed schemes achieve higher throughput than conventional schemes.
This document is the thesis submitted by Oscar del Río Herrero for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Universitat Ramon Llull in Barcelona, Spain in 2015. The thesis proposes three novel random access schemes for satellite communications: Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted Aloha (CRDSA), Asynchronous Contention Resolution Diversity Aloha (ACRDA), and Enhanced Spread Spectrum Aloha (E-SSA). CRDSA uses strong error correction codes and successive interference cancellation to achieve high throughput for slotted systems. ACRDA extends this technique to unslotted systems using spreading sequences. E-SSA applies similar concepts to spread spectrum systems. The performance of the schemes is
Extended LTE Coverage for Indoor Machine Type Communication.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
This document discusses extending LTE coverage for indoor machine type communication. It proposes using repetition to increase coverage without requiring hardware upgrades. Simulations show that with a 20 dB coverage increase through repetition, coverage can be almost complete for inter-site distances up to 2500 m, where standard LTE has gaps. Higher resource usage is required but the number of supported users is limited more by coverage at longer distances than resources. Uplink performance is also evaluated through link and system level simulations.
Key Enabling Technologies of 5G Wireless Mobile Communication.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
The document discusses key enabling technologies of 5G wireless mobile communication. It provides an overview of 5G technology, including its features such as high speed, low latency and high capacity. It describes 5G's equipment providers and the countries that have conducted early experiments with 5G including India, South Korea and San Marino. The document outlines 5G's architecture and discusses several key enabling technologies that are used in 5G networks, such as device-to-device communication, machine-to-machine communication, and millimeter wave technology.
This document proposes a new random access method called coherent contention resolution diversity slotted ALOHA (C-CRDSA) to improve the throughput of existing contention resolution diversity slotted ALOHA (CRDSA) for satellite Internet of Things systems. C-CRDSA accumulates replicated packets coherently at the receiver to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and enable better interference cancellation. It uses a sliding window approach to coherently accumulate potential virtual subframes across the access frame. Simulation results show C-CRDSA improves throughput, especially under heavy loads, by leveraging the diversity and coherence of transmitted packets.
The document discusses coded slotted ALOHA (CSA) and other coded random access schemes for massive machine-type communications. It begins with background on the increasing problem of multiple access for large populations of users. It then reviews classical random access schemes like slotted ALOHA and more modern coded schemes like CRDSA, IRSA, and CSA. CSA uses error correcting codes, where users transmit encoded segments of data over randomly selected slots, allowing throughput higher than traditional schemes to be achieved without feedback. The performance of CSA and related protocols is analyzed using a bipartite graph representation and density evolution techniques from coding theory.
Finite-Length Performance Analysis of Slotted ALOHA-Thesis.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
Finite-Length Performance Analysis of Slotted ALOHA with Interference Cancellation analyzes the performance of Irregular Repetition Slotted ALOHA (IRSA) for finite frame lengths. It develops a matrix-based analysis to derive a semi-analytical expression for packet loss rate. Through computer simulations, it shows the proposed analysis allows exact computation of packet loss rate for small user numbers and frame lengths, unlike previous asymptotic analyses for infinite users and frames.
6G Internet of Things - A Comprehensive Survey.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
The document provides a comprehensive survey of the convergence of 6G technologies and Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses how 6G is expected to empower future IoT networks through technologies like edge intelligence, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, terahertz communications, and blockchain. It then explores the opportunities brought by 6G for various emerging IoT applications in domains like healthcare, vehicular networking, satellites, and industry. The survey identifies key research challenges in areas such as security, energy efficiency, and standardization and points to potential directions for future 6G-IoT research.
Frameless ALOHA is a random access protocol inspired by rateless codes that uses successive interference cancellation (SIC) to resolve packet collisions. It operates without a predefined frame length, adding slots until a stopping criterion is met like resolving a certain fraction of users. The analysis shows the protocol can achieve high throughput asymptotically by optimizing the slot access probability. The capture effect from stronger signals can further boost performance by enabling intra-slot SIC. Noise impacts the achievable throughput, requiring higher optimized slot degrees to counter its effects.
This document presents a thesis that analyzes random access protocols for satellite networks considering multipacket reception over block fading channels. It begins with a review of random access protocols like slotted ALOHA. It then discusses collision and block fading channel models and threshold-based decoding in the absence and presence of coding. It develops probability matrices for multipacket reception when the number of packets is 2 or 3. It also analyzes irregular repetition slotted ALOHA (IRSA) through graphical representations and generating distributions. It evaluates the theoretical bounds and provides simulations comparing different distributions. Finally, it presents various numerical results analyzing the performance of slotted ALOHA, coded slotted ALOHA and IRSA under different channel conditions.
Simulation analysis of key technology optimization of 5G.pdfYAAKOVSOLOMON1
This research article analyzes how 5G mobile communication technology and Internet of Things (IoT) technology can be integrated. It discusses key technologies like cell breathing and base station dormancy that can decrease base station energy consumption while maintaining communication quality. Simulation results show that in dense and uniform user distribution scenarios, these technologies improve system capacity and communication quality while ensuring user fairness. The analysis verifies that optimizing 5G networks through technologies like massive MIMO and ultra-dense networks can better support the development of IoT.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
Massive MTC An Overview and Perspectives Towards 5G (2).pdf
1. Massive Machine-Type Communications: An
Overview and Perspectives Towards 5G
Ivan Jovović*, Ivan Forenbacher*, Marko Periša*
* University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences,
Department of Information and Communication Traffic,
Zagreb, Republic of Croatia, EU
ivan.jovovic@fpz.hr, ivan.forenbacher@fpz.hr, marko.perisa@fpz.hr
Abstract–This paper provides an overview of the development and
possible use-case scenarios of the new generation of mobile
communication systems known as Next Generation Mobile
Network (NGMN). As predicted, current exploitation of the
fourth generation mobile communication systems (4G) will reach
50 billion connected devices by 2020. Expectations are that its
successor, currently developing fifth generation (5G), is going to
be operable by 2020. This new generation of mobile
communication systems tends to become a technology platform
that will enable the development of new applications, business
models, industries, such as massive machine-type
communications. This will be possible primarily through the
creation of acceptable ecosystem that could provide a massive
machine-type communication using a single platform based on
the Internet of Things (IoT) concept. NGMN enables the
integration of all so far known and used machine-type
communications, creating an environment of smart cities and a
fully networked society under the new concept of Internet of
Everything (IoE). However, such network also poses specific
performance requirements reflected through higher transmission
speeds, higher data volumes, reduced energy consumption, higher
quality of service, and growth in the number of services and users
of currently deployed mobile generation.
Keywords-Next Generation Mobile Network, 5G, Machine Type
Communication, Internet of Things, Internet of Everything
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, mobile communications have a significant
impact on the society and are an important factor in economic
development and computerization of society. After a number of
generations and the current commercialization of 4G mobile
communication systems (MCS) it is expected that the
upcoming 5G is going to be operable by 2020 [1] [2] [3] [4].
Up to this period, 5G is emerging as one of the main fields of
research and development [4] [5]. Predictions [6] [7] [8]
suggest that 5G will contribute to creating a fully mobile and
connected society, which will result with a stronger socio-
economic progress of the community.
Over the past decades, the development of information and
communication (IC) and computer technology has resulted in
universal computerization of society, including the application
of various telematics solutions. Telematics solutions have
found their purpose primarily in the field of traffic and
transport, through the implementation of the Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS) [9]. However, telematics
solutions are experiencing continuous increase of application
fields and various users, including the large number of
smartphone users, owners of the digital gas meters with the
possibility of remote control, owners of smart vehicles, owners
of smart homes, telemedicine service users, etc.
More recently, no less important are daily use of
technologies such as communication between machines (M2M,
Machine to Machine), the devices (D2D, Device to Device) or
the vehicles (V2V, Vehicle to Vehicle) and the use of
associated services and applications [10]. The goal is to
consolidate all so far known and used machine-type
communications (MTC, Machine Type Communication)
through a single infrastructure. MTC technology is based on
the idea that machines have a growing value proportional to the
number of the networked units [11]. This would result in the
concept of IoE and the possibility of creating a smart cities
environment and a fully networked society by simple
increasing the number of networked machines [12] [13] [14].
Currently, total number of all existing networked machines
is hundreds of millions, and the annual growth rate is around
25%. As a result, it is expected that by 2020 the total number of
networked machines (equipment, vehicles, goods, etc.) will
reach 50 billion [7] [10] [15]. Therefore, network operators will
be able to expand their business activities, service portfolios
and increase revenues. This technology, combined with the
existing ones, has a high potential for the development of future
applications. Authors in [6] [7] defined six fields of application
which will result with an increase of machine-type
communication in a few years from now: (1) automatization
and the structural control of buildings, (2) transport and
logistics, (3) health, (4) public safety and supervision, (5)
monitoring of environmental and utility services, and (6)
monitoring of power plants and electric energy distribution.
Therefore, the authors find this field very important in the
upcoming time period of 2015-2020. Until then, complete
MTC communication (MMC, Massive Machine
Communication / mM2M, massive Machine to Machine
communication / mMTC, massive Machine Type
Communication) will pave the way for a significant increase of
new networked machines, equipment and / or vehicles
providing the new innovative services and applications.
Consequently, as predicted, in a ten year period from now, this
will result with the creation of new ecosystem based on the
mentioned IoE concept [16] [17]. The main objective of this
paper is to provide an overview of the main focus fields of
2. development and implementation of mMTC communication
that will be possible with the advent of 5G networks.
II. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIFTH-GENERATION OF
MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
With every new MCS generation it was possible to
experience two times higher speeds of data transfer than it was
in the previous generation [18]. In NGMN system, i.e. 5G
MCS, one of the main requirements are the increase of data
speeds and capacity with the significant reduction of latency
level. Figure 1 shows the comparison of latency level between
4G and 5G networks [2].
The integration of new services and applications is just as
important as increasing the speed of data transfer and / or
reducing the level of latency. 5G will be the MCS that uses its
architecture and functionalities to enable the full
implementation of services based on the IoT concept. This will
result with a completely new communications between
different types of machines (M2M, D2D, V2V, etc.) regardless
of whether they're mobile, far apart or interconnected with
different IC access technologies. With the advent of new
services and the increase of the number of terminal devices, 5G
MCS will increase the range of access requests for a mobile
connection to the Internet network (MBB, Mobile Broadband)
[19] [20].
Required transmission speeds vary based on the volume of
the transferable data. The range starts from a very low level for
sensor systems to very high level for the transfer of Ultra High
Definition (UHD) video files. These requirements are reflected
in the expected level of latency that will have to be low, as for
security applications (emergency services, e-call about a car
accident, alarm systems e-maintenance, etc.). However, there
will also be services and applications that will be latency
agnostic [21]. In addition, the size of the packets will vary from
small to large, depending whether it’s a smartphone
applications or file transfer application, respectively. Figure 2
provides an overview of the range of data transmission speeds
between 4G and 5G MCS.
MCS 5G will enable ubiquitous provisioning of access to a
wide array of services and software solutions. As a result, this
will have an impact on daily routines, thus allowing continuous
progress of the overall society with a significant reduction in
energy consumption [22]. An important feature of 5G networks
is also the higher level of security which is reflected in a higher
level of privacy for business and private users, and data
protection.
5G systems will bring significant improvements for users
and for network operators. Compared with today's networks,
the greater efficiency of the use of radio spectrum and the
application of mMIMO (massive Multiple Input Multiple
Output) will increase the capacity resulting with an average
mobile data speeds up to 1 Gbps [16]. By reducing the latency
to 1 ms, it will be possible to send a larger amount of
multimedia content. Because of these new features, it is
expected to connect potentially one trillion of terminal devices
that will have smaller dimensions and greater battery
autonomy. In order to assure a certain level of quality of
service, reliability of service will amount to 99.999% [3] [4]
[20] [23] [24] [25]. Figure 3 shows a comparison of the main
parameters of the 4G and 5G networks.
Figure 1 - Latency levels between 4G and 5G systems [30]
5
1
50
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
E2E Latency (ms)
Air Latency (ms)
4G 5G
Figure 2 - Comparison of data transfer speeds between 4G and 5G systems [30]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4G 5G
Minimum speed
(Gbps)
Maximum speed
(Gbps)
Figure 3 - The range of minimum expected requirements between 4G and 5G
systems [4]
3. The operators’ capital expenditure will be lower due to the
cost-effectiveness of IC equipment [26] [27]. This is because
the future core network of the 5G system will have the ability
to dynamically configure the characteristics of communication
hardware according to different standards. At the same time,
there will be an integration of different technologies such as
nanotechnology and Cloud communications [20] [1] [28].
Furthermore, it is expected that the IoT concept and 5G
network will penetrate into various industries where they can
contribute to interconnection and integration of different
industrial facilities, medical equipment, vehicles, etc. [17] In
this way, this upcoming trend will meet required demands
(which are impossible on 4G technologies to such an extent)
for diverse services, including production services, medical
services, transportation and other industries, thus resulting with
a completely new concept and ecosystem based on the IoE
paradigm.
III. PERSPECTIVES TOWARDS MASSIVE MACHINE-TYPE
COMMUNICATIONS AND 5G
5G MCS will enable a complete implementation of the IoT
concept, along with the advance of all machine-type
communications through a single infrastructure (a prerequisite
for MMC communications). Although most of the applications
(such as M2M) transmit a small volume of data between end-
devices (sensors, smart meters, etc.), it is predicted that a
number of these new end-devices in the next few years will
reach up to 50 billion. As a result, this will make maintenance
and planning of today’s telecommunications networks
expensive and complicated. [29] During the same period, an
increase in the number of terminal devices will increase the
volume of generated data traffic up to ten times [30].
A. Internet of Things concept
IoT is the concept of the information and communication
network, where objects (“things”) from diverse environments
are mutual connected into a single large-scale network based on
the Internet Protocol (IP) [31]. As a result, all these connected
objects are part of a single converged ecosystem. The IoT is the
basis for the development of smart environments such as smart
homes, roads, factories, cities, etc. The term IoT was first used
in 1999. However, IoT is very popular during the past several
years. The formal introduction of the IoT concept was in 2005
with the release of the IUT-T (International
Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication
Standardization Sector) report [32]. The development of IoT
will allow each device around us to communicate with other
devices. IoT consists of smart machines interacting with other
machines, objects, things, environment and infrastructure [33].
Therefore, M2M communication it’s often associated with
MTC IoT concept, which is the integral part of today's IoT
concept. The common characteristic of IoT and M2M concepts
is the remote device access [34]. IoT connects the computer
with the things (machines, devices, sensors, products, etc.),
systems (business applications, support systems, analytical
systems, data warehouses, control systems, etc.), and people
(customers, employees, partners and customers).
IoT usually integrates the sensor data with analytics and
business applications to improve productivity, service, and
increase production and market share [6]. Some of the main
challenges that accompany the implementation of the IoT
concept include security, privacy and trust, managing
heterogeneity, limited network capacity, managing large
amounts of information and processing large amounts of data
in order to provide useful information / services and enable the
efficient regulatory policy in the field of IoT.
B. Internet of Everything Concept
In contrast to IoT, IoE includes interconnection of people,
objects, things, data and processes. IoT will reach its full
potential during the next five years. In fact, IoT concept is a
transitional technology. On the other hand, IoE concept
encompasses a number of technologies including the IoT as a
transitional technology.
The usefulness of IoE will result from the impact obtained
by interconnecting people, processes, and data over IP network,
(Figure 5). Figure 6 shows the evolution of Internet-of-X
concept starting with Internet of People (IoP, connecting
people), followed by IoT concept, which will finally result with
interconnection of everything as a part of IoE concept. IoE
concept will create new opportunities for providing services to
various individuals, organizations, communities and countries.
There is extraordinary potential of the IoE concept.
According to the research conducted by Cisco Systems Inc.
Corporation, 99.4% of physical objects that will one day be a
part of the IoE concept aren't currently interconnected [35]. Not
only that these objects (things) do not make the connection, but
they aren't even a part of the IoT world. This is primarily
because there are no such services that would result with the
interconnection of these devices.
Figure 5 - Entities forming Internet of Everything concept [13]
4. Development of the 5G MCS will have an impact on
economics, especially on the private sector. This is because of
the simultaneous development of 5G objects, services and
applications. Predictions claim that the interconnection of the
currently unconnected objects may result with a total profit of
$19 trillion; only private sector will make a profit of $14.4
trillion [35]. Connection of the objects will most commonly be
performed through 5G MCS with the use of full
communication functionality of machines such as the MMC,
People to Machine communications (P2M), V2V, V2I, direct
D2D (dD2D), etc.
C. Massive Machine-Type Communication
Through the IoE concept, MMC communication will enable
the connection of tens of billions of IP-based devices through
5G MCS. For example, as shown on Figure 7, 5G will be a
systematic part of the Smart Cities in which 5G services and
applications will have an impact on smart networked
households (Domotics), smart/intelligent vehicles, tele surgery,
fun, and time-critical applications that require an immediate
reaction [36] [37].
MMC concept includes a set of radio ICT and techniques,
thus enabling the expected growth rate in the number of
terminal devices and related services and applications. These
access technologies are divided into three types [19] [3]:
• Direct access, terminal devices connect and
communicate via direct access node
• Aggregation point access
• MTC communication between devices
The development of ICT and related services is gradually
changing complete society in the last 20 years as well as the
habits of each individual. However these are only the
foundations for social changes which will follow after the
implementation of future IC networks. For example, more than
a third of the world population is nowadays constantly
connected to the Internet; smartphones are becoming more and
more popular and the development of mobile sector is
expecting 4 billion users by 2017. NGMN will be the first
complete system to fully implement converged IC network in
which wired and/or wireless communications technologies will
be using a single infrastructure [2]. Described 5G IC
infrastructure will be the base for the development of fully
interconnected society.
Figure 7 - Examples of application of Internet of Everything concept based on
5G
Figure 6 - The evolution of mobile communication systems and supporting services in the period from 2000 to 2040 [5]
5. The adoption of these services and applications is part of
the IoT / IoE ecosystem. In particular, the 5G era will be
characterized with a fully interconnection of all things [37].
Mobile network services, which were until recently limited
only to smartphones, are gradually introduced to devices such
as smart watches and sunglasses. In near future, each person
will have several such devices.
D. Direct Device to Device Communication
As previously described, the MMC communication and the
supporting IoT / IoE services provided via 5G platform will
tend toward the creation of a fully networked and connected
society. In a fully connected ecosystem enabled by 5G, the
important role will play the ability to connect objects via D2D,
i.e. dD2D technology [38]. D2D communication is
implemented within the 4G MCS but it’s not widely operable,
mainly because of its still limiting performance (level of
latency, capacity, data rate, the level of confidence, etc.).
Consequently, D2D will not become a part of everyday
operable technologies primarily because due to these
limitations when compared with its direct competitor - V2V
solutions based on VANET (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks)
technology.
Although the VANET solutions have their disadvantages,
they are developed for the specific environment and their
usability in V2V communication is currently more prominent.
However, the concept of NGMN and earlier NGN (Next
Generation Network) system are designed for all-IP
communication via single infrastructure. This will result with
the convergence between different access and transmission
technologies. Therefore, it was decided that one part of MTC
communication will be enabled by dD2D technology over 5G
[39]. Unlike the original D2D concept, dD2D will allow the
planning and implementation of V2V communication within
the IoE ecosystem. As mentioned earlier, with the development
and implementation of 5G, several V2V requirements will be
met, such as low latency of 1ms, default 99.999% reliability of
communications, high availability and dependability and low
failure rates [23] [3].
CONCLUSION
The main objective of this paper was to present an insight
into future developments, possible implementation and key
features of the massive machine-type communication by
introducing 5G. It is expected that in the next five years, mobile
networks are going to experience a significant change
compared to the current state. Transmission rate will be higher,
the number of users and associated machines will increase by
10-100 times, and the traffic volume will increase up to 1000
times. It is necessary to consider the entire field as it opens new
opportunities for network operators, service providers, and
users within the value chain.
IC development and computer technologies have evolved
simultaneously with the telematics systems and their field of
application. Although the application of telematics solutions
has its wider exploitation within the application segment of
ITS, in the past decade their application is found in other fields
as well. This is mainly due to the development of MTC
Communications and later to the development of modern MCS
and wider use of the accompanying smartphones. Virtual
connection of all types of devices such as, home appliances,
vehicles, industrial machinery, vending machines, computers,
etc. is becoming easier. The development of the IC networks
and their environments, such as the MCS and WLAN with
reduced size, high performance, and low-cost communication
hardware has enabled easier way of connecting almost
everything from the everyday living environment.
Today, MTC communication is possible even for devices
that until a few years ago were not designed with the purpose
of network communication, such as, air conditioners, gas
meters, vehicles, televisions, and the list is still growing. MTC
technologies such as M2M, D2D and V2V are becoming a
reality and an everyday need through the concept of IoT.
Communication of all these things through the IoT concept
allows them to communicate directly with and without human
intervention (automatic process control, monitoring and
collection of data between devices, providing services through
devices, etc.). A significant number of things/objects will find
their application in IoT segment through various fields of
activity (expectations are that by 2020, 50 billion things are
going to be globally connected into one ecosystem).
In order to globally realize a trend and a plan for
development of ICT and related services, it is necessary to fully
develop 5G MCS as a single platform for the successful
provision of cutting edge IC and telematics services. Estimated
completion of the development and start of the implementation
is beyond 2020. To realize all the predictions of the
technological development, 5G networks in relation to the
current MCS will have to assure significant improvements,
particularly the increase of capacity, multiple increases of data
speeds, and a high level of reliability, availability and
dependability with low levels of latency in the network. As a
result, this will allow a massive MTC communication that will
contribute to IoT concept which will become a part of everyday
life and enable transition to IoE concept.
IoE concept will bring a significant change for the society.
It will change the way people live and contribute to the higher
quality of life. With such development of ICT, implementation
of new 5G MCS, and provision of various IoE services, it’s
possible to make MMC homes, roads, vehicles, cities,
countries, etc. an integral part of an instrumented world of
widely distributed artificial intelligence in which almost
everything becomes a communication unit (objects, things).
Those machines in the common ecosystem interact with each
other and solve complex tasks, often independently without any
human intervention. Maintenance of buildings, bridges, roads,
etc. will be raised to a higher level with the possibility of
remote e-maintenance assisted with sensors and software as
part of MMC and IoE world. Options for the application of
modern telematics solutions are almost limitless and the
development and the implementation of 5G MCS will create a
platform for their exploitation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research has been carried out as part of the project
"Research of the context of the use of smart mobile devices and
related information and communication services”, funded as
6. part of the program “Short-term Financial Support of
Research”, University of Zagreb, 2015.
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