The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th generation, which presupposes an increase of the information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have been the most demandedones by 2020.
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
Abstract: With the expanding requests in the field of versatile and information interchanges, the sole point is to associate clients as quick as could be expected under the circumstances. 4G gives high portability fast information rates furthermore underpins high limit IP-based administrations and applications while it too keeps up full in reverse similarity. It is additionally in light of remote correspondence that is IP construct and is slated in light of Advanced MIMO innovation. WiMAX, LTE, Advanced LTE Technologies, and so forth are part of 4G. In this paper, we depict what the 4G innovation really is counting its Technical perspectives, Key Features, Challenges, and so forth and how simple it is to execute 4G demonstrating its Cost viability. A few suggestions has been made with a specific end goal to comprehend the best possible focal points and difficulties of 4G System for powerful usage, for e.g.: 4G Network access requires expansive number of Transmitters and Collectors in the Device which bring about substantial utilization of battery. This paper underscores on such obliges and its evacuation. Further, use of multimode programming is clarified by which diverse systems can be kept up. Another proposition of Coding Strategies for 4G Wireless Networks if there should be an occurrence of Video is specified in the paper. At last, a depiction of Future Technologies, for example, 5G, 6G and 7G has been given which has monstrous degree for creative examination and improvement.
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR MACHINE TO MACHINE COMMUNICATION IN SOFTNET TOWARDS 5Gijwmn
Machine to Machine communication or M2M, refers to a model of communication where devices communicate directly with each other using the available wired or wireless channels. M2M is a new concept proposed under 3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project); several research are working on providing solutions for M2M communication for the 5G networks. Challenges associated with M2M communication are the lack of standards, security, poor infrastructure, interoperability and diverse architecture. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism called TM2M5G (The Machine to Machine for 5G) based on SOFTNET platform which results in support of 5G heterogeneous network. In this paper, we
propose the architecture for M2M communication based on SOFTNET and provide new features support like security algorithms for data transmission among devices and scheduling algorithm for seamless transmission of data packets over the network. Finallysimulation results ofthis algorithm based on a system level simulator, considering two different approaches for analyzing the parameters such as delay, throughput and bandwidth are presented.
The prediction of mobile data traffic based on the ARIMA model and disruptive...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Disruptive technologies, which are caused by the cellular evolution including
the Internet of Things (IoT), have significantly contributed data traffic to the mobile
telecommunication network in the era of Industry 4.0. These technologies cause
erroneous predictions prompting mobile operators to upgrade their network, which
leads to revenue loss. Besides, the inaccuracy of network prediction also creates
a bottleneck problem that affects the performance of the telecommunication network,
especially on the mobile backhaul. We propose a new technique to predict more
accurate data traffic. This research used a univariate Autoregressive Integrated Moving
Average (ARIMA) model combined with a new disruptive formula. Another model,
called a disruptive formula, uses a judgmental approach based on four variables:
Political, Economic, Social, Technological (PEST), cost, time to market, and market
share. The disruptive formula amplifies the ARIMA calculation as a new combination
formula from the judgmental and statistical approach. The results show that
the disruptive formula combined with the ARIMA model has a low error in mobile
data forecasting compared to the conventional ARIMA. The conventional ARIMA
shows the average mobile data traffic to be 49.19 Mb/s and 156.93 Mb/s for the 3G and
4G, respectively; whereas the ARIMA with disruptive formula shows more optimized
traffic, reaching 56.72 Mb/s and 199.73 Mb/s. The higher values in the ARIMA with
disruptive formula are closest to the prediction of the mobile data forecast. This result
suggests that the combination of statistical and computational approach provide more
accurate prediction method for the mobile backhaul networks.
A SURVEY ON OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN CELLULAR NETWORK FOR MOBILE DA...ijwmn
Currently cellular networks are overloaded, due to rapid growth of various smartphone applications. With
the arrival of 3G and 4G network technologies mobile data traffic has been growing at an unprecedented
pace and increasingly surpassing the network capacity. Mobile data offloading is an effective network
congestion demotion approach to solve the overload issue through opportunistic communication. It is a
beneficiary approach, because there is no monetary cost for it. Subscribe Send Architecture and
Opportunistic forwarding protocol plays a vital role during offloading by allowing users to subscribe the
contents but does not download the subscribed content on the Content Service Provider thereby network
traffic reduces up to a greater extent. A quantitative study on performance evaluation of opportunistic
routing protocols like Epidemic, Spray and Wait, ProPhet and MaxProp are discussed in this paper. We
have compared these protocols based on few performance metrics like overhead ratio, delivery probability
and average latency. Our simulation results verify that MaxProp performs well and can offload cellular
traffic effectively.
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
Abstract: With the expanding requests in the field of versatile and information interchanges, the sole point is to associate clients as quick as could be expected under the circumstances. 4G gives high portability fast information rates furthermore underpins high limit IP-based administrations and applications while it too keeps up full in reverse similarity. It is additionally in light of remote correspondence that is IP construct and is slated in light of Advanced MIMO innovation. WiMAX, LTE, Advanced LTE Technologies, and so forth are part of 4G. In this paper, we depict what the 4G innovation really is counting its Technical perspectives, Key Features, Challenges, and so forth and how simple it is to execute 4G demonstrating its Cost viability. A few suggestions has been made with a specific end goal to comprehend the best possible focal points and difficulties of 4G System for powerful usage, for e.g.: 4G Network access requires expansive number of Transmitters and Collectors in the Device which bring about substantial utilization of battery. This paper underscores on such obliges and its evacuation. Further, use of multimode programming is clarified by which diverse systems can be kept up. Another proposition of Coding Strategies for 4G Wireless Networks if there should be an occurrence of Video is specified in the paper. At last, a depiction of Future Technologies, for example, 5G, 6G and 7G has been given which has monstrous degree for creative examination and improvement.
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR MACHINE TO MACHINE COMMUNICATION IN SOFTNET TOWARDS 5Gijwmn
Machine to Machine communication or M2M, refers to a model of communication where devices communicate directly with each other using the available wired or wireless channels. M2M is a new concept proposed under 3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project); several research are working on providing solutions for M2M communication for the 5G networks. Challenges associated with M2M communication are the lack of standards, security, poor infrastructure, interoperability and diverse architecture. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism called TM2M5G (The Machine to Machine for 5G) based on SOFTNET platform which results in support of 5G heterogeneous network. In this paper, we
propose the architecture for M2M communication based on SOFTNET and provide new features support like security algorithms for data transmission among devices and scheduling algorithm for seamless transmission of data packets over the network. Finallysimulation results ofthis algorithm based on a system level simulator, considering two different approaches for analyzing the parameters such as delay, throughput and bandwidth are presented.
The prediction of mobile data traffic based on the ARIMA model and disruptive...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Disruptive technologies, which are caused by the cellular evolution including
the Internet of Things (IoT), have significantly contributed data traffic to the mobile
telecommunication network in the era of Industry 4.0. These technologies cause
erroneous predictions prompting mobile operators to upgrade their network, which
leads to revenue loss. Besides, the inaccuracy of network prediction also creates
a bottleneck problem that affects the performance of the telecommunication network,
especially on the mobile backhaul. We propose a new technique to predict more
accurate data traffic. This research used a univariate Autoregressive Integrated Moving
Average (ARIMA) model combined with a new disruptive formula. Another model,
called a disruptive formula, uses a judgmental approach based on four variables:
Political, Economic, Social, Technological (PEST), cost, time to market, and market
share. The disruptive formula amplifies the ARIMA calculation as a new combination
formula from the judgmental and statistical approach. The results show that
the disruptive formula combined with the ARIMA model has a low error in mobile
data forecasting compared to the conventional ARIMA. The conventional ARIMA
shows the average mobile data traffic to be 49.19 Mb/s and 156.93 Mb/s for the 3G and
4G, respectively; whereas the ARIMA with disruptive formula shows more optimized
traffic, reaching 56.72 Mb/s and 199.73 Mb/s. The higher values in the ARIMA with
disruptive formula are closest to the prediction of the mobile data forecast. This result
suggests that the combination of statistical and computational approach provide more
accurate prediction method for the mobile backhaul networks.
A SURVEY ON OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN CELLULAR NETWORK FOR MOBILE DA...ijwmn
Currently cellular networks are overloaded, due to rapid growth of various smartphone applications. With
the arrival of 3G and 4G network technologies mobile data traffic has been growing at an unprecedented
pace and increasingly surpassing the network capacity. Mobile data offloading is an effective network
congestion demotion approach to solve the overload issue through opportunistic communication. It is a
beneficiary approach, because there is no monetary cost for it. Subscribe Send Architecture and
Opportunistic forwarding protocol plays a vital role during offloading by allowing users to subscribe the
contents but does not download the subscribed content on the Content Service Provider thereby network
traffic reduces up to a greater extent. A quantitative study on performance evaluation of opportunistic
routing protocols like Epidemic, Spray and Wait, ProPhet and MaxProp are discussed in this paper. We
have compared these protocols based on few performance metrics like overhead ratio, delivery probability
and average latency. Our simulation results verify that MaxProp performs well and can offload cellular
traffic effectively.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study of 5 g network structural design, challenges and promising technologi...IJARIIT
In the near prospect, beyond 4G has the major objectives or difficulty that need to be addressed are improved
capacity, better data rate, decreased latency, and enhanced quality of service. To meet these demands, radical improvements
need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the consequences of a detailed study on the fifth
generation (5G) cellular network structural design, challenges and some of the solution for promising technologies that are
supportive in improving the structural design and gathering the demands of users. In this comprehensive review focuses 5G
cellular network architecture, huge various input many output technologies, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Next,
to with this, some of the promising technologies that are addressed in this paper include intrusion supervision, variety sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology organization, full duplex radios, and millimeter wave
solutions for 5G cellular networks. In this paper, a universal possible 5G cellular set of connections architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network
architecture. A comprehensive study is integrated concerning present research projects being conducted in different countries
by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies. Finally, this paper describes cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks.
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Video Streaming over WiMAX Network IJECEIAES
Nowadays, the desire of internet access and the need of digital encodings have influenced quite a large number of users to access high quality video application. Offering multimedia services not only to the wired but to wireless mobile client is becoming more viable. In wireless medium, videostreaming still has high resource requirements, for example, bandwidth, traffic priority, smooth play-backs. Therefore, bandwidth demands of these applications are far exceeding the capacity of 3G and Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). The current research demonstrates the introductory understanding of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) network, applications, the mechanisms, its potential features, and techniques used to provide QoS in WiMAX, and lastly the network is simulated to report the diverse requirements of streamed video conferencing traffic and its specifications. For this purpose two input parameters of video traffic are selected, i.e, refresh rate, which is monitored in terms of frames per second and pixel resolutions which basically counts the number of pixels in digital imaging. The network model is developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. Apart from this, the second aim of the current research is to address whether WiMAX access technology for streaming video applications could provide comparable network performance to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). For this purpose network metrices such as End to End delay and throughput is taken into consideration for optimization.
Rapidly IPv6 multimedia management schemes based LTE-A wireless networksIJECEIAES
Ensuring the best quality of smart multimedia services becomes an essential goal for modern enterprises so there is always a need for effective IP mobility smart management schemes in order to fulfill the following two main functions: (I) interconnecting the moving terminals around the extended indoor smart services. In addition, (II) providing session continuity for instant data transfer in real-time and multimedia applications with negligible latency, efficient bandwidth utilization, and improved reliability. In this context, it found out that the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) over LTE-A network that offers many advanced services for large numbers of users with higher bandwidths, better spectrum efficiency, and lower latency. In GMPLS, there is an elimination of the routing searches and choice of routing protocols on every core LTE-A router also it provides the architecture simplicity and increases the scalability. A comparative assessment of three types of IPv6 mobility management schemes over the LTE-A provided by using various types of multimedia. By using OPNET Simulator 17.5, In accordance with these schemes, it was proven that the IPv6-GMPLS scheme is the best choice for the system's operation, in comparison to the IPv6-MPLS and Mobile IPv6 for all multimedia offerings and on the overall network performance.
Architecture harmonization between cloud radio access network and fog networkredpel dot com
Architecture harmonization between cloud radio access network and fog network
for more ieee paper / full abstract / implementation , just visit www.redpel.com
Customer needs more from the innovation. The innovation which are use resemble TV, Clothes washer, cooler, Mobile Phones. The most needed element of web is acceptable execution and quicker access. The Cellular Subscriber pay extra for the moment include and the entrance of web on their telephones. To help such ground breaking framework we need fast remote network. A remote innovation is bow quick nowadays. An as of late wired system was expected to get on the web. These days, Mobile systems are progressed in last four decades. The cell idea which was present with 1G where G represents age organize. It has increments quicker from age to age, which are 1G,2G,3G, lastly come to 4G. Pradnya Pramod Mohite "5G System-Trends & Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30411.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/30411/5g-systemtrends-and-development/pradnya-pramod-mohite
Top 5 paper - International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Surve...IJCSES Journal
is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Engineering surveys, tutorials and overviews. The IJCSES is a peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The journal will publish research surveys, tutorials and expository overviews in computer science and engineering. Articles from supplementary fields are welcome, as long as they are relevant to computer science and engineering.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Top Read Articles in Computer Science and Engineering Survey (IJCSES)IJCSES Journal
International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey (IJCSES) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Engineering surveys, tutorials and overviews. The IJCSES is a peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The journal will publish research surveys, tutorials and expository overviews in computer science and engineering. Articles from supplementary fields are welcome, as long as they are relevant to computer science and engineering.
Comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broad...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the bid to bring about a solution to the nagging problem associated with the provision of
ubiquitous broadband access, Next Generation Network (NGN) popularly referred to as Long Term Evolution
(LTE) network with appropriate network integration technique is recommended as solution. Currently,
Internet Protocol/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) is the transport technique in LTE backbone
infrastructure. This technique, however, suffers significantly in the event of failure of IP path resulting in delay
and packet loss budgets across the network. The resultant effect is degradation in users quality of service
(QoS) experience with real-time services. A competitive alternative is the Internet Protocol/Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (IP/ATM). This transport technique provides great dynamism in the allocation of bandwidth
and supports varying requests of multimedia connections with diverse QoS requirements. This paper,
therefore, seeks to evaluate the performance of these two transport techniques in a bid to establish
the extent to which the latter technique ameliorates the aforementioned challenges suffered by the previous
technique. Results from the simulation show that the IP/ATM transport scheme is superior to the IP/MPLS
scheme in terms of average bandwidth utilization, mean traffic drop and mean traffic delay in the ratio of 9.8,
8.7 and 1.0% respectively.
A Survey on Call Admission Control Schemes in LTEIJCSES Journal
The growing number of mobile users with diverse applications such as VoIP, video, internet surfing etc.has made LTE networks to adopt a CAC strategy in order to ensure the quality of service (QoS) requirements of these applications. Over the years, several CAC schemes have been proposed to either accept or reject service requests. This paper presents a survey of these schemes under four different classes.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study of 5 g network structural design, challenges and promising technologi...IJARIIT
In the near prospect, beyond 4G has the major objectives or difficulty that need to be addressed are improved
capacity, better data rate, decreased latency, and enhanced quality of service. To meet these demands, radical improvements
need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the consequences of a detailed study on the fifth
generation (5G) cellular network structural design, challenges and some of the solution for promising technologies that are
supportive in improving the structural design and gathering the demands of users. In this comprehensive review focuses 5G
cellular network architecture, huge various input many output technologies, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Next,
to with this, some of the promising technologies that are addressed in this paper include intrusion supervision, variety sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology organization, full duplex radios, and millimeter wave
solutions for 5G cellular networks. In this paper, a universal possible 5G cellular set of connections architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network
architecture. A comprehensive study is integrated concerning present research projects being conducted in different countries
by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies. Finally, this paper describes cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks.
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Video Streaming over WiMAX Network IJECEIAES
Nowadays, the desire of internet access and the need of digital encodings have influenced quite a large number of users to access high quality video application. Offering multimedia services not only to the wired but to wireless mobile client is becoming more viable. In wireless medium, videostreaming still has high resource requirements, for example, bandwidth, traffic priority, smooth play-backs. Therefore, bandwidth demands of these applications are far exceeding the capacity of 3G and Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). The current research demonstrates the introductory understanding of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) network, applications, the mechanisms, its potential features, and techniques used to provide QoS in WiMAX, and lastly the network is simulated to report the diverse requirements of streamed video conferencing traffic and its specifications. For this purpose two input parameters of video traffic are selected, i.e, refresh rate, which is monitored in terms of frames per second and pixel resolutions which basically counts the number of pixels in digital imaging. The network model is developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. Apart from this, the second aim of the current research is to address whether WiMAX access technology for streaming video applications could provide comparable network performance to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). For this purpose network metrices such as End to End delay and throughput is taken into consideration for optimization.
Rapidly IPv6 multimedia management schemes based LTE-A wireless networksIJECEIAES
Ensuring the best quality of smart multimedia services becomes an essential goal for modern enterprises so there is always a need for effective IP mobility smart management schemes in order to fulfill the following two main functions: (I) interconnecting the moving terminals around the extended indoor smart services. In addition, (II) providing session continuity for instant data transfer in real-time and multimedia applications with negligible latency, efficient bandwidth utilization, and improved reliability. In this context, it found out that the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) over LTE-A network that offers many advanced services for large numbers of users with higher bandwidths, better spectrum efficiency, and lower latency. In GMPLS, there is an elimination of the routing searches and choice of routing protocols on every core LTE-A router also it provides the architecture simplicity and increases the scalability. A comparative assessment of three types of IPv6 mobility management schemes over the LTE-A provided by using various types of multimedia. By using OPNET Simulator 17.5, In accordance with these schemes, it was proven that the IPv6-GMPLS scheme is the best choice for the system's operation, in comparison to the IPv6-MPLS and Mobile IPv6 for all multimedia offerings and on the overall network performance.
Architecture harmonization between cloud radio access network and fog networkredpel dot com
Architecture harmonization between cloud radio access network and fog network
for more ieee paper / full abstract / implementation , just visit www.redpel.com
Customer needs more from the innovation. The innovation which are use resemble TV, Clothes washer, cooler, Mobile Phones. The most needed element of web is acceptable execution and quicker access. The Cellular Subscriber pay extra for the moment include and the entrance of web on their telephones. To help such ground breaking framework we need fast remote network. A remote innovation is bow quick nowadays. An as of late wired system was expected to get on the web. These days, Mobile systems are progressed in last four decades. The cell idea which was present with 1G where G represents age organize. It has increments quicker from age to age, which are 1G,2G,3G, lastly come to 4G. Pradnya Pramod Mohite "5G System-Trends & Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30411.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/30411/5g-systemtrends-and-development/pradnya-pramod-mohite
Top 5 paper - International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Surve...IJCSES Journal
is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Engineering surveys, tutorials and overviews. The IJCSES is a peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The journal will publish research surveys, tutorials and expository overviews in computer science and engineering. Articles from supplementary fields are welcome, as long as they are relevant to computer science and engineering.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Top Read Articles in Computer Science and Engineering Survey (IJCSES)IJCSES Journal
International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey (IJCSES) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Engineering surveys, tutorials and overviews. The IJCSES is a peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The journal will publish research surveys, tutorials and expository overviews in computer science and engineering. Articles from supplementary fields are welcome, as long as they are relevant to computer science and engineering.
Comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broad...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the bid to bring about a solution to the nagging problem associated with the provision of
ubiquitous broadband access, Next Generation Network (NGN) popularly referred to as Long Term Evolution
(LTE) network with appropriate network integration technique is recommended as solution. Currently,
Internet Protocol/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) is the transport technique in LTE backbone
infrastructure. This technique, however, suffers significantly in the event of failure of IP path resulting in delay
and packet loss budgets across the network. The resultant effect is degradation in users quality of service
(QoS) experience with real-time services. A competitive alternative is the Internet Protocol/Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (IP/ATM). This transport technique provides great dynamism in the allocation of bandwidth
and supports varying requests of multimedia connections with diverse QoS requirements. This paper,
therefore, seeks to evaluate the performance of these two transport techniques in a bid to establish
the extent to which the latter technique ameliorates the aforementioned challenges suffered by the previous
technique. Results from the simulation show that the IP/ATM transport scheme is superior to the IP/MPLS
scheme in terms of average bandwidth utilization, mean traffic drop and mean traffic delay in the ratio of 9.8,
8.7 and 1.0% respectively.
A Survey on Call Admission Control Schemes in LTEIJCSES Journal
The growing number of mobile users with diverse applications such as VoIP, video, internet surfing etc.has made LTE networks to adopt a CAC strategy in order to ensure the quality of service (QoS) requirements of these applications. Over the years, several CAC schemes have been proposed to either accept or reject service requests. This paper presents a survey of these schemes under four different classes.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future persp...IJECEIAES
Since about 1980, a new generation has appeared approximately every decade. Mobile phones started with first-generation (1G), then the successful second generation (2G), and then mixed successful auctions since the launch of 3G. According to business terms, 1G and 2G were providing voice and gradually include data (3G is unsuccessful, 4G is very successful). Today, we are seeing a stir over what 5G will provide. Key expectations currently being discussed include an ultra-high 20 Gb/s bit rate, an ultra-low latency of just 1 millisecond, and a very high capacity. Given the enormous potential of 5G communication networks and their expected evolution, what should 6G include that is not part of 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks should deliver improved range and data speeds, as well as the ability to connect users from anywhere. This article details possible 6G communication networks. More specifically, the primary influence of this research is to deliver a complete synopsis of the development of wireless communication networks from 1G to 6G.
Abstract:The number of people using mobile phone in the world has exceeded 4.5 billion and this figure is continuing to grow. For the past several years, mobile data traffic such as internet access, the downloading of music and video communication has been nearly tripling every year. With the popularity of smartphones, mobile data traffic will increase 200 times in the 7 to 8 years upto 2020.There are high expectations that Long Term Evolution (LTE) which is known as 3.9G wireless system will be a new service platform that can support a huge amount of mobile data traffic. This paper describes the features, technology and network architecture of LTE & also provides an overview of next generation telecommunication network LTE, which is started commercially in December 2010 in Japan (started by DOCOMO), realizing high speed wireless access. It also outlines the further trends towards a further speed increase. Keywords-Circuit Switching, GSM, HSPA, LTE, Packet Switching, WiMAX
The modern communication system is aimed to reach the real world one environment from virtual world via connecting resources of one with another through social network system. The communication process is aggravated various infrastructural development to reach in this current level such as 3G and 4G communication system.
The term 4G is used by several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G
systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This article presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication.
5G Wireless Technology- An overview of the current TrendsEditor IJCATR
5G Wireless technology networks or 5th Generation wireless systems which is used for videos and audios
communication announcement the next major time period of mobile telecommunications Criterions time the current next
Generation mobile networks confederated .in this paper we are studying different Technologies in 5G The handover of 5G the
Models of 5G its architecture, its different components and METIS Task Force Networks. 2-Day video recording is available. Its
components access/backhaul integration, direct device-to-device communication, flexible duplex, flexible spectrum usage multiantenna
transmission, ultra-lean design, user/control separation architecture of 5G is highly advanced, its network elements and
various terminals are characteristically upgraded to afford a new situation. Likewise, service providers can implement the advance
technology to adopt the value-added services easily.
Trend-Based Networking Driven by Big Data Telemetry for Sdn and Traditional N...ijngnjournal
Organizations face a challenge of accurately analyzing network data and providing automated action based on the observed trend. This trend-based analytics is beneficial to minimize the downtime and improve the performance of the network services, but organizations use different network management tools to understand and visualize the network traffic with limited abilities to dynamically optimize the network. This research focuses on the development of an intelligent system that leverages big data
telemetry analysis in Platform for Network Data Analytics (PNDA) to enable comprehensive trendbased networking decisions. The results include a graphical user interface (GUI) done via a web application for effortless management of all subsystems, and the system and application developed in
this research demonstrate the true potential for a scalable system capable of effectively benchmarking the network to set the expected behavior for comparison and trend analysis. Moreover, this research provides a proof of concept of how trend analysis results are actioned in both a traditional network and a software-defined network (SDN) to achieve dynamic, automated load balancing.
TREND-BASED NETWORKING DRIVEN BY BIG DATA TELEMETRY FOR SDN AND TRADITIONAL N...ijngnjournal
Organizations face a challenge of accurately analyzing network data and providing automated action
based on the observed trend. This trend-based analytics is beneficial to minimize the downtime and
improve the performance of the network services, but organizations use different network management
tools to understand and visualize the network traffic with limited abilities to dynamically optimize the
network. This research focuses on the development of an intelligent system that leverages big data
telemetry analysis in Platform for Network Data Analytics (PNDA) to enable comprehensive trendbased networking decisions. The results include a graphical user interface (GUI) done via a web
application for effortless management of all subsystems, and the system and application developed in
this research demonstrate the true potential for a scalable system capable of effectively benchmarking
the network to set the expected behavior for comparison and trend analysis. Moreover, this research
provides a proof of concept of how trend analysis results are actioned in both a traditional network and
a software-defined network (SDN) to achieve dynamic, automated load balancing.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VERTICAL HARD HANDOVERS IN CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMSijngnjournal
With the rapid increase of new and diverse cellular mobile services, the overlapping of cells has become typical in the majority of the coverage area of the network. Vertical handovers occur between two layers of cells when a user is switched from one layer to the other. In this paper we investigate the influence of network parameters on vertical hard handover performance in a cell environment. The work considers two layers of cells: a layer of macrocells and a layer of microcells. Handover requests enter the macrocell from neighbor macrocells and from microcells that belong to a different layer. Using Markov chain analysis and simulation we calculate network performance parameters such as mean queue delay, handover dropping probability and channel utilization. We also compare the handover performance for the macrocell and macrocell traffic separately. Our results show the influence of total channels, maximum queue size and handover request arrival rate on handover performance. They also show that when the traffic from each layer is treated with equal priority in the system, the performance of each layer is comparable.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VERTICAL HARD HANDOVERS IN CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMSijngnjournal
With the rapid increase of new and diverse cellular mobile services, the overlapping of cells has become typical in the majority of the coverage area of the network. Vertical handovers occur between two layers of cells when a user is switched from one layer to the other. In this paper we investigate the influence of network parameters on vertical hard handover performance in a cell environment. The work considers two layers of cells: a layer of macrocells and a layer of microcells. Handover requests enter the macrocell from neighbor macrocells and from microcells that belong to a different layer. Using Markov chain analysis and simulation we calculate network performance parameters such as mean queue delay, handover dropping probability and channel utilization. We also compare the handover performance for the macrocell and macrocell traffic separately. Our results show the influence of total channels, maximum queue size and handover request arrival rate on handover performance. They also show that when the traffic from each layer is treated with equal priority in the system, the performance of each layer is comparable.
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKijngnjournal
This paper concerns about the radio propagation models used for the upcoming 4th Generation (4G) of cellular networks known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in planning of any wireless communication systems. In this paper, a comparison is made between different proposed radio propagation models that would be used for LTE, like Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, Hata COST 231 model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami & Ericsson 9999 model. The comparison is made using different terrains e.g. urban, suburban and rural area.SUI model shows the lowest path lost in all the terrains while COST 231 Hata model illustrates highest path loss in urban area and COST Walfisch-Ikegami model has highest path loss for suburban and rural environments.
IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPARISION OF DATA LINK QUALITY SCHEME ON ODMRP AND ADMR ...ijngnjournal
An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any fixed network infrastructure or centralized administration. In order to enable communication within the network, a routing protocol is needed to discover routes between nodes. The primary goal of ad hoc network routing protocols is to establish routes between node pairs so that messages may be delivered reliably and in a timely manner. The objective of any routing protocol is to have packet delivered with least possible cost in terms of receiving power, transmission power, battery energy consumption and distance. All these factors basically effect the establishment of link between the mobile nodes and liability and stability of these links. In this paper, we implement a data link quality scheme on two protocols ODMRP and ADMR and compare them on the bases link quality and link stability.
The Performance of a Cylindrical Microstrip Printed Antenna for TM10 Mode as...ijngnjournal
A temperature is one of the parameters that have a great effect on the performance of microstrip antennas for TM10 mode at 2.4 GHz frequency range. The effect of temperature on a resonance frequency, input impedance, voltage standing wave ratio, and return loss on the performance of a cylindrical microstrip printed antenna is studied in this paper. The effect of temperature on electric and magnetic fields are also studied. Three different substrate materials RT/duroid-5880 PTFE, K-6098 Teflon/Glass, and Epsilam-10 ceramic-filled Teflon are used for verifying the new model.
Optimization of Quality of Service Parameters for Dynamic Channel Allocation ...ijngnjournal
As the spectrum for wireless transmission gets crowded due to the increase in the users and applications, the efficient use of the spectrum is a major challenge in today’s world. A major affecting factor is the inefficient usage of the frequency bands. Interference in the neighboring cells affects the reuse of the frequency bands. In this paper, some of the quality of service parameters such as residual bandwidth, number of users, duration of calls, frequency of calls and priority are considered. This paper presents work based on the optimization of dynamic channel allocation using genetic algorithm (GA). This attempts to allocate the channel to users such that overall congestion in the network is minimized by reusing already allocated frequencies. The working of Genetic Algorithm which is used in the optimization procedure is also explained. The optimized channel is then compared with a non-optimized channel to check the efficiency of the genetic algorithm.
PURGING OF UNTRUSTWORTHY RECOMMENDATIONS FROM A GRIDijngnjournal
In grid computing, trust has massive significance. There is lot of research to propose various models in providing trusted resource sharing mechanisms. The trust is a belief or perception that various researchers have tried to correlate with some computational model. Trust on any entity can be direct or indirect. Direct trust is the impact of either first impression over the entity or acquired during some direct interaction. Indirect trust is the trust may be due to either reputation gained or recommendations received from various recommenders of a particular domain in a grid or any other domain outside that grid or outside that grid itself. Unfortunately, malicious indirect trust leads to the misuse of valuable resources of the grid. This paper proposes the mechanism of identifying and purging the untrustworthy recommendations in the grid environment. Through the obtained results, we show the way of purging of untrustworthy entities.
A SURVEY ON DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR COGNITIVE RADIOijngnjournal
Cognitive radio (CR) is a new paradigm that utilizes the available spectrum band. The key characteristic of CR system is to sense the electromagnetic environment to adapt their operation and dynamically vary its radio operating parameters. The technique of dynamically accessing the unused spectrum band is known as Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). The dynamic spectrum access technology helps to minimize unused spectrum bands. In this paper, main functions of Cognitive Radio (CR) i.e. spectrum sensing, spectrum management, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing are discussed. Then DSA models are discussed along with different methods of DSA such as Command and Control, Exclusive-Use, Shared Use of Primary Licensed User and Commons method. Game-theoretic approach using Bertrand game model, Markovian Queuing Model for spectrum allocation in centralized architecture and Fuzzy logic based method are also discussed and result are shown.
HYBRID LS-LMMSE CHANNEL ESTIMATION Technique for LTE Downlink Systemsijngnjournal
In this paper, we propose to improve the performance of the channel estimation for LTE Downlink systems under the effect of the channel length. As LTE Downlink system is a MIMO-OFDMA based system, a cyclic prefix (CP) is inserted at the beginning of each transmitted OFDM symbol in order to mitigate both intercarrier interference (ICI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI). The inserted CP is usually equal to or longer than the channel length. However, the cyclic prefix can be shorter because of some unforeseen channel behaviour. Previous works have shown that in the case where the cyclic prefix is equal to or longer than the channel length, LMMSE performs better than LSE but at the cost of computational complexity .In the other case, LMMSE performs also better than LS only for low SNR values. However, LS shows better performance for LTE Downlink systems for high SNR values. Therefore, we propose a hybrid LS-LMMSE channel estimation technique robust to the channel length effect. MATLAB Monte –Carlo simulations areused to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimator in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Bit Error Rate (BER) for 2x2 LTE Downlink systems.
SERVICES AS PARAMETER TO PROVIDE BEST QOS : AN ANALYSIS OVER WIMAXijngnjournal
In this paper it is proposed to provide the QoS to the user by using the degradation of service under hostile environment being itself be a parameter to improve the QoS. Here the relation between the service and environment of its best performance drawn on the basis of simulation and analysis .The service then taken as a parameter to decide present environment of the user and to take measurable steps to improve the QoS either doing handover to nearby station or increasing power or to provide some marginal bandwidth etc.All analysis done over a WiMax network i.e. being designed and simulated using the Qualnet wireless simulator.
ENSURING QOS GUARANTEES IN A HYBRID OCS/OBS NETWORKijngnjournal
The bursting aggregation assembly in edge nodes is one of the key technologies in OBS (Optical Burst Switching) network, which has a direct impact on flow characteristics and packet loss rate. An optical burst assembly technique supporting QoS is presented through this paper, which can automatically adjust the threshold along with the increasing and decreasing volume of business, reduce the operational burst, and generate corresponding BDP (Burst Data Packet) and BCP (Burst Control Packet). In addition to the burst aggregation technique a packet recovery technique by restoration method is also described. The data packet loss due to the physical optical link failure is not currently included in the QoS descriptions. This link failure is also a severe problem which reduces the data throughput of the transmitter node. A mechanism for data recovery from this link failure is vital for guaranteeing the QoS demanded by each user. So this paper will also discusses a specific protocol for reducing the packet loss by utilizing the
features of both optical circuit switching (OCS) and Optical Burst switching (OBS) techniques
SECURITY ANALYSIS AND DELAY EVALUATION FOR SIP-BASED MOBILE MASS EXAMINATION ...ijngnjournal
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is considered to be one of the important features in Mobile Next Generation Networks (MNGN). It adds value to the mobile services and applications by integrating mobile network resources, such as location, billing and authentication. This is achieved by enabling a third party access to network resources. In previous work [1] we have presented a testbed to be used as platform for testing mobile application prior to actual deployment. We have chosen a novel IMS based MObile Mass EXamination (MOMEX) system to showcase the benefit of designing an IMS based mobile application. We identify two aspects essential to of the application namely security threats and delay analysis. In this paper we identify MOMEX security threats and suggest strategies to mitigate system vulnerabilities. We then
evaluate the performance of MOMEX system in terms of delay and security threats and vulnerabilities. The results presented show system performance limitation and tradeoffs.
OPTIMIZATION OF QOS PARAMETERS IN COGNITIVE RADIO USING ADAPTIVE GENETIC ALGO...ijngnjournal
Genetic algorithm based optimization rely on explicit relationships between parameters, observations and criteria. GA based optimization when done in cognitive radio can provide a criteria to accommodate the secondary users in best possible space in the spectrum by interacting with the dynamic radio environment at real time. In this paper we have proposed adaptive genetic algorithm with adapting crossover and mutation parameters for the reasoning engine in cognitive radio to obtain the optimum radio configurations. This method ensure better controlling of the algorithm parameters and hence the increasing the performance. The main advantage of genetic algorithm over other soft computing techniques is its multi – objective handling capability. We focus on spectrum management with a hypothesis that inputs are provided by either sensing information from the radio environment or the secondary user. Also the QoS requirements condition is also specified in the hypothesis. The cognitive radio will sense the radio frequency parameter from the environment and the reasoning engine in the cognitive radio will take the required decisions in order to provide new spectrum allocation as demanded by the user. The transmission parameters which can be taken into consideration are modulation method, bandwidth, data rate, symbol rate, power consumption etc. We simulated cognitive radio engine which is driven by genetic algorithm to determine the optimal set of radio transmission parameters. We have fitness objectives to guide one system to an optimal state. These objectives are combined to one multi – objective fitness function using weighted sum approach so that each objective can be represented by a rank which represents the importance of each objective. We have transmission parameters as decision variables and environmental parameters are used as inputs to the objective function. We have compared the proposed adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) with conventional genetic algorithm (CGA) with same set of conditions. MATLAB simulations were used to analyze the scenarios
HIGH PERFORMANCE ETHERNET PACKET PROCESSOR CORE FOR NEXT GENERATION NETWORKSijngnjournal
As the demand for high speed Internet significantly increasing to meet the requirement of large data transfers, real-time communication and High Definition ( HD) multimedia transfer over IP, the IP based network products architecture must evolve and change. Application specific processors require high
performance, low power and high degree of programmability is the limitation in many general processor based applications. This paper describes the design of Ethernet packet processor for system-on-chip (SoC) which performs all core packet processing functions, including segmentation and reassembly, packetization classification, route and queue management which will speedup switching/routing performance making it
more suitable for Next Generation Networks (NGN). Ethernet packet processor design can be configured for use with multiple projects targeted to a FPGA device the system is designed to support 1/10/20/40/100 Gigabit links with a speed and performance advantage. VHDL has been used to implement and simulated the required functions in FPGA
ESTIMATION AND COMPENSATION OF INTER CARRIER INTERFERENCE IN WIMAX PHYSICAL L...ijngnjournal
WiMAX is Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access has emerged as a promising solution for transmission of higher data rates for fixed and mobile applications. IEEE 802.16d and e are the standards proposed by WiMAX group for fixed and mobile. As the wireless channel have so many limitation Such as Multipath, Doppler spread, Delay spread and Line Of Sight (LOS)/Non Line Of Sight (NLOS) components. To attain higher data rates the Multi Carrier System with Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) is incorporated in the WiMAX. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi carrier technique used with the WiMAX systems. In OFDM the available spectrum is split into numerous narrow band channels of dissimilar frequencies to achieve high data rate in a multi path fading environment. And all these sub carriers are considered to be orthogonal to each other. As the number of sub carriers is increased there is no guarantee of sustained orthogonality, i.e. at some point the carriers are not
independent to each other, and hence where the orthogonality can be loosed which leads to interference and also owing to the synchronization between transmitter and receiver local oscillator, it causes interference known as Inter Carrier Interference (ICI). The systems uses MIMO-OFDM will suffer with the effects of ICI and Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) “ε”. However these affect the power leakage in the midst of sub carriers, consequently degrading the system performance. In this paper a new approach is proposed in order to reduce the ICI caused in WiMAX and improve the system performance. In this scheme at the transmitter side the modulated data and a few predefined pilot symbols are mapped onto the non
neighboring sub carriers with weighting coefficients of +1 and -1. With the aid of pilot symbols the frequency offset is exactly estimated by using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and hence can be minimized. At demodulation stage the received signals are linearly combined along with their weighted
coefficients and pilot symbols, called as Pilot Aided Self Cancellation Method (PASCS). And also to realize the various wireless environments the simulations are carried out on Stanford University Interim (SUI) channels. The simulation results shows that by incorporating this method into WiMAX systems it performs better when the Line Of Sight (LOS) component is present in the transmission and also it improves the Bit Error Rate (BER) and Carrier to Interference Ratio (CIR). The CIR can be improved 20 dB. In this paper the effectiveness of PASCS scheme is compared with the Self Cancellation Method (SCM). It provides accurate estimation of frequency offset and when residual CFO is less significant the ICI can be diminished successfully.
OPTIMUM EFFICIENT MOBILITY MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR IPv6 ijngnjournal
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) both are the mobility management solutions proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support IP Mobility. It’s been an important issue, that upon certain condition, out of MIPv6 and HMIPv6 which one is better. In this paper an Optimum Efficient Mobility Management (OEMM) scheme is described on the basis of analytical model which shows that OEMM Scheme is better in terms of performance and applicability of MIPv6 and HMIPv6. It shows that which one is better alternative between MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and if HMIPv6 is adopted it chooses the best Mobility Anchor Point (MAP). Finally it is illustrated that OEMM scheme is
better than that of MIPv6 and HMIPv6.
INVESTIGATION OF UTRA FDD DATA AND CONTROL CHANNELS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE ...ijngnjournal
In this paper, the main aim is to design and simulate UTRA FDD control channel in the presence of noise and wireless channel by using FDD library/Matlab box set that can be used to design and implement some
systems. Moreover, a test and verification of the library is achieved with different channel models such as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fading and moving channel models. FDD library are employed to design whole transmitter and receiver. Then we had tested AWGN channel and some other channel models.
Also we illustrated what are control channels DCCH and the other one as understanding the whole system. Moreover, the standards have been covered as well as implemented the whole transmit and receive chain plus the generation of DPCH, DPCCH channel. we had tested the performance against the AWGN noise.
Then we have studied different channel models that are defined in the standard, used the few of them like the fading channel and moving channel. We have tried to compare the performance in terms of Monte Carlo simulation by producing the BER curves. We have also change some channel parameters like phase, number of multipaths and we have tried to see the performance of the model in the presence of actual channel model.
TOWARDS FUTURE 4G MOBILE NETWORKS: A REAL-WORLD IMS TESTBEDijngnjournal
In the near future, current mobile communication networks will converge towards an All-IP network in order to provide richer applications, stronger customer satisfaction, andfurther return on investment for the industry. However, such a convergence induces a strong level of complexity when handling interoperability between different operators and different handset vendors. In this context, the 3GPP consortium is working on the standardization of the convergence, and IMS is emerging as the internationally agreed upon standard that is multi-operator and multi-vendor. In this paper, we shed further light on the subtleties of IMS, and we delineate a blueprint for the implementation of a real-world
IMS testbed. An open source Presence Server is deployed as well. The operation of the IMS testbed and the Presence Server are checked to assess their conformance with 3GPP standards. A simple third party application is developed on top the IMS testbed to further assess its operation.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF 5G: THE NEXT GENERATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
1. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN) Vol.9, No.1, March 2017
DOI : 10.5121/ijngn.2017.9101 1
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF 5G: THE NEXT
GENERATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Sardar Irfanullah A1
, Gul Shaira Banu2
andAmjath Fareeth2
1
Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Yanbu University College,
Royal Commission for Yanbu Colleges and Institutes, Saudi Arabia
2
College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th
generation, which presupposes an increase of the
information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new
stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access
to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced
opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of
specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication
development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the
main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic
parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have
been the most demandedones by 2020.
KEYWORDS
5G, ultra-dense networks (UDN), M2M networks, quality of service (QoS), Internet of Things (IoT)
1. INTRODUCTION
There is the global growth of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers,
observed. Therefore, there is an increasing need of users for the transfer of large volumes of data
for the networks of mobile cellular communication and the wireless Internet access. As a result of
such development, the producers of telecommunication equipment and operators meet the
constantly growing demands to the quality of services for users. It is a driving factor in the
evolution. Moreover, it is a fast change of technological generations and standards of mobile
communication as well as the systems of wireless data transmission [4].
At present, there is an active development of networks of wireless mobile communication of the
3rd
and 4th
generations. According to the forecasts of experts, by 2018,the information transfer
volume will have increased in the systems of mobile communication more than by 12 times in
comparison with the level of 2015[1]. Therefore, the active researches of new technologies of
wireless data transmission for the systems of mobile communication of the 5th
generation have
begun recently. The main tool for the evolution and assessment of the quality of wireless mobile
communication systems represents the numerical modelling carrying out the imitation of work of
the communication system. A set of simultaneously operating transmitters and receivers for
various scenarios of the expansion of mobile networks should be taken into account [5]. The
2. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN) Vol.9, No.1, March 2017
2
given research paper will discuss the performance analysis of the 5G technology, based on the
speed and traffic tools, as well as comparison with the 3G and 4G networks.
2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 5G TECHNOLOGY
At present, the networks of mobile communication have been built on the standards of the 2nd
generation (2G) GSM (Global system of mobile communication) and the 3rd
generation (3G)
UMTS (Universal System of Mobile Communication) as well as the IEEE 802.11a/g and 802.11n
standards of wireless networks. They are considered to be the most widely used [7]. These
networks are gradually followed by the systems of mobile communication of the new 4G
generations and the new norms of the wireless IEEE 802.11ac and 802.11ad.They are providing
the higher rates of productivity and quality of service (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Generations of mobile technologies [9]
Besides, the development of the 3G+HSPA (High-Speed Packet Transmission of Data) standard
is considered by the experts as one of the transitional migratory stages to the technologies of
mobile communication of the 4th
generation[5].It is a superstructure over the UMTS 3G network.
The recent researches of new technologies for the systems of mobile communication of the 5th
generation (5G) have already started. Their spread is supposed to be carried out in 2020. There is
a process of evolution of mobile communication technologies and wireless networks from 1990 to
2020 (Figure 2)[1].
3. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN) Vol.9, No.1, March 2017
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Figure2. Mobile communication system in 1990-2020[1].
The 5G technologies should considerably improve the quality of service (QoS) of users. This
enhancement is related to the conditions of many growing volumes of the transmitted data in
mobile networks and also an increase in the number of wireless devices. Therefore, it expands the
range of provided services [7]. The networks of mobile communication built on the basis of 5G
technologies are expected to provide the transfer of information with the speed of more than 10
Gbit/s[4].
The forecasts of leading experts engaged in the international 5G projects show the following
facts. The dominant position among the services rendered in 5G networks will be occupied by the
services of the HD transfer and 3D - video. The reports of the world leading telecom operators
using the 4G networks display that video service consumed by subscribers prevail in the traffic. It
will remain dominating in the content of 5G networks [1]. Besides, by 2020, the number of M2M
connections is supposed to increase with the CAGR indicator - 45% -in the networks of mobile
operators. Taking into account the growing mass character (Massive M2M), the M2M service
will prevail over the basic voice services in 4G and 5G networks [10].
The European 5G development strategy is directed at the provision of choice for subscribers.
They should decide what should be connected to the TV, i.e. a modern 5G or radio antenna.
Accordingly, it will demand the corresponding mechanisms of quality management. Thus, the
efforts of developers on the improvement of quality instruments will concentrate on the video
traffic and M2M-services, enhancement of controlling algorithms, and the creation of new
methods of quality assessment [5].
3. 5G SPEED
The development of 5G networks will be directed at the formation of ultra-dense networks
(UDN) of a wireless access with the heterogeneous structure of cells. Their radius will compose
30-49 meters on the basis of new types of alarm and code designs for radio signals. It is much
increasing the spectral efficiency in comparison with the4G networks and providing data
transmission with the speed more than 10 Gbit/s [10]. In order to ensure such speed of data
transmission in 5G networks, it will be required to use the wide strips of channels both in the DL
line and in the UL line with a continuous range from 500 to 1000 MHz. It will 25-50 times
exceed the width of channels realized in 4G [9].
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The characteristics of requirements to the spectral efficiency in the cell of5G networks for various
channels of transfer are shown in the Figure 3. The detailed comparison of these features to 4G
networks represents an increase of efficiency by the least 3 times. The infrastructure of 5G
networks will be based on the cloud computing, the networks of the radio access (Cloud RAN)
with the program defended network (Software Defended Radio, SDR), and basic network (Cloud
CN) with the program defined infrastructure (Software Defended Network, SDN). The full
virtualization of network functions (Network Function Virtualization, NFV), which will be
realized in the 5G infrastructure, will capture the QoS, the policy of service, and traffic
prioritization [11].
Figure3. The spectral efficiency of 5G networks in a cell [11]
Moreover, the new solutions will appear together with the arrival of 5G networks. The moving
knots (base stations) of communication (Moving 5G Node) and moving transport networks
(Moving 5G Backhaul) are needed for the introduction of the 5G technology during the creation
of intellectual transport networks. These decisions will allow equipping the international mobile
highways with the cars rushing on them with the speed more than 200 km/h. Constructed on the
basis of the applications and M2M devices for the V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) scenario, they will
provide the safe trips and multimedia data exchange[8]. The base stations of5G will be
represented by the 5G automobile devices united in mesh-networks.
The 5G network is expected to support the maximum speed of data transmission up to 20 Gbit/s.
The methods of MU-MIMO, F-OFDM and SCMA are widely applied for an increase of
efficiency of broadband communication systems. Moreover, they present the mass
implementation of the intermachine communications as well as some crucial and reliable
communication devices for the realization of 5G networks. Verizon, an American cell
communication operator, will become the first mobile analyst who will start to test the 5G
network [1].
The stratospheric stations HAPS (High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Stations) will be used
instead of earth-based ones existing for the application of 2G, 3G and 4G networks. They are the
aircrafts, which soar in the air somewhere in between 17-22 km from the Earth’s surface.
Moreover, they work as the satellites providing communication covering [8]. They will provide
the direct channels for a signal and reduce the hindrances created by high constructions. Besides,
owning to the height, the base stations can cover big areas, thus reducing the problems of the
signal distribution if there are no hindrances. Even in the sea, where the terrestrial towers are not
capable to transmit any call, the covering with HAPS will be possible.
5. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN) Vol.9, No.1, March 2017
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4. TRAFFIC IN 5G NETWORKS
The main tendency represents the growth of the transmitted data volume in the networks of
mobile operators. In 2010, the volume date traffic in the world was only twice more than such one
of the voice traffic [12]. However, everything cardinally changed five years ago. The quarterly
world growth of traffic in the networks of mobile operators of 2010-2015 is presented in the
Figure 4[15].
Figure.4 The quarterly world growth of traffic in the networks of mobile operators, 2010-
2015[15].
It occurred due to the creation of 3G networks and LTE by mobile operators. The development
continues leading to the growth of volumes of traffic up to 45% until 2021. In its turn, traffic
consists of video by 75% [5]. The high share of such content is connected with the annual
emergence of more powerful and perfect gadgets. Their owners seek to download or watch HD
video. They also exchange their own one [15].
In the course of evolution of the quality management mechanism of 3G networks
(GSM/UMTS/LTE), there was the migration from the QoS control at the level of subscriber
terminals to the QoS one of the network [7]. This approach will also remain in 5G networks. The
mechanisms of the QoS management in 5G networks have to provide the prioritization of traffic
of video over 5G and VoIP in relation to the traffic of the web search. The video transfer service
is rather sensitive to the delays in web. Therefore, one of the major parameters defining the
requirements to QoS includes the Packet Delay Budget (PDB). It is based on the RAN radio that
is considered to be the maximum delay of the packets’ transfer with the high level of reliability
composing 98% [8].
Social networks have become the second important source of the 5G traffic. Their share makes
about 15%. It is not expected to be changed for the following five years. The active subscriber
from Central and Eastern Europe consumes about 2 GB of the traffic per month. In five years, an
active borrower will use 6 GB of data monthly [14].
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To provide the processing of the big volume of user’s traffic in several Gb/s, the introduction of
the ultra-dense expansion of networks ranges of the frequencies by means of new radio
technologies. Within them, the base stations will use a wide bandwidth in the top. The ultra-dense
networks will consist of the low-power base ones established with a much higher density in
comparison with the ones existing nowadays. In extreme cases, the base stations will be
established in each room [3]. The ultra-dense networks will provide the bandwidth not lower than
several hundred MHz with a possibility of expansion to several GHz for the reliable support of
Gigabit speeds. They will work mainly in the range of 10-100 GHz [15].
The high-frequency ranges facilitate the problem of ensuring the wide bandwidth necessary to
maintain the Gigabit speeds of data transmission. The ultra-dense networks will include the
application of advanced network solutions. Despite the fact that such networks will work in the
other diapason and, most likely, will be founded on new technologies of the radio access, they
have to be well-integrated. They need to have the already constructed level of cellular networks.
At the same time, a user should not feel any discomfort when moving from a cover zone of ultra-
dense networks and back [12].
When forming the requirements to the QoS in 5G networks, it is necessary to consider the
following facts. Two key models of traffic: a high-speed video stream server-subscriber and
Massive M2M should be taken into consideration. The services of video transfer will become the
most important incentive for the development of the fast-growing segment of the traffic of 5G
networks. In 2013, the volume of video services in the total amount of traffic of 4G networks
exceeded 50%.It will have grown at least by 13 times by 2019[1].
The monthly consumption of data transmission traffic in 4G networks reached 2, 6 Gbit. The use
of traffic per month in 5G networks will exceed 500 Gbit. According to Lin, Gao, Huang, et al.
(2015), the growth of the volume of traffic of video services will be connected with the
introduction of new technologies of the video quality improvement, i.e.– from the standard SDTV
up to ultrahigh UHD TV (8K). In its turn, it demands the ensuring speed of data transmission in
the network up to 10 Gbit/s [8]. The number of M2M-connections of mobile operators in 2018
will have exceeded 1.5 billion. It is five times more than the current indicator. In 2022, this
number is expected to increase up to 2, 6 billion of M2M-connections. At the same time, their
share from the total number of connections in the networks of mobile operators will have grown
from the current 5% to 15% in 2018 and 22% in 2022[13].
5. ADVANTAGES OF 5G
The main advantage of 5G consists in the ability to effectively adapt to the wide range of
requirements shown by new applications. Their safe operation with the increased demands to the
reliability intended, for example, for the road safety is possible due to the reduction of response
time of the network infrastructure to several milliseconds (Ericsson 2015).The acceleration of the
data transfer speed will become the main task of the 5G technology. Such network will be
necessary for the compatible work of several types of devices at once: corporate systems,
personal devices, and various types of equipment called Internet of Things (IoT).
The Internet of Things (IoT) has also been discussed as a key differentiator for 4G. However, in
reality, the challenge of providing low power and low frequency networks to meet the demands
for the widespread M2M deployment is not specific to 4G or 5G [6].
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Another advantage of 5G for users consists in the fact that the gadgets will spend less energy for
the data transmission than in the 3G and 4G technologies. The number of devices simultaneously
connected to the base station will 1000 times increase in comparison with 4G [2]. The delays in
the transfer of data package will be five-ten times lower. Moreover, the capacity of network will
grow by ten hundred times.
It is supposed that the completely modified 5G network will support the exchange of information
at the speed with hundreds of times exceeding the possibilities of 4G networks. In some cases, the
speed of 5G can exceed 10 Gbit/s. In the city conditions, it is about 100 Mbit/s. Meanwhile in
other areas, including sparsely populated rural places both in the developed and developing
countries, the speed of data transmission is expected to be not lower than 10 Mbit/s [6].
Except for this fact, representing the main advantage of 5G, the new technology will be more
responsive than 4G. It is also expected that the new generation of mobile communications will be
10 times more energy-saving. It will positively influence the device service time. Complexity will
become another key advantage of 5G [13]. It is created for the work with any types of traffic and
provides the minimum postpone. It makes it ideal for the wearable technologies, clever home
devices, and cars connected to the Internet.
Besides, the 5G technology will allow using the limited frequency resources much more
effectively to reduce the cost of the certain information volume transfer. Therefore, the
introduction of technology is expedient also in rather poor countries. Many services will be
provided only in the 5G networks. They will be used by individual users for education, health
care, transport, different industries, as well as also agriculture, the financial sphere, and other
areas [14].
The new technology will also allow subscribers to watch the online content requiring the
connection at big speeds. For example, it includes 3D - movies of high resolution or the live video
broadcast. However, 5G is not just the modification of 4G or the fast mobile Internet [2]. First of
all, the communication of the 5th
generation will provide the infrastructure for automated devices
connected to the Internet of cars, pilotless electric automobiles, and other things. At the
emergence of 5G, there will be no dependence on wire networks and hardware video terminals.
Moreover, the bigger number of participants will be able to have the qualitative picture and
ampler opportunities for the interaction [6].
6. FUTURE CHALLENGES
The security and privacy of devices, infrastructures, communication, and information transfer is
yet to be explored. The current solutions based on encryption would not suffice in the future due
to a large number of devices. The development of network devices, IoT, infrastructures, and
algorithms must be self-configuring, self-healing, and self-optimizing to preform dynamic
operations as per the need, for example, QoS guarantee, dynamic load balancing, pooling of
residual resources and traffic management. The latency is a primary concern in most of the real-
time applications and services, especially, in the tactile Internet and IoT. Achieving the zero
latency in all the existing architectures and implementations of 5G networks is a big challenge.
Other than above listed challenges, there are few more challenges has to be take into
consideration like
Air Interface: New waveforms, New Frame structures, Interference Mitigation Techniques,
Massive MIMO and Coding.
8. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN) Vol.9, No.1, March 2017
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Radio Propagation Considerations: Spectrum and Channel Modeling.
Implementation Challenges: Digital Signal processing, Transceiver design and implementation of
Massive MIMO and beam forming.
7. CONCLUSION
The launch of 5G networks is planned by the year 2020 in the global market. They will be
focused on the steady improvement of characteristics of communication technologies, including
the qualities of service, speed, and volumes of traffic. The algorithms of the traffic classification
will become another direction for the development of 5G networks. They will provide the support
of the market demand for the services and needs of subscribers. The implementation of the 5G
project by 2020 will create an unlimited access to any possible information. It is obvious that it
will be necessary to solve the issue of the increasing amount of devices connected to the network
to realize this activity. The variety of attached units, applications, and tasks allows assuming the
following fact. The 5G technology will become the result of the existing technologies integration
of radio access improved by LTE and HSPA. Thus, the gradual transition to such 5G networks
can start in 2020.
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