Mass spectrometry is a technique used widely in science to determine the relative atomic mass of elements, molecular mass of compounds, and structure of compounds. It works by ionizing sample vapors with an electron beam, which causes fragmentation of molecular ions. A mass analyzer then separates the ions by their mass-to-charge ratio to produce a mass spectrum. Common ionization techniques include electron ionization, chemical ionization, field desorption, and fast atom bombardment. Mass spectrometry has applications like molecular mass determination, isotope detection, and distinguishing between cis and trans isomers.
Introduction, Basic Principles, Terminology, Instrumentation, Ionization techniques (EI, CI, FAB, MALDI, and ESI), Mass Analyzer (Magnetic sector instruments, Quadrupole, TOF, and ICR ), and Applications of Mass Spectrometry.
it is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are typically presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio.
Introduction, Basic Principles, Terminology, Instrumentation, Ionization techniques (EI, CI, FAB, MALDI, and ESI), Mass Analyzer (Magnetic sector instruments, Quadrupole, TOF, and ICR ), and Applications of Mass Spectrometry.
it is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are typically presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio.
in this presentation we learn about the mass spectrometery principal and its mass to charge ratio.
components of mass spectrometers .
sample inoculation and its processing. i feel these are very good slides.
Mass spectrometer converts molecules to ions under vacuum so that they can be moved about and manipulated by external electric and magnetic fields.
These ions are then separated and determined. Separation is achieved on different trajectories of moving ions in electrical and/or magnetic fields.
*Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
*Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)
*Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Analyzer
Recent advances in the application of mass spectrometry in food-related analysis
*LC-MS coupling techniques
*HPLC-MS coupling techniques
*MALDI-TOF-MS
*ESI-MS
in this presentation we learn about the mass spectrometery principal and its mass to charge ratio.
components of mass spectrometers .
sample inoculation and its processing. i feel these are very good slides.
Mass spectrometer converts molecules to ions under vacuum so that they can be moved about and manipulated by external electric and magnetic fields.
These ions are then separated and determined. Separation is achieved on different trajectories of moving ions in electrical and/or magnetic fields.
*Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
*Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)
*Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Analyzer
Recent advances in the application of mass spectrometry in food-related analysis
*LC-MS coupling techniques
*HPLC-MS coupling techniques
*MALDI-TOF-MS
*ESI-MS
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Shri Shivaji Education Society Amravati’s
J.D.Patil Sangludkar Mahavidyalaya,
Daryapur.
Mass Spectrometry
Rahul G.Sawarkar
M.Sc. GATE, SET.
Assistant Professor
2. Content
Introduction
Principle
Instrumentation
Process Of Sample Introduction
Direct Vapour Inlet
Gas Chromatography
Direct Insertion Probe
Ionisation Techniques
Electron Ionisation (EI)
Chemical Ionisation (CI)
Field Desorption (FD)
Fast atom Bombardment (FAB)
Applications
Refrences
3. Mass spectrometry is used widely in
science. It is used to determine the relative
atomic mass of elements, the molecular
mass of chemical compounds and the
structure of these compounds
Introduction
4. Sample compound converted to vapours
Energetic e- beam (70eV) bombarded on the vapours.
Ionization of the sample –
M + e- M+ + 2 e-
Fragmentation of molecular ions.
Mass analyzer ( seperation of ions)
m/e values and the mass spectrum.
Principle
5. ½ mv2 = eV
mv2/r = Hev
Finally, on solving we get –
m/e = H2r2/2V
7. Process of Sample Introduction
Direct Vapor Inlet
Gas Chromatography
Direct Insertion Prob
8. Produces M+. radical cation giving molecular weight
◗ Produces abundant fragment ions
◗ Energetic process. A heated filament emits
electrons which are accelerated by a potential
difference of usually 70eV into the sample chamber.
Ionisation of the sample occurs by removal of an
electron from the molecule thus generating a
positively charged ion with one unpaired electron.
M + e M+. + 2e-
Ionisation Technique
1) Electron Ionisation
9. 2) Chemical Ionisation
Development from EI
Same compound classes as EI
Gives molecular weight
Softer ionisation technique
Produces M+H+ ions or M - H- ions
Used to produce more abundant molecular ions
when the molecule under investigation
fragments using EI
11. 3)Field Desorption
• The sample is deposited onto the emitter and the
emitter is biased to a high potential (several
kilovolts) and a current is passed through the
emitter to heat up the filament. Mass spectra are
acquired as the emitter current is gradually
increased and the sample is evaporated from the
emitter into the gas phase.
12. 4) Fast Atom Bombadment
Used for large compounds with low volatility (eg
peptides, proteins, carbohydrates)
◗ Solid or liquid sample is mixed with a non-volatile
matrix (eg glycerol, crown ethers, nitrobenzyl
alcohol)
◗ Immobilised matrix is bombarded with a fast
beam
of Argon or Xenon atoms. Charged sample ions are
ejected from the matrix and extracted into the mass
analysers
◗ Gives M+H+ or M+Na+ ions
◗ Choosing correct matrix is difficult
13. It has wide applications.Some of important ones
are mentioned below-
1.Molecular mass determination,
2.Isotope detection,
3.Distinguish between cis & trans-
isomers,
Applications
14.
15.
16. 2. Isotope Detection
Mass spectrometry is also used to determine the isotopic
composition of elements within a sample. For this highly
sensitive instrument called isotopic ratio mass
spectrometer (IR-MS) is employed.Isotopic analysis is also
useful in protein quantification.
17. 3.Distinction Between cis & trans- isomers
This technique can successfully distinguish
between the cis and trans isomers of a
compound. Both the ions give mass spectra
but the spectra of trans isomers is more
intense. Also the dehydration fragment of the
cis isomer is stronger than that of trans
isomers and thus they can be identified
separately.
Ex: 2-Butene
18. Conclusion:-
Mass spectrometry is a very
powerful analytical technique
which is being rapidly
employed for the structural
determination of large no. of
compounds.
19. Refrences
1) Introduction to SPECTROSCOPY
(third edition)
By-Donald L. Pavia
Gary M. Lampaman
George S.Kriz
2) Organic Spectroscopy
(third edition)
By- William Kemp
3)Organic Spectroscopy Principles and Application
(second edition)
By-Jag Mohan
4) Instrumental Methods Of Chemical Analysis.
By- Gurudeep R.Chatwal
Sham K.Anand
