The document discusses several key anatomical and functional differences between male and female brains. It notes that while human brains show 99% similarity, the 1% difference accounts for meaningful distinctions. Specifically, it reports that females have a larger limbic cortex and frontal/temporal lobes, better for emotional processing and multi-tasking. Males tend to have better spatial and math abilities due to larger specific regions. Additionally, it explores sex differences in brain structures, hormones, and their clinical implications.
Part 9 of "Science & Sexuality." What determines sexual orientation? Is it learned or inborn? How does culture affect the expression, perception, and treatment of sexually different people?
Part 9 of "Science & Sexuality." What determines sexual orientation? Is it learned or inborn? How does culture affect the expression, perception, and treatment of sexually different people?
There are multiple characteristics to examine during fetal brain growth and development. Cortical surface area and cerebral volume are closely correlated with gestational age. Grey matter and white matter volume increase dramatically during the last few weeks of the third trimester. At the cellular and molecular levels, diffused white matter is involved with mylelination, cytostructural support, and communication. Myelination is closely related to the quality of neuronal connectivity.
The presentation focuses on cerebral asymmetries in structural, functional and molecular levels regarding production and comprehension of language faculty. It also briefs about the role of different language areas and sex differences in language.
There are multiple characteristics to examine during fetal brain growth and development. Cortical surface area and cerebral volume are closely correlated with gestational age. Grey matter and white matter volume increase dramatically during the last few weeks of the third trimester. At the cellular and molecular levels, diffused white matter is involved with mylelination, cytostructural support, and communication. Myelination is closely related to the quality of neuronal connectivity.
The presentation focuses on cerebral asymmetries in structural, functional and molecular levels regarding production and comprehension of language faculty. It also briefs about the role of different language areas and sex differences in language.
Hello readers,
This PPT is about the chapter:- Tissue which is in science class IX
Question Are In The Book Of NCERT
I Hope this will help You...
Thanks....
It includes the basic anatomy physiology of skeletal muscles, the thorough working of the muscles, at superficial level to molecular level, the energy input, smooth muscle-cardiac-skeletal muscles differences, smooth muscle anatomy physiology.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
MARS vs VENUS, DIFFERENCES IN MALE & FEMALE BRAINS
1.
2. Introduction
Anatomical differences
Sculpting the Brain
Inborn inclinations
Under stress
Sex and mental disorders
Hormones
Clinical implications
Structural connectome of Human Brain
Neurosteroids
Key
References
13/10/2015 2
3. 13/10/2015 3
Physically- Men are larger, stronger, higher
testosterone levels
More sensitive to smaller moving objects, target
focused; women focus on colour changes, better
peripheral vision
More fat on belly, women on thighs
Biologically- 22 pairs of autosomes; 23rd pair sex
chromosome (XX and XY)
The 80 or so genes on Y chromosome in male
and absent in female account for several
differences
Mentally- women can do multi-tasking and are
more emotional
4. Human brains show 99% similarity it’s the 1%
that makes a difference.
The limbic cortex is larger in females- better
emotional bond
Frontal lobe (problem-solving), temporal cortex
is larger in females
Women have ten times more white matter-
better multi-taskers
Males better at math due to better logistics in
the left hemisphere (larger inferior-parietal
lobule)
Women equally utilize both hemispheres, better
linguistic abilities
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6. Earlier study- Hypothalamus hormone
production, eating, drinking and sex
Current study- memory, emotion, vision,
hearing, recognition
PET and fMRI scanning- non-invasive
techniques
Males have better motor and spatial
abilities, whereas females have superior
memory and social cognition skills.
13/10/2015 6
7. Some Sexual differences present before birth
At around the 26-week stage, girl fetuses
develop a thicker corpus callosum
Boys and girls inclined towards varied toys;
trucks or dolls
Equal interaction with gender neutral toys in
experiment performed on vervet monkeys
Nature vs nurture regarding sex differences-
built-in cognitive differences
Girls spent more time looking at the student,
whereas the boys spent more time looking at
the mechanical object
13/10/2015 7
8. Males have the Amygdala 4 times larger
than females, more aggressive behavior,
fight or flight response, sexual desire, higher
suicide rates
In an expt-measured concentration of 5-HT
receptors after separation of pups from
mother; in males, in females
Neurons in male rats have more
interconnections
Women experience more pain (left-
amygdala activation responsible for
internal functions)
13/10/2015 8
9. Hippocampus(memory storage) larger in
women
Males-Navigation in space and orientation;
females-using landmarks
In an expt-placed rats in an “enriched
environment” promoting social interactions;
bushiness of dendritic trees in females,
slight in males
Males have greater I.Q variance than
females
13/10/2015 9
10. Serotonin production 52% higher in men;
women more prone to depression
Women more prone to addiction;
estrogen boosts DA release- cause
dependence more rapidly with drugs of
abuse (cocaine, amphetamine)
Women possess significantly larger
orbitofrontal-to-amygdala ratio, better at
controlling emotions
Women OAR; Men OAR
13/10/2015 10
11. Hormonal changes is cyclic in females, acyclic in
males
Exposure to higher levels of testosterone in the
womb leads, on the one hand, to the
development of greater abilities in ‘systematising’
kinds of thinking, and, on the other, lower social
skills.
Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN) larger in males
in Hypothalmus, in Corpus callosum (gender
identity), ant. commissure (sexuality)
INAH-3 nuclei half the size in homosexual males as
well as females; SCN double the cell volume
Oxytocin releases during stress. But female
estrogen combines with oxytocin to produce a
calming effect, whereas male testosterone only
makes men more aggro.
13/10/2015 11
12. To diagnose and provide sex-specific
treatment for disorders like depression,
addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder
and schizophrenia
13/10/2015 12
14. Using diffusion
tensor imaging
(water-based)
Male- perception
and coordinated
action
Female- analytical
and intuition
processing
13/10/2015 14
15. 13/10/2015 15
949 human subjects (428 M, 521 F; 8-22yrs)
In all supratentorial regions, males show
greater within-hemispheric connectivity, as
well as enhanced modularity and
transitivity
Females show between-hemispheric
connectivity and cross-module
participation
Males have stronger intra hemispheric
connections bilaterally (HCR).
In cerebellar regions it was opposite.
18. CNS is more sensitive to the organizational effects
of gonadal hormones (imprinting effect)
Produced locally in the Hippocampus; pregnane
steroids (allopregnanolone & THDOC),androstane
steroids (androstanediol & etiocholanone)&
sulfated neurosteroids (pregnenolone sulfate (PS) &
DHEAS)
Epilepsies higher in males, localization-related
symptomatic epilepsy
Women tend to have less structural atrophy than
men, regardless of the seizure rate
Sexual dimorphism (GABAergic neurosteroids
activation in SNr underlie gender-related
differences in seizure susceptibility and protection.),
sensitivity to neurotransmitter, receptor distribution
etc are responsible factors
13/10/2015 18
20. LCW Lobar Connectivity Weight
HCR Hemisphere Connectivity Ratio
SC Structural Connectome
PC Participation Coefficient
ROI Regions Of Interest
INAH 3 Interstitial Nucleus of the
Anterior Hypothalamus number 3
SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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21. Ingalhalikar, M., Smith, A., Parker, D., Satterthwaite,
T., Elliott, M., Ruparel, K., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R.,
Gur, R., & Verma, R. (2013). Sex differences in the
structural connectome of the human brain,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
111 (2), 823-828
Viatcheslav Wlassoff, PhD, January 13, 2015 .Mars
Vs Venus – Differences in Male and Female Brains,
NEUROSCIENCE & NEUROLOGY
Larry Cahill, May 1, 2012. His Brain, her Brain
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