Mars is known as the Red Planet and is approximately 1.5 times farther from the Sun than Earth. It has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere and a surface that is cold and dusty red in color. Mars has seasons and a day slightly longer than Earth's. Current missions are studying Mars to search for evidence of past water and potential for life. Future missions aim to further explore the Martian surface and atmosphere.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and was named after the Roman god of agriculture, Kronos. It orbits the sun every 29.4 Earth years and has the fiercest winds in the solar system, reaching speeds of over 1,000 miles per hour. While Saturn has never been visited by humans, probes like Voyager and Cassini have provided data on the planet's size, conditions, and rings composed of ice, dust and frozen gas.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is named after the Roman god of war. It has an average distance from the Sun of 230 million km and an orbital period of 687 Earth days. Past missions include the first successful flybys by Mariner 4 in 1965 and the first orbiter, Mariner 9, in 1971. Current missions include the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter which arrived in 2006 to map terrain and weather to identify landing sites for future landers.
Saturn is known for its prominent ring system. Early astronomers like Galileo first observed the rings, though they were not well understood until Christiaan Huygens correctly interpreted them as a ring system in 1659. The Cassini mission has returned stunning images of Saturn and its moons like Titan, greatly increasing scientific understanding of the Saturnian system.
The document summarizes key facts about the outer planets, their moons, and other objects in our solar system. It describes the atmospheres and features of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It also discusses their moons, like Ganymede, Titan, and Triton. Additionally, it covers comets, asteroids, meteorites, and the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune's orbit.
The document discusses the outer planets of our solar system including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. It provides details on the size, composition, atmosphere and visibility of each planet as well as notable features like Jupiter's Great Red Spot and Saturn's rings. Key facts are given for each planet's moons and comparisons are made between the sizes of the outer planets and Earth.
The document discusses various topics relating to exploring the universe, including:
- The Milky Way galaxy located at the edge of the Orion Arm and estimated to be 13.2 billion years old.
- Nebulae are where stars are born from clouds of dust and gravity, with some becoming average stars and others massive stars.
- Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the sun, taking 167 Earth years to orbit.
- The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing scientific theory that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, from an initial state of high density and temperature.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and was named after the Roman god of agriculture, Kronos. It orbits the sun every 29.4 Earth years and has the fiercest winds in the solar system, reaching speeds of over 1,000 miles per hour. While Saturn has never been visited by humans, probes like Voyager and Cassini have provided data on the planet's size, conditions, and rings composed of ice, dust and frozen gas.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is named after the Roman god of war. It has an average distance from the Sun of 230 million km and an orbital period of 687 Earth days. Past missions include the first successful flybys by Mariner 4 in 1965 and the first orbiter, Mariner 9, in 1971. Current missions include the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter which arrived in 2006 to map terrain and weather to identify landing sites for future landers.
Saturn is known for its prominent ring system. Early astronomers like Galileo first observed the rings, though they were not well understood until Christiaan Huygens correctly interpreted them as a ring system in 1659. The Cassini mission has returned stunning images of Saturn and its moons like Titan, greatly increasing scientific understanding of the Saturnian system.
The document summarizes key facts about the outer planets, their moons, and other objects in our solar system. It describes the atmospheres and features of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It also discusses their moons, like Ganymede, Titan, and Triton. Additionally, it covers comets, asteroids, meteorites, and the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune's orbit.
The document discusses the outer planets of our solar system including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. It provides details on the size, composition, atmosphere and visibility of each planet as well as notable features like Jupiter's Great Red Spot and Saturn's rings. Key facts are given for each planet's moons and comparisons are made between the sizes of the outer planets and Earth.
The document discusses various topics relating to exploring the universe, including:
- The Milky Way galaxy located at the edge of the Orion Arm and estimated to be 13.2 billion years old.
- Nebulae are where stars are born from clouds of dust and gravity, with some becoming average stars and others massive stars.
- Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the sun, taking 167 Earth years to orbit.
- The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing scientific theory that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, from an initial state of high density and temperature.
Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system. It is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium gases. Saturn has over 30 moons, including Titan, which is larger than Mercury. Saturn is most notable for its extensive ring system, which is comprised of ice and rock particles and spans up to 150,000 miles in width. In 2004, the Cassini spacecraft arrived at Saturn to study the planet, its moons and rings.
The document describes the inner planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, takes 88 days to orbit, and rotates once every 57 hours. Venus is the second planet from the sun and has the same size as Earth, though it is the hottest planet due to its dense atmosphere. Mars is around half the size of Earth, takes 687 days to orbit the sun, and has the largest volcano in the solar system called Olympus.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and the second largest planet in the solar system. It is made up of hydrogen gas, with a liquid hydrogen middle layer and a rocky core. Saturn has over 60 moons, including Titan, which is the second largest moon in the solar system. Saturn also has a prominent ring system made of ice particles and dust. The Cassini-Huygens mission orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017 and made many discoveries about the planet and its moons.
This document is a Mars atlas published by the Space Applications Centre of ISRO that contains images and information about Mars from the Mars Orbiter Mission. It includes an overview of the solar system and Mars, details about the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft and its objectives. It then shows global views of Mars captured by the mission and categorized images of different geological features on Mars like impact craters, volcanic features, and tectonic landforms. The atlas also contains temperature maps of Mars from the mission's instruments and discusses ongoing analysis of Mars' atmosphere and surface.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun. Some key facts:
- It was discovered by ancient peoples and named after the Roman god Saturn. Galileo first observed its rings in 1610 using a telescope.
- It has a orbital period of around 29 earth years and its most notable moon, Titan, is larger than Mercury and has lakes of liquid methane and ethane.
- Saturn's rings were discovered by Galileo and Huygens and are composed of millions of chunks of ice and rock.
- To survive on Saturn one would need protection from the cold temperatures and high winds, and secure food that wouldn't float away.
The document summarizes key facts about the four inner planets of our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. It provides details on each planet's diameter, mass, density, atmosphere, distance from the sun, orbital path, moons, surface features, and core composition. Notably, it describes Mercury as the closest planet to the sun with no moons and a heavily cratered surface. Venus is similar in size to Earth but has a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere and retrograde rotation. Earth is unique in its liquid water and life. Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system called Olympus Mons and two small moons.
The document summarizes key facts about the outer planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. It describes their sizes, compositions, notable moons and orbital properties. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Uranus and Neptune contain more ices and are sometimes called ice giants. Pluto is much smaller and composed of rock and frozen water. The largest moons include Ganymede, Titan and Triton. Their orbits vary in distance and period around the Sun.
The document uses images from Hubble telescope and other space observations to help put life's problems into perspective. It shows pictures of galaxies, nebulae, planets, and other astronomical objects to illustrate how small and insignificant human problems are in the grand scheme of the universe. It concludes by showing an image of Earth taken from Saturn's rings to drive home the point that from a distant view, all of humanity and our concerns are confined to this small blue planet.
The Solar System an volume of Space defined by the influence of the Sun gravity. It is extra-ordinary complex considered the type and the number of objects that circulate around the Sun. Our knowledge about the Solar System exploded as we started sending spacecrafts at the second half of the twentieth century. This is just a slideshow describing the major objects within the Solar System. 25 Sept 2021
Uranus is the 7th planet from the Sun and has 27 known moons, ranging from large moons like Titania to smaller inner moons. It takes 84 years to orbit the Sun and rotates on its side, with winds blowing at speeds up to 900 km/h. Uranus is composed mainly of ice and rock with an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium and has the coldest temperatures in the solar system, down to -218°C.
The document provides perspectives on the size of astronomical objects to help put life's problems into context. It shares images taken by Hubble and other space telescopes that capture galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial bodies located thousands to billions of light years away. It concludes by showing an image of Earth taken by the Cassini probe, emphasizing that from far away, all of humanity and our concerns are contained within a small, fragile blue point in the vast universe.
The document discusses key facts about our planet Earth. It begins by providing context about our solar system and universe. It then explains that Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet that supports life. The document goes on to describe how Earth formed from a hot cloud of gases and cooled over millions of years, developing a crust, mantle and core similar to an egg. Volcanoes are mentioned as openings where molten material from the core is forced out of the crust.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a robotic telescope located 593 km above Earth's surface. Named after Edwin Hubble, it was launched in 1990 as a joint NASA and ESA project. Hubble weighs 11 tons and can obtain images with a resolution of 0.1 seconds of arc. The document then provides 10 images taken by Hubble showing various nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical objects located between 2,500-114 million light years from Earth. It concludes by stating the images are monuments of light and color that words cannot describe, and provides an image of the Eagle Nebula, a star cluster forming within gaseous emissions.
The document provides an overview of the universe and some of its key components. It defines the universe as all matter and energy, including planets, stars, galaxies and intergalactic space. Scientific observations have led to inferences about the early stages of the universe, supported by the Big Bang theory which describes the formation of the universe approximately 13.77 billion years ago. Stars are fundamental building blocks of galaxies and are responsible for producing heavy elements. Galaxies are massive gravitationally bound systems consisting of stars, gas and dust, with the Milky Way being the galaxy that contains our solar system.
A light year is a unit of distance used to measure large distances in space. It is defined as the distance that light travels in one year, which is about 9.46 trillion kilometers. Looking at distant objects in the universe means seeing them as they appeared in the past, since it takes time for their light to reach us - the further away an object is, the further back in time we are seeing it. The universe is estimated to be at least 156 billion light years in size.
The document provides information about the universe and the solar system. It describes the sun and planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It also discusses other celestial objects like asteroids, comets, and moons. Datafiles are included with details about each planet's diameter, density, gravity, and number of moons.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and orbits within 29 years. It rotates on its axis every 10.65 hours and is unique for being the largest planet with rings. Saturn's rotation is complex, with different rotational speeds depending on latitude - ranging from 10 hours and 14 minutes at the equator to 10 hours and 39 minutes above and below the equatorial belt. Ancient Babylonians first tracked Saturn as early as 1830 BC using just their naked eyes.
The Sun is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma at the center of the Solar System. It provides most of the energy for life on Earth and consists mostly of hydrogen and helium. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and has no atmosphere, resulting in large temperature fluctuations. Venus has a toxic atmosphere that causes a runaway greenhouse effect. Earth is the only known planet capable of harboring life and has nitrogen and oxygen in its atmosphere. Mars shares similarities to Earth but has a thin atmosphere incapable of retaining liquid water. Jupiter is the largest planet and has a strong magnetic field with numerous moons. Saturn is known for its iconic rings composed of ice and rock. Uranus orbits on its side and has blue-green
This document defines and provides examples of light years, which are used to measure the vast distances in space. A light year is the distance that light travels in one year, which is approximately 5.88 trillion miles or 9.5 trillion kilometers. When viewing stars and other objects in space, we are seeing them as they appeared in the past due to the time it takes their light to reach Earth, such as light from Sirius taking 8 years to reach us.
Mars is approximately half the size of Earth and has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system. Early concepts suggested canals and life on Mars but spacecraft like Mariner 4 revealed only impact craters and naturally occurring channels. Viking landers found no clear evidence of living microbes. However, past rover missions like Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity continue to find evidence that water once flowed on the Martian surface, making the possibility of past life an ongoing area of investigation. Future exploration plans aim to further understand Mars' potential for habitability.
Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system. It is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium gases. Saturn has over 30 moons, including Titan, which is larger than Mercury. Saturn is most notable for its extensive ring system, which is comprised of ice and rock particles and spans up to 150,000 miles in width. In 2004, the Cassini spacecraft arrived at Saturn to study the planet, its moons and rings.
The document describes the inner planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, takes 88 days to orbit, and rotates once every 57 hours. Venus is the second planet from the sun and has the same size as Earth, though it is the hottest planet due to its dense atmosphere. Mars is around half the size of Earth, takes 687 days to orbit the sun, and has the largest volcano in the solar system called Olympus.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and the second largest planet in the solar system. It is made up of hydrogen gas, with a liquid hydrogen middle layer and a rocky core. Saturn has over 60 moons, including Titan, which is the second largest moon in the solar system. Saturn also has a prominent ring system made of ice particles and dust. The Cassini-Huygens mission orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017 and made many discoveries about the planet and its moons.
This document is a Mars atlas published by the Space Applications Centre of ISRO that contains images and information about Mars from the Mars Orbiter Mission. It includes an overview of the solar system and Mars, details about the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft and its objectives. It then shows global views of Mars captured by the mission and categorized images of different geological features on Mars like impact craters, volcanic features, and tectonic landforms. The atlas also contains temperature maps of Mars from the mission's instruments and discusses ongoing analysis of Mars' atmosphere and surface.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun. Some key facts:
- It was discovered by ancient peoples and named after the Roman god Saturn. Galileo first observed its rings in 1610 using a telescope.
- It has a orbital period of around 29 earth years and its most notable moon, Titan, is larger than Mercury and has lakes of liquid methane and ethane.
- Saturn's rings were discovered by Galileo and Huygens and are composed of millions of chunks of ice and rock.
- To survive on Saturn one would need protection from the cold temperatures and high winds, and secure food that wouldn't float away.
The document summarizes key facts about the four inner planets of our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. It provides details on each planet's diameter, mass, density, atmosphere, distance from the sun, orbital path, moons, surface features, and core composition. Notably, it describes Mercury as the closest planet to the sun with no moons and a heavily cratered surface. Venus is similar in size to Earth but has a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere and retrograde rotation. Earth is unique in its liquid water and life. Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system called Olympus Mons and two small moons.
The document summarizes key facts about the outer planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. It describes their sizes, compositions, notable moons and orbital properties. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Uranus and Neptune contain more ices and are sometimes called ice giants. Pluto is much smaller and composed of rock and frozen water. The largest moons include Ganymede, Titan and Triton. Their orbits vary in distance and period around the Sun.
The document uses images from Hubble telescope and other space observations to help put life's problems into perspective. It shows pictures of galaxies, nebulae, planets, and other astronomical objects to illustrate how small and insignificant human problems are in the grand scheme of the universe. It concludes by showing an image of Earth taken from Saturn's rings to drive home the point that from a distant view, all of humanity and our concerns are confined to this small blue planet.
The Solar System an volume of Space defined by the influence of the Sun gravity. It is extra-ordinary complex considered the type and the number of objects that circulate around the Sun. Our knowledge about the Solar System exploded as we started sending spacecrafts at the second half of the twentieth century. This is just a slideshow describing the major objects within the Solar System. 25 Sept 2021
Uranus is the 7th planet from the Sun and has 27 known moons, ranging from large moons like Titania to smaller inner moons. It takes 84 years to orbit the Sun and rotates on its side, with winds blowing at speeds up to 900 km/h. Uranus is composed mainly of ice and rock with an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium and has the coldest temperatures in the solar system, down to -218°C.
The document provides perspectives on the size of astronomical objects to help put life's problems into context. It shares images taken by Hubble and other space telescopes that capture galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial bodies located thousands to billions of light years away. It concludes by showing an image of Earth taken by the Cassini probe, emphasizing that from far away, all of humanity and our concerns are contained within a small, fragile blue point in the vast universe.
The document discusses key facts about our planet Earth. It begins by providing context about our solar system and universe. It then explains that Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet that supports life. The document goes on to describe how Earth formed from a hot cloud of gases and cooled over millions of years, developing a crust, mantle and core similar to an egg. Volcanoes are mentioned as openings where molten material from the core is forced out of the crust.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a robotic telescope located 593 km above Earth's surface. Named after Edwin Hubble, it was launched in 1990 as a joint NASA and ESA project. Hubble weighs 11 tons and can obtain images with a resolution of 0.1 seconds of arc. The document then provides 10 images taken by Hubble showing various nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical objects located between 2,500-114 million light years from Earth. It concludes by stating the images are monuments of light and color that words cannot describe, and provides an image of the Eagle Nebula, a star cluster forming within gaseous emissions.
The document provides an overview of the universe and some of its key components. It defines the universe as all matter and energy, including planets, stars, galaxies and intergalactic space. Scientific observations have led to inferences about the early stages of the universe, supported by the Big Bang theory which describes the formation of the universe approximately 13.77 billion years ago. Stars are fundamental building blocks of galaxies and are responsible for producing heavy elements. Galaxies are massive gravitationally bound systems consisting of stars, gas and dust, with the Milky Way being the galaxy that contains our solar system.
A light year is a unit of distance used to measure large distances in space. It is defined as the distance that light travels in one year, which is about 9.46 trillion kilometers. Looking at distant objects in the universe means seeing them as they appeared in the past, since it takes time for their light to reach us - the further away an object is, the further back in time we are seeing it. The universe is estimated to be at least 156 billion light years in size.
The document provides information about the universe and the solar system. It describes the sun and planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It also discusses other celestial objects like asteroids, comets, and moons. Datafiles are included with details about each planet's diameter, density, gravity, and number of moons.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and orbits within 29 years. It rotates on its axis every 10.65 hours and is unique for being the largest planet with rings. Saturn's rotation is complex, with different rotational speeds depending on latitude - ranging from 10 hours and 14 minutes at the equator to 10 hours and 39 minutes above and below the equatorial belt. Ancient Babylonians first tracked Saturn as early as 1830 BC using just their naked eyes.
The Sun is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma at the center of the Solar System. It provides most of the energy for life on Earth and consists mostly of hydrogen and helium. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and has no atmosphere, resulting in large temperature fluctuations. Venus has a toxic atmosphere that causes a runaway greenhouse effect. Earth is the only known planet capable of harboring life and has nitrogen and oxygen in its atmosphere. Mars shares similarities to Earth but has a thin atmosphere incapable of retaining liquid water. Jupiter is the largest planet and has a strong magnetic field with numerous moons. Saturn is known for its iconic rings composed of ice and rock. Uranus orbits on its side and has blue-green
This document defines and provides examples of light years, which are used to measure the vast distances in space. A light year is the distance that light travels in one year, which is approximately 5.88 trillion miles or 9.5 trillion kilometers. When viewing stars and other objects in space, we are seeing them as they appeared in the past due to the time it takes their light to reach Earth, such as light from Sirius taking 8 years to reach us.
Mars is approximately half the size of Earth and has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system. Early concepts suggested canals and life on Mars but spacecraft like Mariner 4 revealed only impact craters and naturally occurring channels. Viking landers found no clear evidence of living microbes. However, past rover missions like Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity continue to find evidence that water once flowed on the Martian surface, making the possibility of past life an ongoing area of investigation. Future exploration plans aim to further understand Mars' potential for habitability.
Mars is nicknamed the Red Planet due to the iron oxide in its soil. It has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. Mars is about half the diameter of Earth and has a day that is only slightly longer than an Earth day. It has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, that are irregularly shaped and may be captured asteroids. The largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, and deepest canyon, Valles Marineris, are both located on Mars. Water ice is found at the poles and it is possible that liquid water exists underground. Seasonal dust storms can blanket the entire planet. Mars is considered Earth's closest planetary neighbor and is sometimes called the "Red Planet" or
Mars is approximately half the size of Earth. It has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide. Mars has the largest volcanoes in the solar system, as well as the largest canyon system called Valles Marineris. Many spacecraft have explored Mars throughout history, helping scientists understand features like the polar ice caps and discover that liquid water once flowed on the surface. Future missions aim to determine if life ever existed on Mars.
A short glimpse of geology of the planet Mars. Good for undergraduate and post-graduate students of geology, geography, earth and planetary sciences, astronomy.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and about half the size of Earth. It has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide with traces of other gases. Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system called Olympus Mons and deep valleys like Valles Marineris. Past rover missions have found evidence that water once flowed on the Martian surface.
This document discusses Mars and various locations on the planet that have been studied. It describes Mars' physical characteristics and notes that it has volcanoes, valleys, polar ice caps, and seasonal cycles similar to Earth. It then discusses specific regions in more detail, including Cydonia which contains the "Face on Mars" feature, Olympus Mons which is the largest volcano in the solar system, and Valles Marineris which is a deep system of canyons. Gusev Crater is also mentioned, where the rocks analyzed had compositions resembling volcanic basalt and signs of minor water alteration.
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and has the shortest year of any planet. It rotates once every 58 Earth days. Mercury has a very thin atmosphere and experiences extreme temperature variations between day and night, with daytime temperatures reaching up to 840°F and nighttime temperatures dropping as low as -275°F. Mercury has a heavily cratered surface and its interior is mostly metallic iron and rock.
The document summarizes information about the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury is the smallest planet and closest to the Sun. Venus has a dense atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide and has the hottest surface temperature. Earth has three main layers that support life - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Mars has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, polar ice caps, the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system, and evidence suggests it once had liquid water on its surface.
The document summarizes information about the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury is the smallest planet and closest to the Sun. Venus has a dense atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide and has the hottest surface temperature. Earth has three main layers that support life - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Mars has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, polar ice caps, the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system, and evidence suggests it once had liquid water on its surface.
The document summarizes information about the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury is the smallest planet and closest to the Sun. Venus has a dense atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide and has the hottest surface temperature. Earth has three main layers that support life - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Mars has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, polar ice caps, the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system, and evidence suggests it once had liquid water on its surface.
The document summarizes information about the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury is the smallest planet and closest to the Sun. Venus has a dense atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide and has the hottest surface temperatures. Earth has three main layers that support life - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Mars has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, polar ice caps, the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system, and evidence suggests it once had liquid water on its surface.
The document summarizes information about the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury is the smallest planet and closest to the Sun. Venus has a dense atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide and has the hottest surface temperature. Earth has three main layers that support life - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Mars has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, polar ice caps, evidence of past liquid water, and the largest volcano in the solar system.
This document provides information about Mars, including:
- Mars was once warmer and wetter, with rivers and oceans, but its atmosphere depleted over time.
- Humans would weigh less on Mars due to its lower gravity.
- Robotic missions have explored Mars' surface and found evidence it could have once supported life.
- Mars has volcanoes, canyons, dust storms, and two small moons named Deimos and Phobos.
Mercury has many craters and cliffs from meteor impacts. It has extremes in temperature from 150°C to -180°C due to its proximity to the Sun and lack of atmosphere. Venus has a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere that causes intense greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet with surface temperatures over 400°C. Mars has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide, seasonal changes in color, and polar ice caps that grow and shrink with the seasons.
Mercury has many craters and cliffs from meteor impacts. It has extremes in temperature from 176°C to 427°C due to its proximity to the sun without an atmosphere. Venus has a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere that causes intense greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet with surface temperatures over 462°C. Mars has polar ice caps and the largest volcano Olympus Mons, and its soil contains iron oxide that makes it appear red.
Uranus is the 7th planet from the Sun, discovered by William Herschel in 1781. It has a thick atmosphere composed of hydrogen and methane that gives it a blue-green color. Uranus is an 'ice giant' composed mostly of ice and some rocky material. Unlike other planets, Uranus spins on its side with its axis perpendicular to its orbit, likely due to an ancient collision that tipped it over. Its seasons last over 20 years as a result. Uranus has 27 moons named after characters from Shakespeare and Pope.
Social networking is most commonly used by students and young professionals for purposes like chatting with friends, stress relief, and entertainment. Facebook is the most popular social network, used by 55% of people surveyed. Most people access social networks via mobile phones or laptops for 1-2 hours per day. While social networks help people connect with old friends, they can also negatively impact work efficiency and be misused if not used properly, especially by children. Overall social networking is still developing in India but seen as generally positive for social connections.
This presentation provides an overview of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It discusses ISO's history and establishment in 1947. The presentation describes ISO's mission to facilitate international trade through developing voluntary standards. It outlines ISO's scope and types of standards, focusing on ISO 9001 quality management standards. It also discusses ISO accreditation bodies, the accreditation process, and recent ISO news from 2011 relating to various industries and risk management.
Technology poses serious health risks that can even lead to death. Mobile phones emit radiation that has killed millions of birds and contains toxic chemicals that pollute the environment. Computers can cause neck, back, eye strain and carpal tunnel syndrome. WiFi routers emit electromagnetic fields linked to health issues. Medical technology causes over 400,000 medical mistakes annually and unnecessary treatments lead to over 100,000 deaths each year. Home electronics all emit electromagnetic fields that impact health, with high risk spots being air conditioners, microwaves, fluorescent lights and electric sockets. Technology is also negatively impacting youth by causing early dependence that replaces homework, family time and physical activity with excessive video game use.
Bartolomeo Cristofori, born in 1655 in Padua, Italy, is considered the inventor of the piano. In 1688, he was recruited by Prince Ferdinando de Medici to be the technician for his musical instrument collection. Cristofori invented an instrument called the pianoforte, the precursor to the modern piano, which uses a hammer mechanism to strike strings and produce sound. The presentation discussed Cristofori's invention of the piano and highlighted several famous piano players and different types of pianos and keyboards, including grand pianos, upright pianos, digital pianos, and various digital keyboards.
The document discusses blade servers, which are modular server computers designed to minimize space, cost, and energy use. A blade server system includes server blades installed in a blade enclosure, along with shared power, cooling, and networking components. Blade servers offer advantages over traditional rack servers like using less physical space and energy while allowing the user to increase or decrease the number of server blades as needed. Common uses of blade servers include web hosting, virtualization, and cluster computing. Major manufacturers of blade servers are Supermicro, HP, IBM, Dell, and Oracle.
This document discusses the proposed Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Protect IP Act (PIPA) bills. It outlines the key provisions and impacts of the bills, including blocking of websites accused of copyright infringement. It also discusses the shift in focus from SOPA to PIPA, and lists the major proponents and opponents of the bills, such as tech companies and creative industry groups. The document examines alternatives to the bills and technical challenges around implementation.
Steganography is the practice of concealing a file, message, image, or video within another file, message, image, or video. There are two main branches - steganography and watermarking. Steganography aims to hide the very existence of the message, while watermarking aims to protect copyrights and may be openly declared. Throughout history, various techniques have been used to hide secret messages, from wax-covered wood to microdots to modern digital methods like least significant bit insertion in image files. Modern steganography aims for security, robustness against attacks, and imperceptibility of the hidden message. It has allegedly been used by terrorists and intelligence services for covert communication. Detection methods like stegan
This document discusses different types of input devices including keyboards, pointing devices, vision-based devices, data scanning devices, and digitizers. Digitizers convert analog or physical input into digital images and are used in computer-aided design, graphics design, engineering, and video game/movie animation. Light pens are another type of input device shaped like a pen that detects screen light to identify location. Data gloves capture physical finger movement data and are used in applications like sign language teaching, sports instruction, and virtual reality gaming.
This document summarizes several emerging renewable and alternative energy sources being researched and developed, including antimatter, fuel cells, nuclear, ocean thermal, hydroelectric, biomass, wind, and solar energies. It provides brief descriptions of each technology, highlighting their working principles, current development status, challenges, and examples of real-world applications. The overall tone is one of optimism around the progress being made to develop greener and more sustainable energy solutions to address issues of environmental protection and fossil fuel dependence.
This document presents information on various web browsers. It provides an introduction to web browsers and their functions. Then it describes several major browsers - Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer, and Safari. For each one it gives details on their developer, programming languages used, features, and security. It also compares the browsers based on operating system support, usage statistics, vulnerabilities, homepages, search facilities, themes, and internationalization support. In general, it serves as a guide to understanding the capabilities and differences between popular graphic web browsers.
The operating system is a set of programs that provides an interface between hardware, software, and users. It manages computer resources and provides a platform for users to run applications. Key functions of an operating system include controlling peripheral devices, managing files and memory, and providing an interface between hardware, software, and users. There are different types of operating systems designed for networks, desktops, and mobile devices. Operating systems also support different types of processing like batch, real-time, and time-sharing.
The document discusses inflation, its causes such as demand-pull theory and cost-push theory, its effects like hoarding and hurting creditors and fixed income recipients, and measures taken by governments to curb it, such as monetary measures to control money and credit and fiscal measures to decrease spending and increase taxes. However, the conclusion is that solutions to curb inflation often do more harm than good.
The document discusses smart cards, including their history, components, types, applications and advantages/disadvantages. Smart cards were invented in 1968 and are credit card sized devices that contain memory and microprocessors. They have two main types - memory only and microprocessor chips. Common applications include banking, retail, mobile phones, electronic payment and healthcare. Smart cards provide benefits such as convenience, security and portability but also have disadvantages like potential fees and liability if lost or stolen.
Steganography is the practice of concealing a file, message, image, or video within another file, message, image, or video. There are two main branches - steganography and watermarking. Steganography hides the existence of the message itself, while watermarking involves openly communicating the existence of a message to provide copyright protection. Throughout history, various techniques have been used to hide secret messages, from wax-covered wooden panels to microdots. Modern steganography uses algorithms and least significant bit insertion to hide data in images, audio, and other file types. Detection of hidden messages involves steganalysis to identify subtle statistical changes revealing concealed data.
The presentation discusses biometrics, which uses physiological or behavioral characteristics to identify or verify human identity. Biometrics can be categorized as physiological (e.g. fingerprints, face) or behavioral (e.g. signature, voice). Systems enroll samples during enrollment then verify a person's identity by comparing new samples. Advantages include accuracy and security over passwords, while disadvantages include potential changes over time and high costs. The future of biometrics includes expanded law enforcement and private industry applications like extra e-commerce security.
This document provides an overview of virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines a VPN as a private network overlaid on top of the public Internet that allows for confidential communications. VPNs apply networking technologies to share a single physical network infrastructure among various logical private networks. They offer benefits like ubiquitous coverage, lower costs through economies of scale, and security through cryptographic technologies. The document discusses VPN products, services, technologies, solutions, vendors and types like site-to-site and remote access VPNs. It also notes barriers to VPN adoption like lack of interoperability and quality of service standards.
Big Bazaar was started in 2001 by Kishore Biyani in India. It has grown to 133 stores across various formats like Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar, and Electronic Bazaar. Some key events include launching 4 stores within 22 days in 2001, entering tier 2 cities in 2003, and becoming the fastest growing hypermarket in the world in 2008. However, recently Big Bazaar has been facing issues with high prices compared to competitors, unaddressed customer complaints, and lack of connectivity with customers. Potential solutions discussed include offering better deals and discounts, improving response time to customer complaints to under 2 days, and implementing loyalty programs to enhance customer connectivity.
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Bhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter considered one of the most famous revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. He was inspired to join the struggle for independence at a young age after witnessing the Jalianwala Bagh massacre. As a teenager, he studied European revolutionary movements and joined various revolutionary organizations in India. He became a leader of the Hindustan Republican Association and helped convert it to focus more on revolutionary activities. Bhagat Singh carried out a bomb attack on the British legislative assembly to protest against the British rule in India. He was later arrested, tried and hanged by the British authorities at the age of 23, becoming a martyr for the Indian independence movement.
Apple was established in 1976 in California by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. It is headquartered in Cupertino, California and has over 23,000 employees worldwide. Apple produces software like Mac OS X and iOS, as well as hardware including the iPhone, iPad, MacBooks, and iPods. Their products are complemented by online services like the iTunes Store and App Store.
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Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
2. Mars the Red Planet
Known to Babylonians 3,600 years
ago as “Star that Wandered”
The Greeks referred to it as “Ares”
the god of War
Romans called it Mars
4. Basic Facts
Distance from Sun ≈1.52 times as
far as Earth
Time to Orbit the Sun ~ 26 Earth
months
Atmosphere ~ Mostly carbon dioxide
Martian Day ~ 24.7 hours
Temperature on the planet’s surface
hardly rises above freezing point
5. Earth and Mars Comparison
Earth Mars
Radius 6378 km 3397 km
Density 5515 kg/m3 3933 kg/m3
Gravity 9.8 m/s2 3.72 m/s2
Year 365.25 days 686.98 days
Eccentricity 0.017 0.094
Day 24 hours 24 hr 39 min
Obliquity 23.45º 25.19º
8. Mars Surface Features
Surface Color: “Red”
Features
– Impact Craters
– Largest volcano in the
solar system
(Olympus Mons)
– Largest Canyon in the
Solar System
(Valles Marineris)
– Ancient river channels
– Lava Rocks
– Dust: Reddish from
volcanic rock
Valles Marineris
9. Mars Atmosphere
Unbreathable
Thin
Dusty, makes the sky pinkish, lots of
dust storms
Surface Pressure: 1/150th of Earth’s
(only 5.6 millibars)
Composition: 95% CO2, 3% N, 1.5%
Ar, 0.1% O2, 0.03% H2O
10. Moons of Mars
Mars has two tiny
moons named
“Deimos” (Panic) &
“Phobos” (Fear)
The moons are
irregular and very
small in size
– Phobos 27x22x18 km
– Deimos 15x12x10 km
The moons are
probably asteroids
captured by Mars
Deimos Phobos
11. Is there Water on Mars?
Water is the key to life as we know it
The north and south poles of Mars
are covered with thick ice or frost
Some astronomers about 100 years
ago thought there were canals on
Mars dug by intelligent civilization
Space probes to date have not found
any traces of canals on Mars
12. Previous Mission to Mars
Viking 1 and 2 in
1976
– First pictures of
Martian surface
13. Previous Mission to Mars
Pathfinder in 1997
– Roving vehicle –
Sojourner to
explore Martian
surface
17. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Launch date 2005
SHARAD
– Shallow Radar
Instrument
– Penetrate ground and
search for water at
depths greater than 3
feet.
CRISM
– Spectrometer
– Find recent traces of
water
18. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Launch date 2005
CTX
– Contex Camera
– Wide area views
HiRISE
– High Resolution
Camera
– In depth study of
areas where water
once flowed
Named after the Roman god of war, Mars, it is often described as the "Red Planet" as the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of Earth. The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth, as is the tilt that produces the seasons. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the highest known mountain within the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon.
Mars is about 36 to 250 million miles from Earth and the fourth planet from the Sun. I'll try to find out how far away it is from the Sun. mars is about 36 to 250 million miles from Earth and the fourth planet from the Sun.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is 1.52 AU from the Sun
Scientists describe Mars as the ‘Red Planet’ as they observe its brilliance through their telescopes. It is similar to Venus as shines in the night sky. They are rediscovering all the facts that ancient philosophers, theorists, astronomers and other thinkers knew. Thinkers such as Aristotle used their knowledge of the planets and the universe to organise their society. Experts will likely continue to make new discoveries in their quest to learn what they can about Mars, Earth and our solar system.
MARS, the outermost of the four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars), is the second closest to Earth after Venus. It is slightly more than half the size of Earth and almost twice the size of the Moon. The atmosphere is very thin, less than one one- hundredth that of Earth, and composed primarily of carbon dioxide. Temperatures are cold, the mean annual surface temperature being approximately 50¡C at the equator and close to 130 degrees C at the poles. Because of the thin atmosphere, the diurnal temperature range is large, greater than 100 degrees C at the equator. Summer temperatures rise above 0 degrees C at midday despite the low diurnal mean.
THE SURFACE OF MARS
The southern hemisphere of Mars is quite heavily cratered and resembles the surface of our Moon. The surface is old and has been relatively unchanged for some time. The northern hemisphere is quite different. It has few craters and these appear far less eroded indicating they are much younger than those of the southern hemisphere. The northern hemisphere shows much geologic activity. The surface has been smoothed by repeated lava flows indicating a great deal of volcanic activity. There is also a lot of deformed uplifted crustal sections along with collapsed depressions.
The atmosphere of Mars is relatively thin and is composed mostly of carbon dioxide (95.32%). There has been interest in studying its composition since the detection of trace amounts of methane, which may indicate the presence of life on Mars, but may also be produced by a geochemical process, volcanic or hydrothermal activity. The atmospheric pressure on the surface of Mars varies from around 30 Pascal (0.0044 psi) on Olympus Mons's peak to over 1,155 Pascal (0.1675 psi) in the depths of Hellas Planitia, with a mean surface level pressure of 600 Pascal (0.087 psi), compared to Earth's sea level average of 101.3 kilopascals (14.69 psi), and a total mass of 25 teratonnes, compared to Earth's 5148 teratonnes. However, the scale height of the atmosphere is about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi), somewhat higher than Earth's 7 kilometres (4.3 mi). The atmosphere on Mars consists of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and contains traces of oxygen, water, and methane, for a mean molar mass of 43.34 g/mol. The atmosphere is quite dusty, giving the Martian sky a light brown or orange colour when seen from the surface; data from the Mars exploration Rovers indicate that suspended dust particles within the atmosphere are roughly 1.5 micrometres across.
Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are thought to be captured asteroids. Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall, and are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread) who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle. Ares was known as Mars to the Romans.
Water on Mars is much less abundant than it is on Earth, at least in its liquid and gaseous states of matter. Most of the water known is locked in the cryosphere (permafrost and polar caps), and there are no bodies of liquid water which could create a hydrosphere. Only a small amount of water vapour is present in the atmosphere.
Current conditions on the planet surface do not support the long-term existence of liquid water. The average atmospheric pressure and temperature are far too low, leading to immediate freezing and resulting sublimation. Despite this, research suggests that in the past there was liquid water flowing on the surface, creating large areas similar to Earth's oceans
NASA's Viking Mission to Mars was composed of two spacecraft, Viking 1 and Viking 2, each consisting of an orbiter and a lander. The primary mission objectives were to obtain high resolution images of the Martian surface, characterize the structure and composition of the atmosphere and surface, and search for evidence of life. Viking 1 was launched on August 20, 1975 and arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976. The first month of orbit was devoted to imaging the surface to find appropriate landing sites for the Viking Landers. On July 20, 1976 the Viking 1 Lander separated from the Orbiter and touched down at Chryse Planitia (22.48° N, 49.97° W planetographic, 1.5 km below the datum (6.1 mbar) elevation). Viking 2 was launched September 9, 1975 and entered Mars orbit on August 7, 1976. The Viking 2 Lander touched down at Utopia Planitia (47.97° N, 225.74° W, 3 km below the datum elevation) on September 3, 1976. The Orbiters imaged the entire surface of Mars at a resolution of 150 to 300 meters, and selected areas at 8 meters. The lowest periapsis altitude for both Orbiters was 300 km. The Viking 2 Orbiter was powered down on July 25, 1978 after 706 orbits, and the Viking 1 Orbiter on August 17, 1980, after over 1400 orbits. The Orbiter images are available from NSSDC on CD-ROM and as photographic products. These images have been converted to digital image mosaics and maps , and these are also available from NSSDC on CD-ROM. An index giving the latitude and longitude of each Viking Orbiter image is available at the Viking FTP site. The Viking Landers transmitted images of the surface, took surface samples and analyzed them for composition and signs of life, studied atmospheric composition and meteorology, and deployed seismometers. The Viking 2 Lander ended communications on April 11, 1980, and the Viking 1 Lander on November 13, 1982, after transmitting over 1400 images of the two sites. Many of these images are also available from NSSDC online and as photographic products.
Launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II booster a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched, it landed on July 4, 1997 on Mars' Ares Vallis, in a region called Chryse Planitia in the Oxia Palus quadrangle. The lander then opened, exposing the rover which conducted many experiments on the Martian surface. The mission carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program, which promotes the use of low-cost spacecraft and frequent launches under the motto "cheaper, faster and better" promoted by the then administrator, Daniel Goldin. The mission was directed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of the California Institute of Technology, responsible for NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The project manager was JPL's Tony Spear.
The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was a US spacecraft developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996. It began the United States return to Mars after a 10-year absence. It completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, the spacecraft failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that the craft had gone into safe mode. All attempts to re contact the Mars Global Surveyor and resolve the problem failed. In January 2007 NASA officially ended the mission.
The Surveyor spacecraft, fabricated at the Lockheed Martin Astronautics plant in Denver, is a rectangular-shaped box with wing-like projections (solar panels) extending from opposite sides. When fully loaded with propellant at the time of launch, the spacecraft weighed 1,060 kg (2,337 lb). Most of Surveyor's mass lies in the box-shaped module occupying the centre portion of the spacecraft. This centre module is made of two smaller rectangular modules stacked on top of each other, one of which is called the equipment module and holds the spacecraft's electronics, science instruments, and the 1750A mission computer. The other module, called the propulsion module, houses Surveyor's rocket engines and propellant tanks.
2001 Mars Odyssey is a robotic spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars. The project was developed by NASA, and contracted out to Lockheed Martin, with an expected cost for the entire mission of US$297 million. Its mission is to use spectrometers and electronic imagers to hunt for evidence of past or present water and volcanic activity on Mars. It is hoped that the data Odyssey obtains will help answer the question of whether life has ever existed on Mars. It also acts as a relay for communications between the Mars Exploration Rovers and the Phoenix lander to Earth. The mission was named as a tribute to Arthur C. Clarke, evoking the name of 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Phoenix was a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission on Mars under the Mars Scout Program. The Phoenix lander descended on Mars on May 25, 2008. Mission scientists used instruments aboard the lander to search for environments suitable for microbial life on Mars, and to research the history of water there. Phoenix is NASA's sixth successful landing out of seven attempts and is the most recent spacecraft to land successfully on Mars as well as the first successful landing in a Martian polar region. The lander completed its mission in August 2008, and made a last brief communication with Earth on November 2 as available solar power dropped with the Martian winter. The mission was declared concluded on November 10, 2008, after engineers were unable to re-contact the craft