Mars is approximately half the size of Earth and has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system. Early concepts suggested canals and life on Mars but spacecraft like Mariner 4 revealed only impact craters and naturally occurring channels. Viking landers found no clear evidence of living microbes. However, past rover missions like Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity continue to find evidence that water once flowed on the Martian surface, making the possibility of past life an ongoing area of investigation. Future exploration plans aim to further understand Mars' potential for habitability.
Within galaxies, star forming regions called nebulae contain clouds of dust, hydrogen and helium gases. Stars sometimes form within these nebulae as the gases and dust collapse under their own gravity. A nebula with protostars, or young stars that are still forming, is shown in the diagram. The document then goes on to describe the life cycle of stars like our Sun and the changes it will undergo as it evolves and eventually dies in approximately 5 billion years.
The document summarizes the life cycle of stars from their birth in nebulae to their death as either white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. It describes how stars are born from dense clouds of gas and dust called nebulae. As stars age, they evolve from the main sequence to red giants fueled by nuclear fusion. Small stars eventually die as white dwarfs, while massive stars die spectacularly in supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Dark matter is believed to be made up of weakly interacting massive particles and holds galaxies together through gravity, though it does not emit or reflect light. Dark energy is the energy of empty space that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. Understanding dark matter and dark energy could allow for faster-than-light travel and more thorough astronomical research. Only 5% of the universe is visible matter - 25% is dark matter and 70% is dark energy.
James Webb Space Telescope- in search of our originKshitij Bane
A presentation about The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) which will be launched in 2019. The presentation covers basic information about the telescope, its primary mirror, its orbit & the Sunshield. It also explains why the telescope will work in infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum and how it truly is an Engineering marvel.
Mars is approximately half the size of Earth and has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system. Early concepts suggested canals and life on Mars but spacecraft like Mariner 4 revealed only impact craters and naturally occurring channels. Viking landers found no clear evidence of living microbes. However, past rover missions like Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity continue to find evidence that water once flowed on the Martian surface, making the possibility of past life an ongoing area of investigation. Future exploration plans aim to further understand Mars' potential for habitability.
Within galaxies, star forming regions called nebulae contain clouds of dust, hydrogen and helium gases. Stars sometimes form within these nebulae as the gases and dust collapse under their own gravity. A nebula with protostars, or young stars that are still forming, is shown in the diagram. The document then goes on to describe the life cycle of stars like our Sun and the changes it will undergo as it evolves and eventually dies in approximately 5 billion years.
The document summarizes the life cycle of stars from their birth in nebulae to their death as either white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. It describes how stars are born from dense clouds of gas and dust called nebulae. As stars age, they evolve from the main sequence to red giants fueled by nuclear fusion. Small stars eventually die as white dwarfs, while massive stars die spectacularly in supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Dark matter is believed to be made up of weakly interacting massive particles and holds galaxies together through gravity, though it does not emit or reflect light. Dark energy is the energy of empty space that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. Understanding dark matter and dark energy could allow for faster-than-light travel and more thorough astronomical research. Only 5% of the universe is visible matter - 25% is dark matter and 70% is dark energy.
James Webb Space Telescope- in search of our originKshitij Bane
A presentation about The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) which will be launched in 2019. The presentation covers basic information about the telescope, its primary mirror, its orbit & the Sunshield. It also explains why the telescope will work in infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum and how it truly is an Engineering marvel.
The document discusses the layers of the interior of the Earth. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1. The crust, the topmost solid rocky layer that varies in thickness from 0-40 km.
2. The mantle, the thick solid layer below the crust extending to 2,900 km depth. The upper mantle is solid while the lower mantle is semi-molten.
3. The outer core, between 2,900-5,150 km, which is liquid.
4. The inner core, the innermost solid layer from 5,150-6,731 km depth with extremely high temperatures and pressures.
The exact knowledge about the interior on the earth still remains an enigma.
Knowledge of the structure, composition, and the process going on within it would currently help scientists answer questions regarding crustal motion, earth quakes, the volcanic eruptions and the origins of the continents and of the earth itself. As the earth gradually solidified, heavier elements slowly sank towards the centre and lighter elements slowly moved upwards to the surface concentrating in the earth’s crust.
Earth’s interior is arranged roughly in concentric layers, each one distinct either in chemical composition or temperature with heat radiating outward from the centre by conduction and then by physical convection in the more plastic levels nearer the surface.
This document discusses black holes, including their definition, structure, theories of formation, methods of detection, and two specific black holes - Sagittarius A* and Cygnus X-1. It defines a black hole as a region with gravitational fields too strong for light or matter to escape, and describes their key structures like the singularity, event horizon, and accretion disk. It also outlines some theoretical explanations for black holes and how astronomers detect their effects through light deflection and influences on nearby objects.
The Earth has several key features that support life, including an atmosphere containing oxygen, average temperatures of 15°C, and a water cycle. It rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night, and revolves around the sun over the course of 365 days, causing the seasons. The moon orbits the Earth every 28 days and causes ocean tides. The Earth also has a molten iron core that generates a magnetic field protecting it from solar radiation.
1. This document discusses exoplanets and the possibility of life existing on them.
2. It provides information on the transit method used to detect exoplanets and describes how astronomers analyzed data from 3 stars, one with a confirmed exoplanet, to detect changes in brightness indicating a planet.
3. Specific exoplanets thought to potentially support life are mentioned, including Gliese 581 d which is suggested to have conditions making life possible due to possessing water, an atmosphere, and temperatures within the habitable range.
This is a presentation that I completed for EDU 290 in the Fall 2009. The intent of the assignment was to create a lesson that could be used by a student that missed the classroom instruction due to illness
This document discusses exoplanets and the search for extraterrestrial life. It describes how over 1800 exoplanets have been discovered orbiting stars other than the sun. It explains several methods used to detect exoplanets, including direct imaging, the transit method, astrometry, and radial velocity. It also discusses characteristics of potentially habitable exoplanets and provides details about Gliese 667 Cc, one of the most Earth-like exoplanets discovered. The document then reviews the history of exoplanet detection and outlines some of the earliest projects in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, such as Projects Ozma and Phoenix.
The document provides an overview of what is known about the universe based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It discusses how ancient models placed Earth at the center, whereas it is now known that Earth revolves around the sun, which is one of billions of stars. Distances to stars are enormous, measured in light years. Stars appear to move due to Earth's rotation. Stars are giant balls of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion, and their life cycles depend on their mass. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in different shapes. The universe began in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
The document discusses various topics relating to exploring the universe, including:
- The Milky Way galaxy located at the edge of the Orion Arm and estimated to be 13.2 billion years old.
- Nebulae are where stars are born from clouds of dust and gravity, with some becoming average stars and others massive stars.
- Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the sun, taking 167 Earth years to orbit.
- The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing scientific theory that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, from an initial state of high density and temperature.
All About Earth (Core to Crust; Includes Facts; Q/A & much more) Arnold_Anand
This presentation is made in power point 2016.with lots of exciting transitions and animation. With loads of information and pictures.Helpful for students in classes 8,9,10 in social studies (SSC syllabus)
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It includes studying stars, planets, moons, nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical objects as well as their evolution, physics, chemistry, and interactions. Related fields include cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole, and astrophysics which applies physics to astronomical objects and phenomena. Astronomy uses various methods of observation across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays. Some important astronomers mentioned include Galileo, who made early observations with telescopes and contributed to the scientific revolution, Hipparchus who created one of the first star catalogs, Edwin Hubble who discovered galaxies outside the Milky Way, and Johannes Kepler who explained the motions of planets
The document discusses the history and arguments for and against space exploration. It outlines the key events in space exploration history from Sputnik 1 to the first moon landing. Both the dangers and high costs of space travel are presented as counter arguments, while supporting arguments note the technological benefits and spin-offs, curiosity of humankind, and new opportunities space exploration provides. The conclusion recommends that future space systems focus on reducing costs and improving safety, and developing useful technologies to benefit people.
The Solar System consists of the Sun and everything that orbits it, including 8 planets, Pluto, moons, asteroids, comets and other objects. The 4 inner planets are small and rocky, while the 4 outer planets are large gas giants. The document describes each planet's characteristics such as composition, size, orbital period, moons, temperature and other features. It explains that the Sun is at the center and provides energy through nuclear fusion, while planets reflect sunlight.
Dark matter is invisible matter that makes up about 21% of the universe. It cannot be seen directly but its existence and properties are known through its gravitational effects on visible matter. There are two main types of dark matter: ordinary matter made up of normal particles and extraordinary dark matter like black holes. Dark matter was first proposed in 1933 by Fritz Zwicky to explain discrepancies in galaxy motions but its exact nature remains mysterious. Current experiments aim to detect dark matter particles but have had conflicting results so far.
The document discusses the distribution of matter in the universe. It notes that matter is not evenly distributed, but rather is concentrated in certain areas called galaxies. Galaxies themselves form larger groups known as galaxy clusters. There are also large empty spaces between galaxies and clusters.
This document provides a timeline and overview of major events and accomplishments in space exploration from 1957 to 2004, including the first satellites, spaceflights of animals and humans, lunar landings, Mars missions, and key figures like Neil Armstrong, Yuri Gagarin, and Sally Ride. It also profiles several famous explorers and their missions, and includes videos and diagrams related to space travel.
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move around on the mantle. There are 12 major plates that collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other, causing deformation of the crust and creating characteristic geological features. The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection currents in the mantle, where hot material rises and cools, moving the plates in the lithosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent, where plates move apart; convergent, where they collide; and transform, where they scrape past each other.
The document summarizes the layers that make up the Earth's interior. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the topmost layer and ranges from 5-40km thick. It is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is the largest layer and makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume. The outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel beneath the mantle. The very center of Earth is the inner core, made of solid iron and nickel.
This document provides an overview of the solar system, including:
- The development of models of the solar system from ancient Greece to modern understanding.
- Descriptions of the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, including their atmospheres, temperatures, and exploration by spacecraft.
- Descriptions of the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, including their compositions, atmospheres, rings and moons.
The document explains how scientists believe the solar system formed from a nebula of gas and dust, and how the planets formed from the accretion of matter in the early solar system.
This document provides an overview of our solar system, including the Earth, sun, and moon. It discusses that the solar system includes everything around the sun, such as planets, moons, asteroids, comets, dust, and debris. It then provides more detailed descriptions of key features of the Earth, such as its atmosphere and composition. It also describes features of the sun, such as its layers, and notes that the moon was an inspiration for creating an encyclopedia-like wiki about its craters, mountains and other surface features. The document aims to educate about our solar system and some of its most important celestial bodies.
The document discusses the layers of the interior of the Earth. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1. The crust, the topmost solid rocky layer that varies in thickness from 0-40 km.
2. The mantle, the thick solid layer below the crust extending to 2,900 km depth. The upper mantle is solid while the lower mantle is semi-molten.
3. The outer core, between 2,900-5,150 km, which is liquid.
4. The inner core, the innermost solid layer from 5,150-6,731 km depth with extremely high temperatures and pressures.
The exact knowledge about the interior on the earth still remains an enigma.
Knowledge of the structure, composition, and the process going on within it would currently help scientists answer questions regarding crustal motion, earth quakes, the volcanic eruptions and the origins of the continents and of the earth itself. As the earth gradually solidified, heavier elements slowly sank towards the centre and lighter elements slowly moved upwards to the surface concentrating in the earth’s crust.
Earth’s interior is arranged roughly in concentric layers, each one distinct either in chemical composition or temperature with heat radiating outward from the centre by conduction and then by physical convection in the more plastic levels nearer the surface.
This document discusses black holes, including their definition, structure, theories of formation, methods of detection, and two specific black holes - Sagittarius A* and Cygnus X-1. It defines a black hole as a region with gravitational fields too strong for light or matter to escape, and describes their key structures like the singularity, event horizon, and accretion disk. It also outlines some theoretical explanations for black holes and how astronomers detect their effects through light deflection and influences on nearby objects.
The Earth has several key features that support life, including an atmosphere containing oxygen, average temperatures of 15°C, and a water cycle. It rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night, and revolves around the sun over the course of 365 days, causing the seasons. The moon orbits the Earth every 28 days and causes ocean tides. The Earth also has a molten iron core that generates a magnetic field protecting it from solar radiation.
1. This document discusses exoplanets and the possibility of life existing on them.
2. It provides information on the transit method used to detect exoplanets and describes how astronomers analyzed data from 3 stars, one with a confirmed exoplanet, to detect changes in brightness indicating a planet.
3. Specific exoplanets thought to potentially support life are mentioned, including Gliese 581 d which is suggested to have conditions making life possible due to possessing water, an atmosphere, and temperatures within the habitable range.
This is a presentation that I completed for EDU 290 in the Fall 2009. The intent of the assignment was to create a lesson that could be used by a student that missed the classroom instruction due to illness
This document discusses exoplanets and the search for extraterrestrial life. It describes how over 1800 exoplanets have been discovered orbiting stars other than the sun. It explains several methods used to detect exoplanets, including direct imaging, the transit method, astrometry, and radial velocity. It also discusses characteristics of potentially habitable exoplanets and provides details about Gliese 667 Cc, one of the most Earth-like exoplanets discovered. The document then reviews the history of exoplanet detection and outlines some of the earliest projects in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, such as Projects Ozma and Phoenix.
The document provides an overview of what is known about the universe based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It discusses how ancient models placed Earth at the center, whereas it is now known that Earth revolves around the sun, which is one of billions of stars. Distances to stars are enormous, measured in light years. Stars appear to move due to Earth's rotation. Stars are giant balls of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion, and their life cycles depend on their mass. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in different shapes. The universe began in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
The document discusses various topics relating to exploring the universe, including:
- The Milky Way galaxy located at the edge of the Orion Arm and estimated to be 13.2 billion years old.
- Nebulae are where stars are born from clouds of dust and gravity, with some becoming average stars and others massive stars.
- Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the sun, taking 167 Earth years to orbit.
- The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing scientific theory that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, from an initial state of high density and temperature.
All About Earth (Core to Crust; Includes Facts; Q/A & much more) Arnold_Anand
This presentation is made in power point 2016.with lots of exciting transitions and animation. With loads of information and pictures.Helpful for students in classes 8,9,10 in social studies (SSC syllabus)
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It includes studying stars, planets, moons, nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical objects as well as their evolution, physics, chemistry, and interactions. Related fields include cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole, and astrophysics which applies physics to astronomical objects and phenomena. Astronomy uses various methods of observation across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays. Some important astronomers mentioned include Galileo, who made early observations with telescopes and contributed to the scientific revolution, Hipparchus who created one of the first star catalogs, Edwin Hubble who discovered galaxies outside the Milky Way, and Johannes Kepler who explained the motions of planets
The document discusses the history and arguments for and against space exploration. It outlines the key events in space exploration history from Sputnik 1 to the first moon landing. Both the dangers and high costs of space travel are presented as counter arguments, while supporting arguments note the technological benefits and spin-offs, curiosity of humankind, and new opportunities space exploration provides. The conclusion recommends that future space systems focus on reducing costs and improving safety, and developing useful technologies to benefit people.
The Solar System consists of the Sun and everything that orbits it, including 8 planets, Pluto, moons, asteroids, comets and other objects. The 4 inner planets are small and rocky, while the 4 outer planets are large gas giants. The document describes each planet's characteristics such as composition, size, orbital period, moons, temperature and other features. It explains that the Sun is at the center and provides energy through nuclear fusion, while planets reflect sunlight.
Dark matter is invisible matter that makes up about 21% of the universe. It cannot be seen directly but its existence and properties are known through its gravitational effects on visible matter. There are two main types of dark matter: ordinary matter made up of normal particles and extraordinary dark matter like black holes. Dark matter was first proposed in 1933 by Fritz Zwicky to explain discrepancies in galaxy motions but its exact nature remains mysterious. Current experiments aim to detect dark matter particles but have had conflicting results so far.
The document discusses the distribution of matter in the universe. It notes that matter is not evenly distributed, but rather is concentrated in certain areas called galaxies. Galaxies themselves form larger groups known as galaxy clusters. There are also large empty spaces between galaxies and clusters.
This document provides a timeline and overview of major events and accomplishments in space exploration from 1957 to 2004, including the first satellites, spaceflights of animals and humans, lunar landings, Mars missions, and key figures like Neil Armstrong, Yuri Gagarin, and Sally Ride. It also profiles several famous explorers and their missions, and includes videos and diagrams related to space travel.
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move around on the mantle. There are 12 major plates that collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other, causing deformation of the crust and creating characteristic geological features. The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection currents in the mantle, where hot material rises and cools, moving the plates in the lithosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent, where plates move apart; convergent, where they collide; and transform, where they scrape past each other.
The document summarizes the layers that make up the Earth's interior. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the topmost layer and ranges from 5-40km thick. It is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is the largest layer and makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume. The outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel beneath the mantle. The very center of Earth is the inner core, made of solid iron and nickel.
This document provides an overview of the solar system, including:
- The development of models of the solar system from ancient Greece to modern understanding.
- Descriptions of the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, including their atmospheres, temperatures, and exploration by spacecraft.
- Descriptions of the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, including their compositions, atmospheres, rings and moons.
The document explains how scientists believe the solar system formed from a nebula of gas and dust, and how the planets formed from the accretion of matter in the early solar system.
This document provides an overview of our solar system, including the Earth, sun, and moon. It discusses that the solar system includes everything around the sun, such as planets, moons, asteroids, comets, dust, and debris. It then provides more detailed descriptions of key features of the Earth, such as its atmosphere and composition. It also describes features of the sun, such as its layers, and notes that the moon was an inspiration for creating an encyclopedia-like wiki about its craters, mountains and other surface features. The document aims to educate about our solar system and some of its most important celestial bodies.
The document contains facts about various astronomical objects including:
- The Sun has a mass of 1980100 and a surface temperature of 5800K.
- Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and has surface temperatures ranging from 800°F during the day to -300°F at night.
- Comets are small icy bodies that originate outside Neptune that melt and form tails as they get closer to the Sun.
- Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the Sun and range in size from hundreds of feet to hundreds of kilometers. Most asteroids orbit in the inner Solar System.
This document summarizes key components and concepts about the structure of the solar system:
- The solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and other small bodies. The Sun contains over 99% of the solar system's mass.
- The inner terrestrial planets are rocky, while the outer gas giants are large planets composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. An asteroid belt exists between Mars and Jupiter.
- Factors like a planet's mass, distance from the Sun, composition, and atmospheric properties help determine its environment and surface conditions. Larger planets retain heat and atmospheres better than smaller ones.
- Techniques like radioactive dating indicate the solar system formed
The document summarizes NASA's Mars rover missions. It discusses the five rovers that have been sent to Mars: Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance. It provides details on the launch dates, landing sites, objectives, and key findings of each rover. Images captured by the rovers are also presented, showing the terrain and geology of Mars. The document outlines the scientific goals of understanding Mars' climate and determining if conditions were ever suitable for life.
The document discusses near-Earth objects such as asteroids and comets that pose a potential hazard to Earth, noting that over 8,000 near-Earth objects have been discovered so far, including over 1,200 that are considered potentially hazardous asteroids due to their close orbital approaches to Earth. It also provides background on the composition, origins, and properties of asteroids, comets, meteoroids and related small solar system bodies.
1. In 1995, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz directly discovered the first exoplanet orbiting the star 51 Pegasi b, for which they were later awarded the Nobel Prize in 2019.
2. There are now over 4000 known exoplanets that have been discovered, showing that our solar system is not unique in having planets.
3. The three main methods for detecting exoplanets are: measuring the Doppler effect of stars, detecting planetary transits that dim starlight, and directly imaging exoplanets.
The document provides information about the Moon:
- The Moon has 1/80 the mass and 1/4 the diameter of Earth. Its orbit is nearly circular with a mean distance of 384,000 km from Earth.
- The Moon causes Earth's tides and the slowing of Earth's rotation over time. The Moon's surface shows impact craters and lacks atmosphere or liquid water.
- Samples returned by Apollo astronauts show the Moon has a similar composition to Earth's mantle but is deficient in iron and volatiles like water, suggesting it formed from mantle material ejected during an ancient giant impact.
Josh and natalie ppt Version 2, other solar systemswhitmers
Scientists have studied our solar system for years, but it was not until 1995 that the first exoplanets were discovered orbiting other stars. Using infrared telescopes, astronomers have since located over 500 exoplanetary systems. They have found gas giants and terrestrial planets, though gas giants are easier to detect. Astronomers use techniques like observing the wobble of stars to detect the presence of planets.
The document provides information on several celestial bodies in our solar system including Mars, Io, Enceladus, Europa, and Titan. Mars has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide and evidence of past liquid water. Europa has an ocean under its icy surface that could support microbial life, fueled by tidal heating from Jupiter. Titan has a dense nitrogen atmosphere and evidence liquid water existed in the past. Future missions may discover life on other planets and moons like Mars and Europa that have conditions suitable for supporting microbial organisms.
Professor’s Questions Set 5Provide comprehensive answers to th.docxwkyra78
Professor’s Questions Set 5
Provide comprehensive answers to the following questions. Remember to support your arguments where necessary by websites and pictures.
Chapter 7 and 8 Readings
1. Why is Jupiter so much richer in hydrogen and helium than Earth?
2. Why do astronomers conclude that none of the Jovian planets’ rings can be left over from the formation of the planets?
3. How can Jupiter have a liquid interior and not have a definite liquid surface?
4. Why are Uranus and Neptune respectively green-blue and blue?
5. What evidence indicates that catastrophic impacts have occurred in the solar system’s past?
6. Why do astronomers refer to carbonaceous chondrites as unmodified or “primitive” materials?
7. What evidence indicates that the asteroids are mostly fragments of larger bodies?
8. What is the difference between condensation and accretion?
9. Why does the solar nebula theory predict that planetary systems are common?
10. Why is the evidence of “hot Jupiters” puzzling? What is the current hypothesis of how they formed?
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 8
Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
*
The solar system is our home in the universe. As humans are an intelligent species, we have the right and the responsibility to wonder what we are. Our kind has inhabited this solar system for at least a million years. However, only within the last hundred years have we begun to understand what a solar system is.
*
You are linked through a great chain of origins that leads backward through time to the first instant when the universe began 13.7 billion years ago.The gradual discovery of the links in that chain is one of the most exciting adventures of the human intellect.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
Earlier, you have studied some of that story:Origin of the universe in the big bangFormation of galaxiesOrigin of starsProduction of the chemical elementsHere, you will explore further and consider the origin of planets.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
By the time the universe was three minutes old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons in your body had come into existence. You are made of very old matter.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although those particles formed quickly, they were not linked together to form the atoms that are common today.Most of the matter was hydrogen and about
25 percent was helium. Very few of the heavier atoms were made in
the big bang.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although your body does not contain helium, it does contain many of those ancient hydrogen atoms that have remained unchanged since the universe began.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
During the first few hundred million years after the big bang, matter collected to form galaxies containing billions of stars. You have learned how nuclear reactions inside stars combine low-mass atoms, su ...
The document provides information about the solar system and its components. It begins with definitions and descriptions of the solar system and what constitutes a planet. It then provides detailed descriptions of Mercury and Venus, the first two planets from the Sun. For each planet, it describes their physical characteristics such as size, composition, atmosphere, rotation, and orbit around the Sun. It also discusses past and current missions that have explored these planets, such as MESSENGER and Magellan, and some of their key findings.
Our solar system includes the Sun, eight planets and their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Small solar system bodies include asteroids, most of which lie between Mars and Jupiter, and comets, which are icy bodies that produce tails when near the Sun. Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
The document provides information about the origins of the solar system, including details about the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and a prediction about the future of the solar system. It describes characteristics of each planet such as their composition, size, distance from the Sun, moons, and exploration by spacecraft.
1) Comets, asteroids, and meteoroids are remnants from the formation of the solar system. Comets originate from the Oort Cloud or Kuiper Belt, while asteroids originate from the Main Asteroid Belt.
2) When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere, they heat up and glow, appearing as meteors or "shooting stars." Any fragments that reach the ground are called meteorites. Meteor showers occur when Earth passes through the orbit of a comet.
3) Earth has been hit by comets and asteroids in the past, with major impacts potentially causing mass extinctions. Small impacts from meteoroids are more frequent but less damaging. Large impacts capable of threatening life on Earth occur on time
Michael SeedsDana BackmanChapter 8Origin of the So.docxARIV4
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 8
Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
*
The solar system is our home in the universe. As humans are an intelligent species, we have the right and the responsibility to wonder what we are. Our kind has inhabited this solar system for at least a million years. However, only within the last hundred years have we begun to understand what a solar system is.
*
You are linked through a great chain of origins that leads backward through time to the first instant when the universe began 13.7 billion years ago.The gradual discovery of the links in that chain is one of the most exciting adventures of the human intellect.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
Earlier, you have studied some of that story:Origin of the universe in the big bangFormation of galaxiesOrigin of starsProduction of the chemical elementsHere, you will explore further and consider the origin of planets.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
By the time the universe was three minutes old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons in your body had come into existence. You are made of very old matter.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although those particles formed quickly, they were not linked together to form the atoms that are common today.Most of the matter was hydrogen and about
25 percent was helium. Very few of the heavier atoms were made in
the big bang.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although your body does not contain helium, it does contain many of those ancient hydrogen atoms that have remained unchanged since the universe began.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
During the first few hundred million years after the big bang, matter collected to form galaxies containing billions of stars. You have learned how nuclear reactions inside stars combine low-mass atoms, such as hydrogen, to make heavier atoms.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Generation of stars cooked the original particles, fusing them into atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Those are common atoms in your body.Even the calcium atoms in your bones were assembled inside stars.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Most of the iron in your body was produced by:Carbon fusion in type Ia supernovae Decay of radioactive atoms in the expanding matter ejected by type II supernovae
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Atoms heavier than iron, such as iodine, were created by:Rapid nuclear reactions that can occur only during supernova explosions
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Elements uncommon enough to be expensive—gold, silver, and platinum in the jewelry that humans wear—also were produced: during the violent deaths of rare, massive stars.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Our galaxy contains at least
100 billion stars, of which the sun is one.The sun formed from a cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago.The atoms in your body were part of that cloud.
Th ...
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find water on the moon, a presentation for 2nd and 3rd graders
1. How can we find water
ON THE MOON?
Tamar Cohen
tamarmot@gmail.com
2. How was the Moon formed?
Young Earth was struck by a
huge asteroid, and debris from
this collision coalesced to form
the Moon.
The Moon was molten in its
early stages, and the crust
solidified from light magma that
floated to the surface.
3. IS THERE water on the moon?
It looks like a desert to me.
4. What does water look like?
It just does not look like that on the moon.
5. How about the atmosphere?
Lunar atmosphere:
I think you can leave your
umbrella at home.
Earth atmosphere:
What are clouds made of again?
6. How would YOU look for water on
the moon?
• The moon is far away,
238,900 miles.
• It has no air to breathe
• Since it has almost no
atmosphere, it is very
COLD or very HOT, hot =
253 F, cold= -243 F. (Water
freezes at 32 F).
• Water is H2O, that is 2
atoms of hydrogen bound to
one atom of oxygen
7. What about orbiting the moon?
•
•
•
We use the LRO, Lunar Reconnaisance Oribiter, to take detailed photos of
the surface of the moon.
http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/spacecraft/index.html
It takes pictures, measures
neutron flux, and measures the
heat on the moon.
This can give us a better idea of
where is a good place to explore
the moon, because the moon is
large, about ¼ the size of Earth.
LRO
8. We do think there is water there.
The dark blue and purple areas at the
poles have neutron emissions* that
indicate hydrogen-rich deposits
covered by dry regolith*.
This may indicate water in the form of
ice or hydrated minerals.
*Regolith is a layer of loose material covering solid
rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other
related materials
*Neutron emission is a type of radioactive decay
of atoms with extra neutrons; the neutron is
ejected from the nucleus.
Finding natural resources, such as
water ice, on the moon could help
lunar exploration.
A lunar outpost is a stepping stone to
future exploration of other bodies in
our solar system. The moon also offers
many clues about when the planets
were formed.
9. Can we smash something into the
moon and look for water?
•
•
Totally! We did that in 2009. The mission was
called LCROSS. That stands for Lunar CRater
Observation & Sensing Satellite.
www.nasa.gov/lcross
There is a good video here:
http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/mission.htm
LCROSS
10. Wait, WHAT?
•
•
We looked at the plume of debris that puffed up after we hit the moon.
We used
– visible cameras,
– ultraviolet cameras,
– infrared cameras
– thermal cameras
– ultraviolet & visible spectrometer*
*A spectrometer measures light and is used
to identify materials.
The moon is already covered with craters
from giant asteroids that hit it.
11. Light travels in waves
Infrared
http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html
12. How you detect elements with a
spectrometer
When groups of atoms (in the gas phase)
absorb energy, they emit energy as light
with only certain wavelengths, in a line
spectrum.
If you analyze this light you can tell what
elements are there.
nm = 1 billionth of a meter; there are one
billion nanometers in a meter. There are
10,000,000 (ten million) nanometers in a
centimeter
13. What about robots?
•
•
Robots don’t have to breathe, and you can attach all kinds of instruments to
them, cameras, drills, spectrometers, thermometers, anything!
We are working on a set of instruments and tools to look for water on the
moon.
My favorite rover, k10
K10’s cousin, kRex.
http://irg.arc.nasa.gov is where I work.
14. We practice on Earth
• In the summer of 2012, we went to the crater in
Hawaii to practice looking for water.
• The “ground” or “science back room” was where I
work, at NASA Ames. This was where the
scientists analyzed the images and information
coming back from the robot and its instruments.
• We worked with a Canadian rover called Artemis
Jr.
• It had cameras, a drill, an oven, and various
spectrometers.
• xGDS is a set of tools I work on in my group to
help the scientists
22. xGDS Plot – Drill Support
Drilling:
28cm – 50cm
Contact with ground
20120717-234806
Drilling:
50cm - 60cm
20120718-002137
Drill
Extraction
20120718-002207
Drill
Depth
Baseline
Drill position at contact
Water signal
No water signal
Water signal
Band
Depth
Baseline
23. Build your own spectrometer
Remember, NEVER LOOK AT THE SUN. You can become blind.
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_games/spectra/makeGrating.htm
http://www.exo.net/~pauld/activities/CDspectrometer/cdspectrometer.html
24. Credits
A bunch of images are from NASA’s websites.
Also from Northrup Grummon
Also from Paul Doherty
Also from NASA Ames IRG
And from the Canadian Space Agency