The document summarizes a presentation about trends in solar panel pricing. It finds that solar panel prices have dropped significantly since 2011, with weekly module spot prices falling 86% since January 2011. However, pricing is less predictable on a quarterly basis. It also finds that global demand for solar panels is increasing and will reach over 130 GW in 2019, but supply is increasing only modestly, which may lead to supply shortages, especially for monocrystalline PERC panels. The presentation forecasts that while panel prices may rise slightly in 2019 due to supply constraints, continued declines in polysilicon and other costs mean that system prices will continue falling through 2024.
Exclusive executive briefing covering demand drivers, pricing trends, and how consolidation will impact M&A in the solar, wind and storage markets in the next five years.
Michael Reese - Electric and Thermal Energy Strategies for Minnesota Swine FarmsJohn Blue
Businesses Decision on Electric and Thermal Energy Strategies for Minnesota Swine Farms - Michael Reese, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 17 - 18, 2017, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-minnesota-pork-congress
Exclusive executive briefing covering demand drivers, pricing trends, and how consolidation will impact M&A in the solar, wind and storage markets in the next five years.
Michael Reese - Electric and Thermal Energy Strategies for Minnesota Swine FarmsJohn Blue
Businesses Decision on Electric and Thermal Energy Strategies for Minnesota Swine Farms - Michael Reese, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 17 - 18, 2017, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-minnesota-pork-congress
The role of energy storage with renewable electricity generationGlenn Klith Andersen
Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, have vast potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions in the electric sector. Climate change concerns, state initiatives including renewable portfolio standards, and consumer efforts are resulting in increased deployments of both technologies. Both solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind energy have variable and uncertain (sometimes referred to as intermittent) output, which are unlike the dispatchable sources used for the majority of electricity generation in the United States. The variability of these sources has led to concerns regarding the reliability of an electric grid that derives a large fraction of its energy from these sources as well as the cost of reliably integrating large amounts of variable generation into the electric grid. In this report, we explore the role of energy storage in the electricity grid, focusing on the effects of large-scale deployment of variable renewable sources (primarily wind and solar energy).
Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables Breakfast Briefing II: Battery and Non-Batt...Nicole Green
Storage system prices have declined by more than 60% since 2012 and are expected to decline by another 30% over the next five years. Historically battery prices drove the bulk of system price declines, but in the future both battery prices and non-battery components like inverters, software & controls, and design, engineering and construction services will drive system price reductions. Where will the market see most savings? How will the vendor landscape evolve over the course of the next five years, as the storage industry collectively targets bringing down system prices further.
The State of Global Energy Storage MarketsNicole Green
Join Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables to explore global storage development scenarios and understand key market opportunities across continents. This presentation will also address key supply chain questions and discuss the increasingly important role of storage on the grid as a fundamental driver of renewable integration, reliability and flexibility.
An interdisciplinary group of Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables analysts will discuss key growth drivers for global solar markets, breaking down predictions on the impact of supply / demand dynamics, technology advancements and international trade tensions.
Energy Transition: Multi-$trillion Ponzi scheme or the biggest tech market ever?Simon Thompson
Background: The conundrum of the oil price
About $100 billion a year is spent by the 5 biggest global oil companies “finding” more oil. Today $300 billion a year is spent on installing renewables like solar and windpower – almost three times what is spent by those oil companies.
But there is no money spent on “finding” new sun, as we already know where the sun is at its brightest. There is also no money spent finding out where it is windiest because we already know.
Oil company valuation
Value = oil price today X assets in the ground minus cost of getting it out
New formula
Value = oil price today (and in the future) X assets in ground minus cost of getting it out of the ground
If oil falls to $30
Value = 20% of oil worth getting out of the ground –value falls by 80%. With debt = worthless
Stop digging for new oil.
If oil falls to $20
Almost zero oil is worth getting out of the ground
So Oil industry = zero less debt - negative
Oil goes to $20 in 2043...
The role of energy storage with renewable electricity generationGlenn Klith Andersen
Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, have vast potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions in the electric sector. Climate change concerns, state initiatives including renewable portfolio standards, and consumer efforts are resulting in increased deployments of both technologies. Both solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind energy have variable and uncertain (sometimes referred to as intermittent) output, which are unlike the dispatchable sources used for the majority of electricity generation in the United States. The variability of these sources has led to concerns regarding the reliability of an electric grid that derives a large fraction of its energy from these sources as well as the cost of reliably integrating large amounts of variable generation into the electric grid. In this report, we explore the role of energy storage in the electricity grid, focusing on the effects of large-scale deployment of variable renewable sources (primarily wind and solar energy).
Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables Breakfast Briefing II: Battery and Non-Batt...Nicole Green
Storage system prices have declined by more than 60% since 2012 and are expected to decline by another 30% over the next five years. Historically battery prices drove the bulk of system price declines, but in the future both battery prices and non-battery components like inverters, software & controls, and design, engineering and construction services will drive system price reductions. Where will the market see most savings? How will the vendor landscape evolve over the course of the next five years, as the storage industry collectively targets bringing down system prices further.
The State of Global Energy Storage MarketsNicole Green
Join Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables to explore global storage development scenarios and understand key market opportunities across continents. This presentation will also address key supply chain questions and discuss the increasingly important role of storage on the grid as a fundamental driver of renewable integration, reliability and flexibility.
An interdisciplinary group of Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables analysts will discuss key growth drivers for global solar markets, breaking down predictions on the impact of supply / demand dynamics, technology advancements and international trade tensions.
Energy Transition: Multi-$trillion Ponzi scheme or the biggest tech market ever?Simon Thompson
Background: The conundrum of the oil price
About $100 billion a year is spent by the 5 biggest global oil companies “finding” more oil. Today $300 billion a year is spent on installing renewables like solar and windpower – almost three times what is spent by those oil companies.
But there is no money spent on “finding” new sun, as we already know where the sun is at its brightest. There is also no money spent finding out where it is windiest because we already know.
Oil company valuation
Value = oil price today X assets in the ground minus cost of getting it out
New formula
Value = oil price today (and in the future) X assets in ground minus cost of getting it out of the ground
If oil falls to $30
Value = 20% of oil worth getting out of the ground –value falls by 80%. With debt = worthless
Stop digging for new oil.
If oil falls to $20
Almost zero oil is worth getting out of the ground
So Oil industry = zero less debt - negative
Oil goes to $20 in 2043...
Presenter: Shayle Kann, Senior Vice President, GTM Research
This session will open the conference with a data-driven, visionary outlook on the U.S. solar market from the head of GTM Research. Bringing together analysis of current trends in project finance, regulation, policy and business strategy, this session will help illuminate solar’s future path in the U.S.
Research Keynote: Demystifying Mexican Large-Scale Renewable Development in t...Jill Kirkpatrick
With this keynote research presentation co-presented by Wood Mackenzie’s Latin America solar and wind experts, we will break down the implications of the auction cancellation, measuring how its shockwaves will condition investment and project finance in the short-and-mid-term (in current project portfolios).
The presentation will include our forecasts for solar and wind project pipelines past 2020.
Case Study: Blockchain as the Foundation of Alectra's Grid Exchange Transacti...Jill Kirkpatrick
Alectra Utilities is leveraging blockchain technologies to develop GridExchange, a platform for transactive energy that allows its users to create new energy markets, as well as bidding into existing ones.
Behavior changes are set based on homeowner preferences for use of their distributed energy resources. The platform also creates statistics on customer energy usage and validates participation in these energy markets, confirming settlement when compensation for energy services has been paid.
As a result, users are empowered with greater choices, control and autonomy to buy, consume, and sell energy, and the utility improves reliability and forecasting by gaining visibility of energy usage patterns and changing behaviors.
An Energy Blockchain Retrospective: Is Blockchain Delivering on Promises from...Jill Kirkpatrick
EWF will provide a look at the past, present and future of energy blockchain, covering the evolution of investment activity, key use cases and early findings on the real opportunity blockchain technology holds for unlocking significant value for energy players.
Case Study: How ComEd Is Implementing Blockchain to Enhance DER User Security...Jill Kirkpatrick
ComEd is leading efforts to demonstrate how blockchain technology can enhance grid operations, including supporting the secure interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER), enabling interactions within and between microgrids, as well as exploring its potential to support energy efficiency mechanisms. It is presently working with universities and startups on projects that are being demonstrated in its Grid of the Future Lab.
This platform is being developed for managing the interconnected edge devices including DERs to grid, with technology based on blockchain-based distributed architecture to identify and ensure the security of the distribution system. This presentation will showcase ComEd's progress on the project.
Case Study: A Platform Fit for the Future – Coupling the Physics and the Econ...Jill Kirkpatrick
This case study presented by Faraday Grid's CTO will show the capabilities of the Faraday Grid’s Exchanger technology and its systemic benefits in the context of changing energy generation and demand.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
16. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Supply for mono in particular will be very tight
8.17
9.93 10.27
14.61
22.61 22.65 23.20 23.81
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Q1 2019 Q2 2019 Q3 2019 Q4 2019
GWdc
U.S Demand U.S Safe Harbor Demand European Demand Top Runner Demand Mono Supply
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
17. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Without safe harbor, 2019 U.S. demand will be 12.1GW; only 19GW of Supply
18.98
6.82
0
5
10
15
20
25
Total South East Asian Supply Total Mono Supply
GWdc
Malaysia Philipines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
19. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
There is already an undersupply of Mono PERC modules in the U.S.
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
$0.55
$0.47
$0.44
$0.41
$0.40
$0.45
$0.47
$0.51
$0.39
$0.45
$0.28
$0.30
$0.34
$0.35
$0.24
$0.27
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
$0.35
$0.40
$0.45
$0.50
$0.55
$0.60
Q1 2018 Q2 2018 Q3 2018 Q4 2018 Q1 2019E Q2 2019E Q3 2019E Q4 2019E
$/W
U.S. Small Order (1-5MW) EU China Japan India
20. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Less upside risk for multi modules
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
$0.48
$0.43
$0.41
$0.37
$0.36
$0.36 $0.37
$0.39
$0.30
$0.34
$0.24
$0.25
$0.27 $0.28
$0.22 $0.23
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
$0.35
$0.40
$0.45
$0.50
Q1 2018 Q2 2018 Q3 2018 Q4 2018 Q1 2019E Q2 2019E Q3 2019E Q4 2019E
$/W
U.S. Small Order (1-5MW) EU China Japan India
21. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
A price increase will be muted by the collapse of poly prices
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
$18.57
$17.87
$16.43
$15.75
$12.02 $11.97
$10.58
$9.58 $9.29 $8.87
$8.00
$10.00
$12.00
$14.00
$16.00
$18.00
$20.00
1/3/2018 3/3/2018 5/3/2018 7/3/2018 9/3/2018 11/3/2018 1/3/2019 3/3/2019
$/Kg
22. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
By 2024, the average global polysilicon price will fall to $7.9/kg
$17.7
$21.0
$14.5 $15.0
$18.1
$9.9 $9.6
$10.6
$9.4 $8.8 $8.2 $7.9
$12.5
$15.0
$13.3
$12.7
$12.0 $11.7
$7.8 $7.2 $6.7 $6.1 $5.6 $5.3
$-
$5.0
$10.0
$15.0
$20.0
$25.0
Q4 2013 Q4 2014 Q4 2015 Q4 2016 Q4 2017 Q4 2018 Q4 2019E Q4 2020E Q4 2021E Q4 2022E Q4 2023E Q4 2024E
$/kg
Base High Low
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
23. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Global average multi module prices will be $0.20/Wdc by 2023
$0.45
$0.32 $0.31
$0.26
$0.22
… $0.20
$0.31
$0.34 $0.35
$0.29
$0.24
$0.22 $0.22
$0.30
$0.29
$0.24
$0.20
$0.18 $0.18
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
$0.35
$0.40
$0.45
$0.50
Q4 2017E Q4 2018 Q4 2019E Q4 2020E Q4 2021E Q4 2022E Q4 2023E Q4 2024E
$/W
Base High Low
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
24. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Mono PERC prices will remain high in the U.S. until Q4 2020
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
$0.48
$0.37 $0.39
$0.34
$0.28
$0.23
$0.21 $0.20
$0.55
…
$0.51
$0.47
$0.33
$0.25
$0.22 $0.22
$-
$0.10
$0.20
$0.30
$0.40
$0.50
$0.60
Q4 2017 Q4 2018E Q4 2019 Q4 2020E Q4 2021E Q4 2022E Q4 2023E Q4 2024E
$/Wdc
Multi U.S. Small Order (1-5MW) Mono U.S. Small Order (1-5MW)
30. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Wood Mackenzie surveyed our network to better understand the market
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
On February 26, 2019, Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables sent a
survey to our European network to gauge trends concerning prices,
technology, policy, and other variables. A total of 54 respondents from 17
countries participated.
Respondents represented an array of professions, including EPCs/installers,
engineers, manufacturers and financiers.
Out of 54 respondents, the type of module most commonly used is multi
31. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
4%
29%
27%
40%
Bi-Facial Mono Mono Perc Multi
Wood Mackenzie surveyed our network to better understand the market
Source: Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables
Listed below are the responses from the survey as they relate to module prices, method of
procurement, and type.
Module price range ($/Wdc) by participant &
method of procurement
Type of module most commonly used by respondents
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
< 0.22
0.22 - 0.25
0.25 - 0.27
0.27 - 0.29
0.29 - 0.31
0.31 - 0.34
0.34 - 0.39
0.39 - 0.45
> 0.45
Number of participants by method of procurement
Modulepricerange
($/Wdc)
Direct from a vendor EPC Through a distributor
33. #gtmsolarsummitQuestions? Enter them at gtm.cnf.io
Greg
Beardsworth
NEXTracker
Senior Director,
Product Management
Hongbin
Fang, Ph.D.
LONGi Solar
Director, Product
Marketing
M
Panel: Single-Axis Trackers & Bifacial Modules: Overall
System Impacts on Performance and Costs
Benjamin
Gallagher
Wood Mackenzie
Power & Renewables
Senior Analyst, Solar
Sergio
Prado
Soltec
Sales Manager Mexico
Travis
Rose
ArrayTechnologies
Vice President, Sales
34. #gtmsolarsummitQuestions? Enter them at gtm.cnf.io
Robert
Spencer
NREL
Data Scientist & Software
Developer
Teresa
Barnes, Ph.D.
NREL
Group Manager, PV Reliability
& Systems Engineering
Molly
Cox
Wood Mackenzie
Power & Renewables
Research Associate, Solar
Betting on Floatovoltaics: Shedding Light on Floating PV
Opportunities in the U.S.
M
36. NREL | 35
Floating Photovoltaics (FPV)
Source: Adapted from Solarplaza, 2016 and Ciel & Terre, Company Profile, 2017
37. NREL | 36
FPV: Benefits & Tradeoffs
The net evaporation rate (dot color) and annual volumetric evaporation loss (dot
size) of each FPV feasible water body in the U.S.• Land-energy conflicts (e.g.
fuel vs. food)
• Unused space that
generates revenue
• Panel efficiency
• Water quality
• Evaporation reductions
• Land acquisition and site
preparation costs
Source: Spencer, R.S.; et. al. “Floating PV: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic Systems on Man-
Made Water Bodies in the Continental U.S.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 1680−1689
38. NREL | 37
Floating Solar Around the
World
0
50
100
150
200
250
2015 2016 2017 2018
CumulativeInstalledCapacity(MW)
USA Italy South Korea Japan UK China Taiwan India Belgium
• Rapid Growth in China, SE Asia,
and Latin America
• Northern European markets also
expanding
• Historically dominated by land-
constrained areas
• “Co-Benefits” increasing adoption
World Bank, 2018
Data from Solarplaza
GTM Research
39. NREL | 38
SERIS Floating Solar
Testbed
• SERIS in Singapore
• 1 MW
• 8 Systems
SERIS and World Bank, Where Sun Meets Water 2018
1 MW, Established 2016
40. NREL | 39
Floating Solar
Performance
Roof Floating Systems
Air Temp VERY HOT 1 to 3oC lower
Humidity MISERABLE OPPRESSIVE
Wind Speed ~ 1m/s 1-2 m/s
Albedo 13% 5-7%
Module Temp HOT 0 or 5-10oC lower
Energy Yield It’s Complicated
Typical PR
in
Singapore
Reference System is ideal – bifacial, well
ventilated, and low mismatch
41. NREL | 40
Floating Solar Challenges
www.thehindu.com, C.V. Subrahmanyam
All Systems Require O&M
Soiling
Mechanical Failure due to cyclic loading
Inverter Late Starts
Insulation test failure
PID is a real problem – buy high quality modules!
42. NREL | 41
FPV: Case Study – Walden, CO
• 75 kW system powers water treatment facility
• Reduces evaporative losses of drinking water
retention pond in arid region
• Minimal site preparation
• Community involvement & volunteer activity
(GRID Alternatives)
Usclimatedata.com
43. NREL | 42
Surviving Storms
42 kW damaged in 7550 kW plant in Aug. 2016 in Japan
https://tech.nikkeibp.co.jp/dm/atclen/news_en/15mk/090600817/?ST=msbe
44. NREL | 43
Reliability vs. Resiliency
• 20.5 kW testbed in the Philippines on
Laguna Lake
– 95,000 hectares
– Averages 20 storms/year
– https://youtu.be/T2wNc9Ya4fw
• 25 MW in Andijk, NL by Floating Solar BV
– 15 plants covering half of the reservoir
surface
– Tracking with storm stow for 60 mph
winds
• Other interesting cases
– Ocean – Waves + Salt
– Mining waste – pH + ?
– Floodplain PV – (Don’t do it)
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/05/06/a-floating-solar-island-archipelago/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/dutch-engineers-build-worlds-biggest-
sun-seeking-solar-farm
https://www.pv-tech.org/news/floating-solar-testbed-to-battle-filipino-typhoons
45. NREL | 44
Hydropower + FPV
• Leverage existing transmission infrastructure
• Longyangxia in Qinghai has ground mounted
PV 30 km away (World Bank)
– 330 kV dedicated connection
– 1,280 MW hydro + 850 MWp PV
– Higher dispatch setpoint during the day
and ZERO curtailment. Smooth output
• Floating + Hydropower
– 218 kWp in Portugal (World Bank)
– Thailand planning 2.7 GW in 9 reservoirs
by 2037
– $63M for 45 MW in 2020 at Sirindhorn
Dam (Bloomberg Renewable Energy
World)
https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2019/03/thailand-planning-massive-
floating-solar-power-plants-on-hydropower-dam-reservoirs.html
46. NREL | 45
Design Considerations
• NO specific IEC, UL, SEMI standards for floating systems or components
• Most of what we know comes from installations on calm, tropical, inland waters
• We are going to learn a lot more by 2022
Water or
Humidity
• Modules
• Cables
• Connectors
• PID
• Immersion
Environment
• Thermal
cycles
• Freeze/thaw
• Soiling
Mechanical
• Wind
• Waves
• Cyclic
loading,
vibration
• Extreme
weather
Other
• Water
quality
• Wildlife
• User conflict
Cable and connector management is critical!
47. The Technical
Potential of Floating
Solar in the U.S.
See more information:
https://vimeo.com/268064164/be9320425d
48. NREL | 47
FPV Project Characterization
Panel density as the total generation capacity per system surface area
New Insight: Higher PV panel density per unit area
FPV Current Projects
Land-Based (Fixed)
Land-Based (1-Axis)
Land-Based (2-Axis)
Average Trends
FPV Current Projects
United States
International
2.5
Acres / MW
50. NREL | 49
FPV Generation Potential
The percent of potential annual generation by FPV to
current annual production in 2016
The potential annual generation of FPV
National Production: 8,157 TW-hrs/yr (EIA 2017)
National FPV Potential: 786 TW-hrs/yr (9.6%)
Highest Potential: Florida 120 TW-hrs/yr
Source: Spencer, R.S.; Macknick, J.; Aznar, A.; Warren, A.; Reese, M.O. Floating PV: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic
Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental U.S. Under Review
53. NREL | 52
FPV Evaporation Reductions
The simulated net evaporation rates of open
surface water bodies in the United States.
The net evaporation rate (dot color) and
annual volumetric evaporation loss (dot size)
of each FPV feasible water body in the U.S.
New Insight: Evaporation Benefits
FPV Evaporation summarized at the state level
56. NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
www.nrel.gov
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Robert S. Spencer Robert.Spencer@nrel.gov
Teresa M. Barnes. Teresa.Barnes@nrel.gov
Questions? Thank you!
This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy,
LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the
Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at NREL. The views expressed in the article do not
necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher,
by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up,
irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for
U.S. Government purposes.
57. NREL | 56
Floating Solar in Japan
Team toured a four floating solar
installations near Tokushima. Two
1.5 MW and one 681 kW system.
58. NREL | 57
Component Details from NREL Visit
System flex
points and
evidence of
system
flexibility
System
Components
59. NREL | 58
System Design in Japan
Sprinkler system, pump,
temperature sensor, and
anemometer
Evidence of
vegetation and
algae impacts