Europe is transitioning to a power system dominated by variable renewable energy like wind and solar. This will require significant increases in flexible resources like energy storage, interconnectors, and flexible gas plants to balance supply and demand as renewable output fluctuates. Storage is becoming increasingly cost competitive compared to gas peaker plants and will likely displace much of the existing gas fleet in Europe over the next two decades as battery and other storage costs continue to decline. By 2040, Europe's power system will require enormous volumes of long-duration energy storage to maintain reliability as periods of very low or negative net load become common with high shares of solar and wind power.
Bridging the Gap in Long-Term Resource Planning for Utilities and Grid OperatorsNicole Green
There is a clear disconnect between long-term resource planning for utilities and grid operators and the actual market data available. But where does this distortion stem from? How can utilities and grid operators adapt their resource planning to market trends more effectively? And what does a winning bid look like compared to a losing one?
Bridging the Gap in Long-Term Resource Planning for Utilities and Grid OperatorsNicole Green
There is a clear disconnect between long-term resource planning for utilities and grid operators and the actual market data available. But where does this distortion stem from? How can utilities and grid operators adapt their resource planning to market trends more effectively? And what does a winning bid look like compared to a losing one?
Energy Transition: Multi-$trillion Ponzi scheme or the biggest tech market ever?Simon Thompson
Background: The conundrum of the oil price
About $100 billion a year is spent by the 5 biggest global oil companies “finding” more oil. Today $300 billion a year is spent on installing renewables like solar and windpower – almost three times what is spent by those oil companies.
But there is no money spent on “finding” new sun, as we already know where the sun is at its brightest. There is also no money spent finding out where it is windiest because we already know.
Oil company valuation
Value = oil price today X assets in the ground minus cost of getting it out
New formula
Value = oil price today (and in the future) X assets in ground minus cost of getting it out of the ground
If oil falls to $30
Value = 20% of oil worth getting out of the ground –value falls by 80%. With debt = worthless
Stop digging for new oil.
If oil falls to $20
Almost zero oil is worth getting out of the ground
So Oil industry = zero less debt - negative
Oil goes to $20 in 2043...
100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for EverythingLeonardo ENERGY
A recording of this webinar is available at https://youtu.be/XmRAxB9MTyU
In this webinar, Mark Jacobson introduces his new book that lays out the science, technology, economics, policy, and social aspects of a transition to 100% clean, renewable energy in order to address climate change, air pollution, and energy insecurity. Considering the EU Green Deal, the US Green New Deal and China’s climate neutrality commitment, this book is a very timely and welcome addition to the transition movement. It is one-of-a-kind:
* It’s both a textbook for students and a briefing for a broader audience of professionals and interested lay persons active in the transition movement
* It provides a focus on a selection of clean, renewable technologies that have been proven to work and can be rapidly deployed
* It includes a concrete plan howto get to 100%, clean, renewable energy and storage for everything.
* It develops energy plans for states and countries while keeping the grid stable.
* It describes practical solutions and the policies needed for those solutions.
'Mark Jacobson’s new book, 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything, provides the most authoritative look yet at the future of energy beyond fossil fuels. The text is clearly written, authoritative, and thoroughly referenced. This will make a great text book for courses on energy and climate change, but is also a must read for all of us interested in the transition to a renewable future.' - Robert W. Howarth, Cornell University, New York
Photovoltaic market and industry trends 2020 IEA PVPSLeonardo ENERGY
Recording at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnHWR6e_8lw
This webinar will address the key drivers of the PV market and industry in the coming years based on the Trends 2020. Gaëtan Masson, Operating Agent of IEA PVPS Task 1, will look at the past developments and future scenarios, from a global market development point of view to some key price evolution features. From social aspects of PV, collective and decentralised self-consumption policies to floating PV, this webinar will browse the global landscape of PV development.
Izumi Kaizuka, deputy chair of the IEA PVPS Task 1, will present the trends of the PV Industry. The production of polysilicon, ingots, wafers, PV cells and modules have been growing with the growth of the PV market. The gap between manufacturing capacity of PV module and the demand contributed to the recent price reduction thus resulted in lower LCOE of PV power. Across the value chain, the PV upstream sector makes efforts to improve efficiency, output and reliability. Further progress of cost reduction is expected. In the downstream sector, players are also applying various methods to reduce LCOE.
Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables Breakfast Briefing II: Battery and Non-Batt...Nicole Green
Storage system prices have declined by more than 60% since 2012 and are expected to decline by another 30% over the next five years. Historically battery prices drove the bulk of system price declines, but in the future both battery prices and non-battery components like inverters, software & controls, and design, engineering and construction services will drive system price reductions. Where will the market see most savings? How will the vendor landscape evolve over the course of the next five years, as the storage industry collectively targets bringing down system prices further.
An interdisciplinary group of Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables analysts will discuss key growth drivers for global solar markets, breaking down predictions on the impact of supply / demand dynamics, technology advancements and international trade tensions.
Exclusive executive briefing covering demand drivers, pricing trends, and how consolidation will impact M&A in the solar, wind and storage markets in the next five years.
Rhone Resch, President & CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
The Norway way: The electrification of the transport system of a whole nation...accilium GmbH
Europe is the forerunner in globally rising EV sales. By 2030 50% of new light vehicles sales are predicted to be battery electric vehicles. That leads to a major shift in energy demand - but can the grid handle this? Let´s take a look to Norway: https://bit.ly/32z5NlB
As 10 perguntas mais polêmicas para entender os rumos da energia renovávelbiodieselbr
Em abril de 2013 presidi a reunião do International Council for Science, que congrega as Academias de Ciências dos diferentes países. Nesta condição, fiz a conferência de abertura do evento, escolhendo como tema as dez perguntas mais polêmicas, e que necessitam ser adequadamente respondidas, para entender os rumos futuros da energia renovável.
Energy Transition: Multi-$trillion Ponzi scheme or the biggest tech market ever?Simon Thompson
Background: The conundrum of the oil price
About $100 billion a year is spent by the 5 biggest global oil companies “finding” more oil. Today $300 billion a year is spent on installing renewables like solar and windpower – almost three times what is spent by those oil companies.
But there is no money spent on “finding” new sun, as we already know where the sun is at its brightest. There is also no money spent finding out where it is windiest because we already know.
Oil company valuation
Value = oil price today X assets in the ground minus cost of getting it out
New formula
Value = oil price today (and in the future) X assets in ground minus cost of getting it out of the ground
If oil falls to $30
Value = 20% of oil worth getting out of the ground –value falls by 80%. With debt = worthless
Stop digging for new oil.
If oil falls to $20
Almost zero oil is worth getting out of the ground
So Oil industry = zero less debt - negative
Oil goes to $20 in 2043...
100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for EverythingLeonardo ENERGY
A recording of this webinar is available at https://youtu.be/XmRAxB9MTyU
In this webinar, Mark Jacobson introduces his new book that lays out the science, technology, economics, policy, and social aspects of a transition to 100% clean, renewable energy in order to address climate change, air pollution, and energy insecurity. Considering the EU Green Deal, the US Green New Deal and China’s climate neutrality commitment, this book is a very timely and welcome addition to the transition movement. It is one-of-a-kind:
* It’s both a textbook for students and a briefing for a broader audience of professionals and interested lay persons active in the transition movement
* It provides a focus on a selection of clean, renewable technologies that have been proven to work and can be rapidly deployed
* It includes a concrete plan howto get to 100%, clean, renewable energy and storage for everything.
* It develops energy plans for states and countries while keeping the grid stable.
* It describes practical solutions and the policies needed for those solutions.
'Mark Jacobson’s new book, 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything, provides the most authoritative look yet at the future of energy beyond fossil fuels. The text is clearly written, authoritative, and thoroughly referenced. This will make a great text book for courses on energy and climate change, but is also a must read for all of us interested in the transition to a renewable future.' - Robert W. Howarth, Cornell University, New York
Photovoltaic market and industry trends 2020 IEA PVPSLeonardo ENERGY
Recording at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnHWR6e_8lw
This webinar will address the key drivers of the PV market and industry in the coming years based on the Trends 2020. Gaëtan Masson, Operating Agent of IEA PVPS Task 1, will look at the past developments and future scenarios, from a global market development point of view to some key price evolution features. From social aspects of PV, collective and decentralised self-consumption policies to floating PV, this webinar will browse the global landscape of PV development.
Izumi Kaizuka, deputy chair of the IEA PVPS Task 1, will present the trends of the PV Industry. The production of polysilicon, ingots, wafers, PV cells and modules have been growing with the growth of the PV market. The gap between manufacturing capacity of PV module and the demand contributed to the recent price reduction thus resulted in lower LCOE of PV power. Across the value chain, the PV upstream sector makes efforts to improve efficiency, output and reliability. Further progress of cost reduction is expected. In the downstream sector, players are also applying various methods to reduce LCOE.
Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables Breakfast Briefing II: Battery and Non-Batt...Nicole Green
Storage system prices have declined by more than 60% since 2012 and are expected to decline by another 30% over the next five years. Historically battery prices drove the bulk of system price declines, but in the future both battery prices and non-battery components like inverters, software & controls, and design, engineering and construction services will drive system price reductions. Where will the market see most savings? How will the vendor landscape evolve over the course of the next five years, as the storage industry collectively targets bringing down system prices further.
An interdisciplinary group of Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables analysts will discuss key growth drivers for global solar markets, breaking down predictions on the impact of supply / demand dynamics, technology advancements and international trade tensions.
Exclusive executive briefing covering demand drivers, pricing trends, and how consolidation will impact M&A in the solar, wind and storage markets in the next five years.
Rhone Resch, President & CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
The Norway way: The electrification of the transport system of a whole nation...accilium GmbH
Europe is the forerunner in globally rising EV sales. By 2030 50% of new light vehicles sales are predicted to be battery electric vehicles. That leads to a major shift in energy demand - but can the grid handle this? Let´s take a look to Norway: https://bit.ly/32z5NlB
As 10 perguntas mais polêmicas para entender os rumos da energia renovávelbiodieselbr
Em abril de 2013 presidi a reunião do International Council for Science, que congrega as Academias de Ciências dos diferentes países. Nesta condição, fiz a conferência de abertura do evento, escolhendo como tema as dez perguntas mais polêmicas, e que necessitam ser adequadamente respondidas, para entender os rumos futuros da energia renovável.
System price on electricity DAM market of Nord Pool during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 stood at average of 79,5 (-21,2% to 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022 at 100,9 EUR MWh). OTE Market DAM price - 163,2 EUR during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 (-4% to 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022 at 169,7 EUR). Ukraine’s OREE DAM IES price stood at average 60,7 EUR MWh during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 (-4,5% to 63,59 during 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022).
SCOE: Society's Cost of Electricity: How society should decide on the optimal...Christoph Wiard Neemann
Today, the evaluation of power technologies is done on the base of LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity). We propose to enlarge the picture to see what costs and benefits occur on the macro-economic level.
On-Site Renewables in a Post-Subsidy LandscapeEMEX
On-site generation can offer a business cost savings and security but their development can be complex and the external environment challenging. With the variability and complexity of energy costs, increasingly onerous environmental standards and declining financial support, what are the options and some potential solutions for energy and property managers?
This session helps interested parties to understand how to explore opportunities for on-site renewables into their business’s energy mix.
What are the implications for Australia as the world, not just Europe but the US and China ramp up clean energ?. In Germany at least the opposition to clean energy subsidies that are increasingly not required seems to have muted. Will these countries end up with a huge energy production cost advantage over us, further advantaging their already impressive manufacturing strength? These are the questions we need to ask ourselves.
Smart Hidro Power de Alemania presento el panorama de Alemania en el ámbito de las energías renovables no convencionales, mostrando la participación del estado y de las entidades sin ánimo de lucro como DENA
Quantification of the economic value of flexible industrial demand in EuropeLeonardo ENERGY
This webinar will present the main results and insights of WP5 of the IndustRE project, which quantified the economic benefits that flexible industrial demand (FID) can provide in the European context. The webinar will include two parts: a) the quantification of the savings in capital and operating costs associated with the development and operation of the European power system brought by the integration of flexibility in industrial demand and b) the quantification of the electricity cost savings industrial consumers can achieve by deploying flexibility in their operation.
Re-thinking Sustainability and the Green Transition.pptxKateBooth6
Associate Professor of Geometallurgy, Simon Michaux of the Geological Survey of Finland, gets real about our predicament and challenges preconceptions around the viability of a "green" transition. Hosted by Associate Professor Kate Booth, and the University of Tasmania. The full recording of the presentation is available on YouTube.
Aurora Battery Storage and Flexibility Conference 2017Alexander Marshall
Slides from Aurora Energy Research's UK Battery Storage and Flexibility conference sponsored by Clarke Energy and covering subjects including batteries, gas fuelled peaking stations, the Capacity Market, fast frequency respsonse and UK legislation
Research Keynote: Demystifying Mexican Large-Scale Renewable Development in t...Jill Kirkpatrick
With this keynote research presentation co-presented by Wood Mackenzie’s Latin America solar and wind experts, we will break down the implications of the auction cancellation, measuring how its shockwaves will condition investment and project finance in the short-and-mid-term (in current project portfolios).
The presentation will include our forecasts for solar and wind project pipelines past 2020.
Case Study: Blockchain as the Foundation of Alectra's Grid Exchange Transacti...Jill Kirkpatrick
Alectra Utilities is leveraging blockchain technologies to develop GridExchange, a platform for transactive energy that allows its users to create new energy markets, as well as bidding into existing ones.
Behavior changes are set based on homeowner preferences for use of their distributed energy resources. The platform also creates statistics on customer energy usage and validates participation in these energy markets, confirming settlement when compensation for energy services has been paid.
As a result, users are empowered with greater choices, control and autonomy to buy, consume, and sell energy, and the utility improves reliability and forecasting by gaining visibility of energy usage patterns and changing behaviors.
An Energy Blockchain Retrospective: Is Blockchain Delivering on Promises from...Jill Kirkpatrick
EWF will provide a look at the past, present and future of energy blockchain, covering the evolution of investment activity, key use cases and early findings on the real opportunity blockchain technology holds for unlocking significant value for energy players.
Case Study: How ComEd Is Implementing Blockchain to Enhance DER User Security...Jill Kirkpatrick
ComEd is leading efforts to demonstrate how blockchain technology can enhance grid operations, including supporting the secure interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER), enabling interactions within and between microgrids, as well as exploring its potential to support energy efficiency mechanisms. It is presently working with universities and startups on projects that are being demonstrated in its Grid of the Future Lab.
This platform is being developed for managing the interconnected edge devices including DERs to grid, with technology based on blockchain-based distributed architecture to identify and ensure the security of the distribution system. This presentation will showcase ComEd's progress on the project.
Case Study: A Platform Fit for the Future – Coupling the Physics and the Econ...Jill Kirkpatrick
This case study presented by Faraday Grid's CTO will show the capabilities of the Faraday Grid’s Exchanger technology and its systemic benefits in the context of changing energy generation and demand.
Breakfast Briefing: Mapping Out the Investment and M&A Landscape for Grid Edg...Jill Kirkpatrick
The disclosed amount of investments reached a historic high in 2018, but the deal count was lower than previous years.
This Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables breakfast briefing will summarize major investment and M&A 2018 trends, while providing an update on venture capital, private equity and M&A activity on the first half of 2019.
Research Presentation: What’s Next for Customer Energy Management?Jill Kirkpatrick
With customer adopting smart technologies at an accelerating pace, utilities are making use of connected devices, such as smart thermostats, plug load solutions, solar + storage and grid-interactive water heaters.
This Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables research presentation will explore what are the key benefits of these deployments, and which barriers to adoption persist.
Closing Roundtable Discussion: From Commodity Providers to Digital Service Co...Jill Kirkpatrick
The rise of AI, digital twin simulation, voice interaction and other digital advancements is providing utilities with the tools to better serve a proactive, liquid customer.
The impact of these transformations goes beyond customer experience, deeply transforming utility business models, and signaling the path to the future of the utility-consumer relationship.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Europe is transitioning to a variable renewable
energy (VRE) system
Europe’s big five power markets capacity and flexible resource outlook
87 77 72 59 46
131
136 126 112
91
56
57 57 57
57
139 183 234 268 308
114
182
229 260 28670
83
109 109 109
53
72
96
122 156
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
CapacityGW
Nuclear Coal Gas
Other Hydro Wind
Solar Interconnectors Flexible plant
70 83
109 109 109
28
28
28 28 28
21
32
41 41 39
3
12
26
53
89
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
CapacityGW
Interconnector Pump storage
Gas peaker Energy storage
Source: Wood Mackenzie
3. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
EUR/MWh(GBP/MWhfor
GB)
Wind and solar as % load
GB
Germany
France
Italy
Spain
2020 has given us a glimpse of increased VRE
Higher penetrations of wind and solar are a substantial influence on power prices in major
markets
Source: Wood Mackenzie, ENTSO-E
Wind and solar supply and hourly average day-ahead wholesale prices, 2020 to-
date
Notes: The chart shows the average of prices for 1% increments in wind and solar % levels (for example, the 40% point is the
average of prices over the hours when wind and solar as a percent of load was greater or equal to 39% and less than or equal
to 40%). Italy and Spain do not yet permit negative pricing in the day-ahead market
4. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Spain 2030: 5 days with minimum VRE Spain 2030: 5 days with maximum VRE
Spain 2020: 5 days with minimum VRE Spain 2020: 5 days with maximum VRE
Interconnectors and gas peakers need to be bolstered with new build flexibility
Source: Wood Mackenzie
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
SystemloadGW
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
SystemloadGW
Nuclear Coal Gas Hydro Other generation Wind
Energy storage Solar Electric Vehicles Net trade Gross load Net load
Variability, low and negative loads become common
5. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Spain 2040: 5 days minimum VRE
System operation and market function requires enormous volumes of energy storage
Source: Wood Mackenzie
Spring 2040: 5 days with maximum VRE
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SystemloadGW
Nuclear Coal Gas Hydro Other generation Wind
Energy storage Solar Electric Vehicles Net trade Gross load Net load
2040 - system transformation nears completion
6. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Storage is now becoming competitive in Europe
As battery and other system costs decrease, storage will be more competitive than gas
peakers in the next decade
*Based on 40 MW of solar, 20 MW of 2- to 5-hour storage; gas peaker plants range from 8% to 21% capacity factor; gas peaker plants range from 8% to 21% utilisation factor
LCOEs quoted in Real 2019
Source: Wood Mackenzie
Germany solar, storage and peaker resource LCOE, 2020 to 2040
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
LCOE€/MWh
Solar-plus-storage LCOE Standalone storage LCOE Gas peaker LCOE
Solar PV Gas peaker 13% CF Storage 3 hours
7. woodmac.comTrusted intelligence
Spain gas fleet utilisation and dispatch
This emphasizes the need for capacity markets and other services to replace lost revenue
Source: WoodMackenzie
Gas peaker utilisation and dispatch
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0
20
40
60
80
100
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Utilisationfactor%
EnergydispatchTWh
50% < UFs <= 100% 40% < UF <= 50% 30% < UF <= 40%
21% < UF <= 30% 13% < UF <= 21% 0% < UF <= 13%
Fleet average UF (%)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
0
2
4
6
8
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
utilisationfactor%
EnergydispatchTWh
0% < UF <= 8% 8% < UF <= 13% 13% < UF <= 17%
17% < UF <= 21% Fleet average UF (%)
VRE and energy storage push gas out of the market
