Mango Anthracnose (colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
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Mango anthracnose is caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporiorides sp. It produces dark colored spots or sunken lesions on leaves, twigs, petioles, flowers, and fruits of mango trees. The disease cycle involves the fungus producing spores that spread during rain or irrigation and infect mango tissues. Infected areas then produce more spores, allowing the disease to spread during wet weather. Disease management focuses on cultural practices like site selection, cultivar selection, sanitation and spacing to limit disease spread, as well as fungicide application and postharvest treatments.
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The document discusses the disease triangle and stages of plant disease development. The disease triangle involves a susceptible host, virulent pathogen, and favorable environment. For disease to occur, all three must be present. The stages of disease are: 1) inoculation where the pathogen arrives on the host, 2) penetration of the host tissue, 3) infection and pathogen growth inside the host, 4) reproduction of the pathogen, and 5) dissemination of the pathogen to new hosts. Successful disease development depends on properties of the pathogen, host, and environment.
Citrus Canker.pptx
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri, producing lesions and cankers on citrus plants.
Cankers are open wounds or dead tissue surrounded by living tissues.
The disease was first reported in Japan in 1904.
It is a serious disease and is worldwide in distribution.
It is particularly serious in India, China, Japan and Java.
In 1915, Hesse first established the bacterial nature of the disease and described the organism as Pseudomonas citri.
Breed et al (1948) included it under Xanthomonas citri.
The Material is Useful for School and Undergraduate students.
Introduction to-plant_pathology
The document discusses plant pathology and environmental impacts of plant diseases. It covers the main components involved in plant disease development including the host, pathogen, and environment. It then describes various types of plant pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. It discusses symptoms, life cycles, and examples of diseases caused by each type of pathogen. It concludes with an overview of strategies for managing plant diseases, including cultural practices, host resistance, biological control, and other integrated pest management approaches.
Leaf blight of castor
Castor leaf blight is caused by the fungus Alternaria ricini. It affects the aerial parts of castor plants, causing brown spots on leaves and stems that later coalesce and cause defoliation. The fungus produces olive-colored spores in chains on conidiophores. The disease favors high humidity and low temperatures. It can be controlled through seed treatment with fungicides, spraying mancozeb or copper oxychloride, and using healthy seed.
Disease cycle in plant diseases
This includes detailed explanation with examples on diseases, disease cycle, its importance to study, types of disease cycle and pathogenesis including its components, like, means of survival, dispersal of the plant pathogens, inoculation, type of inoculum, pre-penetration, penetration including different means of entry of pathogens, post-penetration activities of the pathogens inside the plant host and its exit from the host.
pptno-14potato-210427070740.pptx
The document summarizes several potato crop diseases, their symptoms, causal agents, and management strategies. It discusses early blight caused by Alternaria solani, late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani, leaf roll caused by Potato leaf roll virus, and various mosaic viruses. It also covers bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The diseases cause significant yield losses and their management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, rogueing infected plants, soil treatment, and fungicide or insecticide application when needed.
citrus scab.pptx
This document summarizes citrus scab, a fungal disease that affects citrus leaves, twigs, and fruit. The causal organism is Elsinoe fawcetti & Jenkins. Symptoms include light brown, raised circular scabs on young stems and fruits. Infection requires 3-4 hours of surface wetness. The pathogen survives on infected plant debris and fruits remain susceptible until 3 months after petaling. Control methods include pruning to improve air circulation, applying copper-based fungicides during leaf flush and up to 3 applications per season timed with flowering and fruit formation.
Similar to Mango Anthracnose (colletotrichum gloeosporioides) (20)
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MOKO DISEASE FACT SHEET
The document discusses the bacterial vascular wilt disease of bananas, caused by the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum race 2. The disease causes wilting and death of banana plants by entering and multiplying in the vascular system, interfering with water and nutrient transport. Symptoms include rapid wilting of young plants, leaves breaking at sharp angles while still green, and yellowing or decay of fruit and inner plant tissues. The bacteria can survive in soil and plant matter for months and spread through infected plant material or contaminated tools. Management relies on resistant varieties, crop rotation, and removing infected plants and plant debris through burning.
MIND MAPPING
The mind mapping of plant disease (clubroot of crucifer, late blight of potato and downy mildew of grape).
Infographic of basic Biomolecules
This document provides examples of biomolecules that are monomers and the polymers they form. Monomers such as fatty acids, monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides can polymerize to form biomolecules like triglycerides, polysaccharides, polypeptides, and nucleic acids respectively. It also lists the four major classes of biomolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids - and gives a brief definition of each.
Electronic appliances (sfe) sem 4
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Dna and rna
DNA is able to pass on genetic information between generations and determine an organism's characteristics by controlling protein synthesis. DNA structure allows it to perform these functions. DNA is a polymer composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA replication involves the semi-conservative model where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand. The process begins at the origin of replication and involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps utilizing enzymes like DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to copy the parental DNA.
Laporan olahraga
sekadar untuk berkongsi bersama.. \(^^,)
salah or betul tu tak pasti ehee.. (sbb ni pun berdasar orng punya juga..)
Adjectives
This document contains a list of five names and then provides information about adjectives. It defines an adjective as a word used to describe or explain the quality of a noun or pronoun. It gives several examples of adjectives being used before and after verbs and in different structures like "after the verb to be" or "after the words 'seem', 'appear', 'become', and 'grow'." It also discusses the order of multiple adjectives.
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingThe debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
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s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
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concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
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- 1. Causal pathogen Disease sign and symptom Disease cycle Disease management Mango anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporiorides sp. Disease management of mango anthracnose consists of five approaches: ➢ site selection ➢ cultivar selection ➢ cultural practices in the field (sanitation, plant spacing, intercropping, etc) ➢ fungicide sprays in the field ➢ postharvest treatments (physical, chemical). Dissemination: spores (conidia) of the pathogen are dispersed passively by splashing rain or irrigation water. Inoculation: spores land on infection sites Infection and pathogen development: o On immature fruits and young tissues, spores germinate and penetrate through the cuticle and epidermis to ramify through the tissues. o On mature fruits, infections penetrate the cuticle butremain quiescent until ripening of the begins. Pathogen reproduction: sticky masses of conidia are produced in fruiting bodies (acervuli) on syptomatic tissue. the cycle of the fungus continues to multiply during moist (rainy, humid) conditions. Pathogen survival: the pathogen survives between seasons on infected and defoliated branch terminals and mature leaves Anthracnoses - blackening diseases of the leaves, twigs, petioles, flower cluster and fruit ❖ appear as dark colored spots or sunken lesions with a slightly raised rim ❖ the infected leaves may drop and kill the flower before fruit are producing ❖ fruit infections - latent stage ❖ anthracnose offruit - fruit drop and fruit rot Symptom and disease development: black, sunken, rapidly expanding lesions develop on affected organs