Learn how to manage Phytophthora, commonly associated with heavy, poorly-drained or compacted soils. It can weaken or even kill plants at all stages of growth.
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
The most troublesome pests of paddy along with their control measures
For more information :
visit the link below:
http://infentfun.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_17.html
Wisconsin Walking Your Fields newsletter-JuneDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: late planted forage options, nitrogen management, glyphosate restrictions, cover crop options and soybean planting date.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Southern WI Yields from Your Fields - Oct 2013DuPont Pioneer
This is a special edition issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter that contains Yields from Your fields plot results for 2013 in southern WI.
Walking Your Fields is a written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and is distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales professionals.
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
The most troublesome pests of paddy along with their control measures
For more information :
visit the link below:
http://infentfun.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_17.html
Wisconsin Walking Your Fields newsletter-JuneDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: late planted forage options, nitrogen management, glyphosate restrictions, cover crop options and soybean planting date.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Southern WI Yields from Your Fields - Oct 2013DuPont Pioneer
This is a special edition issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter that contains Yields from Your fields plot results for 2013 in southern WI.
Walking Your Fields is a written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and is distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales professionals.
ND & Northern MN Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
This July issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: soybean pests, fungicide applications and the role of water in corn development.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in North Dakota and northern Minnesota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Eastern MN Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
Learn more about late season soybean diseases, how to manage prevented plant acres, fall tillage options and yield monitor calibration tips in this August issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in southeastern Minnesota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Northern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
This August issue of Walking Your Fields contains the following articles for growers in northern WI and northern MN: corn rootworm damage, late season soybean diseases and corn drydown and harvest timing.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Cultural Disease Management Strategies.pptxOm Prakash
Cultural Disease Management
To reduce the dependence on chemical inputs in agriculture, eco-friendly approaches to the farming system like cultural practices for pest and disease management are most necessary. Cultural practices are the measures undertaken by humans to prevent and control the disease by manipulating plants. Cultural management can include reducing the amount of initial inoculum, reducing the rate of spread of established disease, or planting a crop at a site that is not favorable to pathogens because of its altitude, temperature, or water availability for disease management.
The enormous volume of farm-level data growers now handle—from new precision
ag technologies as well as from traditional information sources—can be unwieldy
and disconnected. Effectively using the data requires the ability to compile and
analyze it to make insightful decisions.
Commodity prices are softening, input costs are on the rise and access to land is a
key concern. To stay competitive, growers must closely manage their operations to
get the most out of every resource.
Growers can’t count on the markets or the weather—except to change. Staying in
business over time means effectively managing the risks growers can control
while minimizing the impact of those they can’t.
Improving sustainability is both a business requirement and good business.
Growers must produce more from every acre while efficiently managing inputs
and being good stewards of the environment.
Northeast MN & northern WI Yields from Your Fields-NovDuPont Pioneer
This is a special edition issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter that contains Yields from Your fields plot results for 2013 in northwest Minnesota and northern Wisconsin.Walking Your Fields is a written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and is distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales professionals.
South central MN Yields from Your Fields -Nov13DuPont Pioneer
This is a special edition issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter that contains Yields from Your fields plot results for 2013 in south central Minnesota.
Walking Your Fields is a written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and is distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales professionals.
The DuPont Pioneer Drought
Research Council (DRC) published its first article this month titled ‘The U.S. Drought of 2012 in Perspective: A Call to Action’. The paper outlines recommendations for improving food security, including an emphasis on research collaborations; objective, science-based regulations; and, appropriate funding for public agricultural research.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912413000370
Wisconsin Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugustDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: yield monitor calibration, corn drydown and harvest timing and late season soybean diseases.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Western MN and eastern SD Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugustDuPont Pioneer
DuPont Pioneer agronomists talk about yield monitor calibrations, corn drydown and harvest timing, and late season soybean diseases in the August issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in western Minnesota and eastern South Dakota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
ND & Northern MN Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
This Aug issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: corn drydown and harvest timing, fall tillage recommendations, corn development and drought effects on soybeans.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in North Dakota and northern Minnesota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
South Dakota Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
Learn about late season soybean diseases, yield monitor calibration tips and guidance on corn drydown and harvest timing in this August issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in South Dakota and distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Western MN and eastern SD Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: foliar fungicide applications, Goss’s Wilt, Pioneer Field360 and a GDU update for the area.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in western Minnesota and eastern South Dakota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Central Minnesota’s Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
DuPont Pioneer agronomists talk about soybean aphids, fungicide applications, weed resistance and corn rootworm pressure in this July issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Wisconsin Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: corn root lodging, soybean aphids and diseases, along with the role of water in corn development.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
South Dakota Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
Learn more about Goss’s wilt, soybean aphids and the role of water in corn development in this July issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in South Dakota and distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Western MN and eastern SD Walking Your Fields newsletter for JuneDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: corn stand evaluation, herbicide timing, glyphosate considerations, nitrogen loss and a GDU update.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and South Dakota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Eastern MN & Western WI Walking Your Fields newsletter-JuneDuPont Pioneer
This June issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: corn stand evaluation, planting date impact on soybeans, nitrogen loss after rain, and early weed control in corn.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
2. Introduction / Impact on Soybean Crop
• Phytophthora is usually associated with heavy, poorly-drained
or compacted soils, but can occur on any soils that remain wet
after planting.
• This fungal disease can kill plants at all stages of growth, or
plants may just be weakened to varying degrees
• Stand reduction may result in replanting or yield loss
• Replanting is common when early infection results in severe
seed rot and damping off of seedlings
• In some cases, infected stands survive but are less productive
than healthy stands
• Yield reductions can range from as little as 5% to more than
50% depending on severity
3. Phytophthora Development and Symptoms
• Phytophthora may attack
soybeans at any time
during the growing season,
attacking seeds and
seedlings, and rotting roots
and stems of more mature
plants.
• Seed Rot is most common when soils become saturated
immediately after planting and remain wet, and temperatures
are optimum for disease development.
− Infected seeds become dark brown and soft to mushy.
4. Phytophthora Development and Symptoms
• Seedling Blight occurs during emergence or shortly there-
after, resulting in rapid decay, wilting and death of the just-
emerged seedling, commonly referred to as “damping off”.
− Symptoms include a dark brown to black discoloration of
the stem, usually beginning at the soil line.
− Diseased tissues quickly become soft and water-soaked,
and wilting and plant death may soon follow.
• Pythium can also result in seed rot and damping off.
Pythium is the more active of these two pathogens from 50
to 60 F. Above 60 F, Phytophthora is more active.
5. Root and Stem Rot Phase of Phytophthora
• Root symptoms include brown, discolored secondary roots. The main tap
root is also brown on the surface, and splitting the root reveals a tan
discoloration of the inner tissues.
• Nodulation is often minimal on the roots and this
is expressed as light-green plants above ground.
• Plants may be stunted, giving the field an uneven
appearance, and infected plants may wilt during
periods of stress.
• A brown discoloration may begin to develop at the
soil line. Eventually, a dark-brown to red-brown lesion
may progress several nodes up the stem from the base of the plant.
• This girdling lesion is one of the key diagnostic features of the stem rot
phase of Phytophthora.
• However, the disease may not progress to this stage when infection is
moderate or begins later in the season.
6. Above-ground Symptoms of Phytophthora
• Above-ground symptoms may not be evident
for several weeks after initial infection.
• Often, a period of drought stress is required
before diseased plants begin to show the
effects of reduced root systems and
inadequate water transport capability within
the stem.
• Symptoms progressing from the bottom to
the top of the plant include leaves wilting
followed by petioles drooping.
• As plants reach the permanent wilt stage,
leaves may develop a grayish cast followed
by yellow spots.
7. Management – Variety Selection
• Over 70 different races of Phytophthora have been identified throughout North
America. In a given field, there are many different races with one or two being the
most dominant.
• Genetic resistance bred into soybean varieties is race-specific – it is able to defeat
certain races, but is overcome by others.
− When the dominant race in a field shifts, it may overcome the resistant soybean
varieties developed for an area.
− DuPont Pioneer soybean breeders must then find a new source of resistance to
defeat that race
• Field tolerance is another type of genetic protection against Phytophthora. Field
tolerance is not race-specific – it is effective against all races of Phytophthora.
• Many Pioneer® brand varieties are bred to have both a resistance gene and field
tolerance.
• DuPont Pioneer researchers are developing new varieties with the appropriate
resistance genes for each area, and incorporating higher levels of field tolerance
into new varieties.
8. Genetic Mechanisms to Help Protect Against Phytophthora
• Rps 1C and Rps 1K are the most common race-specific resistance genes
used today. Pioneer soybean breeders also use genes 6, 1a and 3a,
depending on the local need.
− Race-specific resistance is most effective during the seed and seedling growth
stages.
• Field tolerance, effective against all races of Phytophthora, is more
enduring than race-specific genes.
− Field tolerance is not as effective in the seed and seedling growth stages.
• Varieties containing both genetic resistance and field tolerance have two
mechanisms of protection.
• Pioneer rates its varieties for tolerance and provides ratings to customers;
ratings range from 4 to 6 (9=tolerant).
• Your local Pioneer sales professional can help you select the appropriate
Phytophthora resistant or tolerant varieties with other traits needed for your
fields.
9. Seed Treatments
• Use seed-applied fungicides in fields with a history of
Phytophthora damage.
• Pioneer Premium Seed Treatment (PPST) contains metalaxyl,
which has specific activity against early-season Phytophthora
and Pythium diseases:
− Provides protection for up to three weeks
− Especially useful when cool, wet soil conditions develop after
planting
• The early period of protection of seed treatments often covers
the period from planting to emergence and allows soybean
seedlings a head start on the diseases.
• Seed treatments are especially useful in cool, wet soil conditions
after planting.
10. Other Management Practices
• Planting Date - Early planting may increase the risk of Phytophthora dam-
age if soils are wetter and cool temperatures slow soybean emergence.
− Planting later when temperatures are more favorable to soybean growth
gives soybeans the edge in outpacing disease development.
− This is more important on heavy soils or in no-till farming systems where
seedbeds are intrinsically cooler.
• Field Drainage and Compaction - Because Phytophthora development
requires saturated soils for a prolonged period, improving field drainage is
one key to successful management.
− Tiling and remediating compaction and hardpan layers can reduce
Phytophthora infections.
• Manure and Fertilizer Application - Application of high levels of potash,
manure or municipal sludge just before planting soybeans may increase
severity of Phytophthora.
− Apply these materials in the fall, and avoid concentrating them in specific
fields, even if they are closer to the source.