The cost of education has increased at a faster rate than average consumer costs over the last decade. These rising expenses and a changing economic environment make planning for education all the more important. The discussion in this newsletter covers important topics surrounding managing education costs.
Universities and colleges must develop new business models to deal with scarce resources, increased demand for productivity and lower tuition, and changing demographics. This presentation to leaders in a major corporation outlines the pressures and the actions that a national higher education association is recommending to the institutions.
Universities and colleges must develop new business models to deal with scarce resources, increased demand for productivity and lower tuition, and changing demographics. This presentation to leaders in a major corporation outlines the pressures and the actions that a national higher education association is recommending to the institutions.
Financing the Dream: Securing College Affordability for the Middle ClassObama White House
This is a report from the White House Task Force on Middle Class Working Families: The Task Force is a major initiative targeted at raising the living standards of middle-class, working families in America. It is comprised of top-level administration policy makers, and in addition to regular meetings, it will conduct outreach sessions with representatives of labor, business, and the advocacy communities. More information is available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/strongmiddleclass/
Economist Mary C. Daly, Associate Research Director at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and Research Associate Yifan Cao explore whether a college degree still translates to higher earnings, and if those extra earnings are enough to make investing in higher education worthwhile. In this essay, find out if you really need a college degree to climb the economic ladder.
What Next ? - The future of higher EducationMahavir Pati
This presentation explores the future trends in Education, The skills that will be important in Future and some revolutionary and cutting edge developments in the Domain of Higher Education
In remarks to the National Council on Economic Education Conference in Phoenix, San Francisco Fed SVP and Associate Director of Research discussed the outlook for the U.S. economy and considered whether the American Dream is still achievable for most Americans. She highlighted the role of education in promoting economic growth and mobility and argued that college remains a great investment for most Americans.
The Community Development Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (FRBSF) launched the Community Indicators Project to collect input from community stakeholders about the issues and trends facing low- and moderate-income (LMI) communities in the 12th District. We hope that by systematically collecting local viewpoints, we will be able to help our constituents gain a deeper understanding of the challenges facing LMI communities. This issue of Vantage Point synthesizes the key themes that emerged in the 2013 community indicators survey based on the responses of 289 expert stakeholders from the 12th District. Questions were open-ended, allowing respondents to raise the issues of greatest concern to them.
In 2012-2013, a total of $58 billion in federal, state and local resources was spent to support our almost 700 public school districts, or $21,118 per pupil for approximately three million students. Of this support, $8,563 per pupil came from the state. Over the past decade the local share (mostly property taxes) of school district revenue has grown five percent, while the state share has declined four percent and federal aid has declined by almost two percent.
Financing the Dream: Securing College Affordability for the Middle ClassObama White House
This is a report from the White House Task Force on Middle Class Working Families: The Task Force is a major initiative targeted at raising the living standards of middle-class, working families in America. It is comprised of top-level administration policy makers, and in addition to regular meetings, it will conduct outreach sessions with representatives of labor, business, and the advocacy communities. More information is available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/strongmiddleclass/
Economist Mary C. Daly, Associate Research Director at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and Research Associate Yifan Cao explore whether a college degree still translates to higher earnings, and if those extra earnings are enough to make investing in higher education worthwhile. In this essay, find out if you really need a college degree to climb the economic ladder.
What Next ? - The future of higher EducationMahavir Pati
This presentation explores the future trends in Education, The skills that will be important in Future and some revolutionary and cutting edge developments in the Domain of Higher Education
In remarks to the National Council on Economic Education Conference in Phoenix, San Francisco Fed SVP and Associate Director of Research discussed the outlook for the U.S. economy and considered whether the American Dream is still achievable for most Americans. She highlighted the role of education in promoting economic growth and mobility and argued that college remains a great investment for most Americans.
The Community Development Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (FRBSF) launched the Community Indicators Project to collect input from community stakeholders about the issues and trends facing low- and moderate-income (LMI) communities in the 12th District. We hope that by systematically collecting local viewpoints, we will be able to help our constituents gain a deeper understanding of the challenges facing LMI communities. This issue of Vantage Point synthesizes the key themes that emerged in the 2013 community indicators survey based on the responses of 289 expert stakeholders from the 12th District. Questions were open-ended, allowing respondents to raise the issues of greatest concern to them.
In 2012-2013, a total of $58 billion in federal, state and local resources was spent to support our almost 700 public school districts, or $21,118 per pupil for approximately three million students. Of this support, $8,563 per pupil came from the state. Over the past decade the local share (mostly property taxes) of school district revenue has grown five percent, while the state share has declined four percent and federal aid has declined by almost two percent.
Moneycation march 2015 newsletter; volume #3, issue #7A.W. Berry
Investment analysis is an art and a science. It is an art in the sense that agility and dynamic fluid thinking are useful when making decisions using empirically derived data. Fundamental analysis is one such method that is not pure science, but uses mathematical techniques to ascertain key financial information such as solvency, risk, liquidity, profit margin, expected rate of return and so on.
Sample California revocable living trust with spendthrift provisionLegalDocsPro
This is a preview of a sample California living trust for a husband and wife. The actual sample living trust has a spendthrift provision and is sold by LegalDocsPro.
At Global Red we encourage our clients to ask us 5 questions at the end of each campaign. They work for us, so we thought “Why don’t we share them with everybody?”
TL;DW (Too long; Didn’t watch)
Question 1: How do you set up a media campaign to succeed?
Question 2: How do I know you are being completely transparent as an agency?
Question 3: Why should I care about my ad’s viewability?
Question 4: How can you ensure I am achieving the maximum ROI?
Question 5: How do I even understand all the ad tech available out there?
We wanted to provide you with a brief summary of the webinar with some key takeaways to put into practice right away.
The entire theme was to ask your agency as many questions as possible – start with the five above, if you need more listen to the webinar for a few more tips and tricks. Tim’s first point in the webinar was to get your media data correct from the start by tagging everything and using the best tags available.
He spoke about the importance of aligning your campaign’s KPIs with your business goals. For example, 100% viewability should not be your goal unless your goal is purely to have your ads visible. Your goal should be to prioritise a KPI which delivers a real return. Tim introduced us all to the 4 Simple Steps to Success; tag everything, measure viewability, attribute accurately and optimise regularly.
Tim’s final point was directed at all the agencies out there: Let’s work together to reduce the industry wide transparency issues by making it our mission to educate and empower our clients.
Assessing the costs of public higher education in the commonwealth of virgini...Robert M. Davis, MPA
Part 4 in a series of whitepaper research examining the costs of public higher education in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Loan borrowing has become the means in which to cope which costs increases. Loan borrowing may be one of the primary options available to finance the costs of higher education, there are risks associated with this option; recent research identifies that those risks may be growing.
How does an increase in the College tuition prices affe.docxadampcarr67227
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How does an increase in the College tuition prices affect students?
In the modern world, we are being faced with constant fluctuations in prices of almost everything. This can be attributed to inflation, and the loss in value of currencies. The education is one of those areas that has been affected. The cost of education has been on the rise since time in memorial in the United States. It is estimated that the college tuition prices have increased by 1120% since 1978 (Reaume). This figure is more than the increase in prices that has been observed in the food and medical sector. In fact, Bloomberg reported that, the college tuition price has gone up four times more rapidly than the consumer price index (Reaume). This sudden increase has also outpaced inflation. In 2012. CNN reported that the cost of public education is a little under $6000 while that of private colleges is about $25000 (Thompson). The hikes in tuition fees is alarming but most of the times are unintended. However, they have detrimental consequences to most students because they are unable to meet the cost of education. What are some of the reasons that can be attributed to the increase in the education prices? There are a variety of outcomes that have been felt as a result of the increase in the cost of education. What are some of the effects that have been felt by the students? What alternative forms of education exist? How do they compare with the pre-existing school systems? How does this increase compare to other countries’ cost of education?
Today’s status of both private and public colleges imposes new tuition prices almost every year to students. In most cases students are unable to pay for education at these prices. For this reason, they will be unable to afford to pay for more increases in price. College education is a popular subject among the presidents. For many years college education was not highly price. Most government had subsidized the education systems in their countries. Nonetheless, people wanted to make a better life for themselves and they figured that the only way that they could do this was by making sure that they got an education. As a result, the demand for education rose. Since college has become a necessary commodity these days, the price of attaining a college education is constantly rising, even thought, sometimes the increase in cost is not justified. Some experts have a very strong opinion as to why college education is on a rise, and some believe that it is not on the rise. To begin to understand this issue, we have to first examine the history and the context from which it arose. The tuition has increase every year for globalization, institution policies and government regulations affecting students who does not have the economic resources to pay for it.
There are many assumptions on why the cost of education has risen. The rise of tuition is mainly due in part because the colleges need more money for improvement and to ensure that they .
6 July 25, 2011 www.ccweek.comIt’s an article of faith f.docxalinainglis
6 July 25, 2011 www.ccweek.com
I
t’s an article of faith for higher education poli-
cymakers across the country: while tuition at
four-year colleges is increasing at a dizzying
pace, community colleges offer an affordable
alternative for millions of students.
According to a new report, however, graduating
from a community college — the only affordable avenue
available for millions of
underprivileged and
minority students seeking
a college education — is
becoming out of reach for
growing numbers of stu-
dents as tuition increases
continue to outpace the
rise in family income.
Many states, mean-
while, are reducing higher
education spending as
they struggle to close
yawning budget deficits,
threatening community
college access, especially
for those students who tra-
ditionally have relied on
the 2-year institutions,
according to a report
issued by the National Center for Public Policy and
Higher Education.
“Many students are not able to keep pace with rising
tuition, because family earnings have lost ground over
C O V E R S T O R Y
A Graduating
Report: Costlier Colleges Threaten Access
BY PAUL BRADLEY
Thousands of community college students donned caps and gowns and graduated this spring.
But a new report suggests that the escalating cost of attending community college is limiting access
for students who most rely on the institutions.
“If current
trends
continue,
more students
will be priced
out of higher
education
altogether.”
— NATIONAL CENTER FOR
PUBLIC POLICY AND HIGHER
EDUCATION
AP
P
HO
TO
/C
HA
RL
ES
D
HA
RA
PA
K
www.ccweek.com July 25, 2011 7
the past decade,” the report said. “Median
family income, adjusted for inflation,
declined in the United States over the past
decade. At the same time, tuition at two-
and four-year colleges increased at a rate
faster than inflation or family income, and
student financial assistance did not keep
pace, exacerbating the college affordability
and college completion problems.”
“Concerns about college affordability
have most likely been driving many stu-
dents to community colleges. If current
trends continue, more students will be
priced out of higher education altogether,”
the report said.
The report found that tuition rates at
community colleges rose faster than family
income in every state except Maine since
1999. In California, home of the nation’s
largest community college system, the cost
of attending community college increased
77 percent between 1999 and 2009, while
median family income increased just 5 per-
cent, the report said.
Patrick Callan, founder and executive
director of the California-based center, said
the report documents a trend that has been
under way for 30 years. Over that time, the
cost of college has increased even faster
than the cost of health care, and much more
than inflation or family income.
Galloping Increases
The economic downturn has only
worsened the situation and undermines the
country’s goal of producing more college
graduates.
“Th.
ENC 1102 THIS PAPER SPELLED OUT THE POSITION / TUTORIALOUTLET DOT COMalbert0055
ENC 1102 Author Note
This paper was prepared for English Composition 1, taught by Professor Heredia.
Are the High Prices of Attending to College in The United States Worth It? PAYING FOR COLLEGE 2
Abstract This paper spelled out the position of the millions of students that nowadays are struggling
because of the higher prices of attending to college in United Stated.
AN INTERIM REPORT ON A PILOT CREDITRECOVERY PROGRAM IN A LAR.docxnettletondevon
AN INTERIM REPORT ON A PILOT CREDIT
RECOVERY PROGRAM IN A LARGE, SUBURBAN
MIDWESTERN HIGH SCHOOL
M . SUZANNE FRANCO
NiMiSHA H . PATEL
Wright State University
School policy regarding student failure of courses at the K-12
level generally focuses on grade retendon or social promotion,
neither of which addresses the students' needs. Grade retention
has never been effective in helping students gain mastery of
course objectives. To reduce the numbers of social promotions,
many states require 8th graders to earn a passing score on state-
mandated standardized tests. If students do not earn the required
score, they are not allowed to matriculate to the next grade,
regardless of their teacher-assigned course grades (Ezarik,
2003). A relatively unique approach to help students who have
failed one or more courses at the high school level is a credit
recovery program. Though details of such programs vary from
district to district, the one unifying aspect for atiy credit recov-
ery program is the opportunity for students to earn credit for a
course failed.
The purpose of this paper is to describe a pilot credit recovery
program implemented in a large suburban high school in the
Midwest. Historical, longitudinal student data revealed that
freshmen who fail at least one course are four times more likely
to fail to graduate in four years (R. Hankey, personal communi-
cation, July, 2009). With this is mind, the school developed a
pilot credit recovery program for freshmen who had failed at
least one course; online and traditional curricula were provided.
The short-term goal was to provide an opportutiity for freshmen
to recover credits lost due to failure; the long-term goal was to
reduce the dropout rate for freshmen who had failed at least one
course, and consequently contribute to a higher graduation rate
for the freshman class. This paper presents the results of the first
cohort of students who completed the pilot program after their
freshman year and who have now completed their second year
of high school.
Literature Review essary. The financial and social costs stem-
ming from high school failure/dropout
High School Dropout rates in the United States are enormous. It
The focus on educadon has and con- has been esdmated that dropouts cost the
tinues to be at the forefront of the American nation billions of dollars annually (Ou &
polidcal agenda, and rightfully so. In order Reynolds, 2010).
for individuals in the United States to stay The negadve correladons associated
viable for career opportunities in the ever- with a lack of a high school diploma are
increasing technological world and earn vast. For instance, those who do not earn
livable wages, a formal education is nee- a high school diploma are more likely to
15
16/Education Vol. 132 No. 1
experience unemployment and earn a lower
annual wage. The annual medium income
of a male over the age of 24 without a high
school diploma is approximately $27,000,
whereas that for a diploma holder .
A College Education Has Become An Essential Part Of The American Dreamnoblex1
A college education has become an essential part of the American Dream for millions of families. Indeed, extensive polling and focus group research conducted by our coalition of higher education associations in the last year clearly demonstrates that the public overwhelmingly believes higher education is vitally important for personal success. Furthermore, they believe that all children should have the chance to attend postsecondary education and, despite the high price, that college is a "good value" for the money.
On the other hand, the public also is greatly concerned about the affordability of higher education, believes it is too expensive, and thinks that the price can be brought down without affecting academic quality. The public vastly overestimates the price of higher education at all types of colleges and dramatically underestimates the amount of financial aid that is available to help meet college bills. They don't know where student aid comes from or how to apply for it. Nor does the public understand why college prices increase. Most worrisome, perhaps, they think college leaders are indifferent to their concerns about the price of attending college. Our research also demonstrates that Americans worry about financing a college education. The lack of knowledge about paying for college is most acute among at-risk populations — first-generation college students, low-income families, and members of minority groups.
The great divergence between the value that the public places on having access to higher education and the lack of information they have about what it costs and how to afford it — what we call "the knowledge gap" — is deeply troubling. No one with a commitment to higher education can be satisfied with the news that the public is so poorly informed about issues of choice and access. It is surely a danger signal that the public believes college officials are indifferent to their fears about being able to afford a postsecondary education for their children.
THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL COALITION
What can be done? We believe that two related steps are absolutely essential. First, colleges and universities must redouble their efforts to explain college costs, the prices that students are charged, the amount and sources of financial aid that are available, and the options for financing a college education. We must reach out to a broad range of business, community, and religious organizations and solicit their support in improving public understanding.
Second, and no less important, colleges and universities must take strong steps to manage and contain costs, share innovative and successful cost management strategies, expand efforts to explain why costs increase on campuses, and talk candidly about the steps that have been taken to reduce costs and improve efficiency.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/a-college-education-has-become-an-essential-part-of-the-american-dream/
6 facts you must know about student loans and college debtpauldylan06
Currently, there is a call for a more affordable college education, which makes sense. It comes on the heels of a recession that undercut the value of a college education. Even those with a college degree were not immune to the financial hit that the economy took and those still paying off their student loans were often left without the very job they had always assumed would pay off their educational debts. To know more facts about college loans visit http://www.theedadvocate.org/6-facts-you-must-know-about-student-loans-and-college-debt/
TU 1Huayou TuInstructor Danielle SchleicherENGL 11215 Fe.docxwillcoxjanay
TU 1
Huayou Tu
Instructor Danielle Schleicher
ENGL 112
15 February 2016
The economic impact of student loans
A good education is one of the hallmarks of a thriving country, children get fundamental knowledge all through their childhood, and when they are old enough, they move on to universities and colleges where they get to specialize and prepare themselves for their careers. Over the last two decades, the economic conditions in the United States of America have tended to favor job seekers who have gone through a college education. Increasingly, the path to the American dream lay though varsities (Avery and Turner). As increasing numbers of young people are choosing to further their education post high school, the costs of attending four-year colleges have soared; it is becoming increasingly impossible to attend these institutions without the help of student loans. At the end of 2015 Americans owed 1.2 trillion dollars in student debt, this significant amount has the potential to affect the American economy in subtle ways. The increase in college education leads to a corresponding increase in student loans this negatively affects the economy (Akers and Chingos).
Increasing numbers of economists and education stakeholders are alarmed at the rate in which the cumulative amount of student debt is growing in America. Most people in analyzing the situation, are prone to comparing the current generation of students with the generation of students in the 70' and 80,s, back then, it was possible to attend school and work part-time to afford education. The ability to go to college and not be saddled with debt afterwards affords one certain liberties, young people could afford to buy homes and have children (Brown, Haughwout and Scally). Most people observing current educational trends are worried that the increasing amounts student debt holds young people from participating in the activities of their parents. These activities include buying homes and building families. This generational change is evident throughout the United States of America where home ownership has fallen to the lowest amount in the last fifty years.
In the student loan debate, three prominent positions are most pertinent. The first argument is that student loans leave many people saddled with debt long after they have graduated from college; many students face the bleak future of spending their whole lives paying back student loans. The second pertinent argument is that the massive amounts of debt that many students leave college with make them unable to advance their lives adequately because of the bad credit rating that their student loans give them. Young people cannot afford to take out loans to start businesses, buy vehicles, or even purchase homes. While these activities were typical for the generation of students that graduated before the 90's, they are not possible for the current generation of students (Rothstein and Rouse). The third argument in the ...
Families See College As An Essential Goal That Must Be Met Despite The Costsnoblex1
Borrowing by students and parents to pay for college has been one of the most commonly discussed and debated issues of national policy over the last two decades. Concerns about steadily increasing borrowing levels, have prompted a variety of policy proposals to ease the burden of college borrowing. Despite efforts to simplify and streamline student loan repayment, public knowledge about who borrows, how much is borrowed, and what students and their families think about borrowing is very limited. Much of what people know and think about student borrowing is framed by media reports, college student guides, and word-of-mouth. But how accurate those impressions are is virtually unknown.
To assess the current status of borrowing to pay for college on a national level, we prepared this comprehensive summary report. Our report seeks to add to public knowledge about college borrowing in several distinct ways. First, we present the most recent data available on national college borrowing trends. The analysis in this report focuses on borrowing trends in 2021-2022, and includes the most current estimates of borrowing levels and projections of total borrowing by the end of the decade. Data on the characteristics of those taking out student loans also comprise an important component of this analysis.
We also offer the results of a nationally representative survey of undergraduate students and families who borrow to pay for college. The survey was designed to assess the impact of student loan debt on family attitudes about college, major financial decisions, and the possible future ramifications of debt burden. This survey provides a snapshot of student and family views about college debt and paying for college. Profiles of student and family borrowers complete this package of information on college loan debt. These borrowers, who all currently have loans to pay for their education were interviewed at length to further illustrate how borrowing impacts American families in their pursuit of postsecondary education.
The combination of national data, survey responses, and profiles presents a complete picture of the situation facing students and families - both now and in the near future - as they attempt to finance what has become one of the most important, and most expensive, pieces of the American Dream: a college education. The overall findings suggest that while borrowing for college has exploded in the last five years, families are torn between their need to borrow and the burdens that these loans place on their present and future.
Our analysis of national data on borrowing revealed that changes in the federal student loan programs have had a dramatic impact on borrowing for college.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/families-see-college-as-an-essential-goal-that-must-be-met-despite-the-costs/
TU 1Huayou TuInstructor Danielle SchleicherENGL 11215 Fe.docxturveycharlyn
TU 1
Huayou Tu
Instructor Danielle Schleicher
ENGL 112
15 February 2016
The economic impact of student loans
A good education is one of the hallmarks of a thriving country, children get fundamental knowledge all through their childhood, and when they are old enough, they move on to universities and colleges where they get to specialize and prepare themselves for their careers. Over the last two decades, the economic conditions in the United States of America have tended to favor job seekers who have gone through a college education. Increasingly, the path to the American dream lay though varsities (Avery and Turner). As increasing numbers of young people are choosing to further their education post high school, the costs of attending four-year colleges have soared; it is becoming increasingly impossible to attend these institutions without the help of student loans. At the end of 2015 Americans owed 1.2 trillion dollars in student debt, this significant amount has the potential to affect the American economy in subtle ways. The increase in college education leads to a corresponding increase in student loans this negatively affects the economy (Akers and Chingos).
Increasing numbers of economists and education stakeholders are alarmed at the rate in which the cumulative amount of student debt is growing in America. Most people in analyzing the situation, are prone to comparing the current generation of students with the generation of students in the 70' and 80,s, back then, it was possible to attend school and work part-time to afford education. The ability to go to college and not be saddled with debt afterwards affords one certain liberties, young people could afford to buy homes and have children (Brown, Haughwout and Scally). Most people observing current educational trends are worried that the increasing amounts student debt holds young people from participating in the activities of their parents. These activities include buying homes and building families. This generational change is evident throughout the United States of America where home ownership has fallen to the lowest amount in the last fifty years.
In the student loan debate, three prominent positions are most pertinent. The first argument is that student loans leave many people saddled with debt long after they have graduated from college; many students face the bleak future of spending their whole lives paying back student loans. The second pertinent argument is that the massive amounts of debt that many students leave college with make them unable to advance their lives adequately because of the bad credit rating that their student loans give them. Young people cannot afford to take out loans to start businesses, buy vehicles, or even purchase homes. While these activities were typical for the generation of students that graduated before the 90's, they are not possible for the current generation of students (Rothstein and Rouse). The third argument in the ...
Investment products vary in risk, return and duration. So do investor objectives. Successfully matching financial instruments with financial plans takes skill, know how and ability.
Moneycation april 2015 newsletter; volume #3, issue #9A.W. Berry
Investing is a life-long process. People invest in themselves, in their careers and in other things. Financially speaking, investing in financial instruments helps prepare people for the future whether it be for retirement, a home or additional investments. Knowing what to invest in at different stages of life is a part of that process.
Moneycation may 2015 newsletter; volume #3, issue #11A.W. Berry
Knowing about trading platforms and how they work is a key aspect of self-guided investing. The mechanics of trading financial instruments requires accuracy and precision. If transactions are not carried out flawlessly and in a timely manner via the best networks available, traders and investors face significant disadvantages.
Moneycation april 2015 newsletter; volume #3, issue #10A.W. Berry
Technical investment analysis involves understanding price movements and knowing how to interpret their meaning. Numerous technical trading tools exist to assist with improving the probability of trading success.
Stocks are considered among many investors as fundamental for return-on-investment. This is especially the case over the long run, where average returns surpass those of bonds. Investing in the stock market is not as easy as it may seem and often involves an elaborate understanding of business, market and economic influences in order to be financially successful.
The more complex an estate is in terms of asset diversification, management expectations and distribution objectives, the more pertinent a carefully crafted living trust becomes in terms of its overall financial benefit and functionality. living trusts are useful for high net worth individuals or estates that are seeking to supplement their wills with more specific asset management criteria.
Bonds are a fixed income asset that provide investors with a range of risks and yields. Numerous types of bonds and bond financial instruments exist for investors to choose from. They are often considered a safe-haven asset during times of economic contraction because they and in some cases, provide tax protection.
Cash and treasury solutions provide money related alternatives to businesses seeking greater access to capital, lower cost of debt and efficient internal financial operations; they are a part of the formula that determines how well run a business is. As businesses develop, simplified internal policies do not necessarily benefit investors as much as elaborate, sophisticated and fluid financial decision making allows for. Additionally, corporate finance tends to get more complicated as companies become larger. This is because expanded operations require greater financial management.
Consumer protections exist to prevent fraud, usury, extortion and other financial crimes. Since individuals are not always aware of commercial and legal details surrounding transactions and business communications, undesirable and underhanded access to the wallets and bank accounts of unsuspecting people becomes possible.
Transportation is often a necessity, but does not have to be the third largest piece of American' budgets. Improving personal financial planning and business financial management ideally takes as many transportation factors and scenarios in to account, and then adjusts them accordingly. This involves a close look at driving habits, equipment, travel routes and modes of transport.
Numerous financial instruments and products are used in financial planning. Life insurance is an example of both because it assists individuals accomplish financial goals via a financial mechanism that is legally structured differently from other financial planning products such as 401(k)s and individual retirement accounts.
S corporations are legally structured in a way that allow them to go untaxed. This is because income that is recognized by owners is taxed at the personal level and not via the business. Moreover, an S corporation is a pass-through or flow-through entity, which means income passes through to the shareholders. This newsletter details tax management information and methods used by and relevant to S corporations.
Financial advantages of business structuresA.W. Berry
Business structuring, whether it be a specific type of incorporation, adherence to a financial model or both, has significant effects on business' present and future financial standing, credibility and capacity. This makes structural decisions an important factor in the steering of businesses toward their intended functions and purpose.
Behavioral finance, heuristics and marketing A.W. Berry
Economic and financial heuristics explain how people's money related decision making is influenced by psychology and sociological trends. This is relevant in the marketing profession and to corporate strategists because purchase decisions, stock market investing and other financial decision making is linked to consumer behavior.
Stock options allow more ways to earn money as well as more ways to lose money. They are elaborate financial instruments that often leave beginner and novice investors scratching their heads when something goes wrong.
Planning for healthcare needs via Medicare is also not a quick task. Understanding the length of time involved when considering which insurance is right reduces unrealistic expectations and disappointment. It also helps to understand what Medicare is and who it benefits before getting in to the finer details.
Problems with Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesA.W. Berry
Industry diversity and vast differences between corporate financial strategies make standardizing accounting difficult. The complexity and fluidity of financial markets, asset securitization and accounting cast a certain shadow over the effectiveness of generally accepted accounting principles. GAAP are faced with numerous regulatory obstacles such as the intended goal of merging with international financial reporting standards, complications in asset valuation and exploitation of accounting practices that allow corporations considerable leeway and latitude.
The importance of investment methodologyA.W. Berry
Informed and wise investing decisions do not typically seek to dazzle or outperform, but rather pursue and attain a calculated financial objective. This newsletter seeks to apply the tenets of investment wisdom in to a review and evaluation of investment process and methodology.
Although there is high demand for road freight services in the U.S., the chance for profitability is far from guaranteed. Numerous obstacles challenge trucking companies including a large volume of private fleets and operating costs that exceed 85% of revenue even for the strongest companies.
Marijuana is still illegal under the Controlled Substances Act. Before businesses get ahead of themselves, understanding the risk associated with this federal law is important. There are also market entry barriers such as limited licensing and access to startup capital to contend with; obtaining business loans from banks may be difficult for this industry.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Moneycation
Published by Moneycation™
Newsletter: March 31, 2015
Volume 3, Issue 7
Managing education costs
Economically, education fuels innovation and maintains vital
knowledge transfer between generations. It also generates economic
growth via bi-products other than innovation such as international revenue from coveted
educational programs and industry development that ensures global competitive positioning. For
individuals, the net benefits are not quite so perky; just as industries will differ in how much
education they demand or need, students will also vary on how much benefit they derive from their
education.
These differences in results or advantages make the traditional educational investment proposition
subject to similar financial principles used in portfolio management such as risk control, asset
allocation and total investment. Naturally, cost is also a factor, and the lower the costs are, the less
impact a bad education investment decision will have, and the more benefit a good academic choice
will yield. This newsletter seeks to identify the costs of education, the causes for them and both
theoretical and applied solutions to managing those costs.
Tuition costs
2. The average cost of tuition at a four-year public university is rising at a rate of 13 percent per year
according to the U.S. Department of Education. However, over the last decade, the annual average
is closer to 6%. per Olivia Michael of CNBC. Even averaged out, that kind of cost increase far
exceeds the Department of Labor's Consumer Price Index of 1.7 percent year-over-year inflation
rate for August 2014, and the Social Security Administration's 3.6% cost of living adjustment for
2012 and 1.7% increase for 2014. The following graph illustrates how tuition costs far exceed other
household expenses and income growth and are attributable to specific reasons.
A part of the reason tuition rates are going up is because state funding has been cut according to a
report by Christine Armario of USA Today. Moreover, as subsidies decline and tuition rates rise,
student and parent debt also increases. Despite this, the Institute of Education Sciences forecasts
enrollment in post-secondary institutions will continue to rise from 18.1 million to 20.6 million
people between 2010 and 2020. Also per the IOES, total annual costs at four-year post-secondary
educational institutions average above $21,000 or more than $84,000 per degree.
The burden of increasing tuition is not great, but is not as bad as it seems per Jordan Weissmann of
The Atlantic. Specifically, Weissmann states tuition rates are a bad measure of cost inflation
because they do not include net costs i.e. costs after distribution of grants. Furthermore, the
increases in tuition, and the cost of tuition itself vary greatly across and within states. For example,
according to the Department of Education's College Affordability and Transparency Center, tuition
at California State University at Long Beach is $4,810 per year, whereas at the University of
California-Santa Cruz, it is $11,505.
Even if average tuition increases are being skewed up by a few statistical outlier states such as
California and Florida, there remains a very real problem of millions of graduates not finding jobs.
The U.S. Treasury Secretary recently announced that a two percent annual GDP growth is not
enough to tackle high unemployment per CNBC. This makes any increase in tuition an amortizable
expense after graduation, and that is not an educational incentive for the financial minded and
forward looking student.
From an economic perspective, the forecast for the benefits of education is also stifled by
educational administrative decisions. Furthermore, in an effort to stem the rising costs of tuition
some schools are even cutting back on educational program expenses. The net effect of these kind
of spending cuts is to lower the quality of education. For instance, the New York Times reports the
University of California is considering cutting back educational programs and summer classes to
compensate for lost state funding. This indicates a shrinking of educational options if not a decline
in the quality of education.
College enrollment
College enrollment in the United States has dropped and is expected to continue to fall. This has
caused some small liberal arts colleges such as Sweet Briar College in Virginia to close per
Business Insider. Moreover, this trend has benefitted less costly online institutions. In the 2012-
2013 academic year, the amount of new students reached a level of decline not seen since the 1990s
per the New York Times. Moreover, since college enrollment is a measure of educational prospects,
industry demand and consumer sentiment, the drop in higher education census data is also an
economic indicator.
3. So far, the decline in college enlistment has applied mostly to older students over the age of 25.
This means the correlation to the economy and clues about its meaning are more specific to that
particular demographic. Nevertheless, this trend reflects what is believed to be a counter-cyclical
market per an interview with Terry Hartle in The Atlantic magazine. According to Hartle, student
population typically rises during recessions and declines during better economic times. Hence, the
drop in college enrollment is thought to be a sign of economic improvement.
Even though past trends have linked economic conditions to student census data, this is not the only
statistical relationship present. More specifically, tuition rates, student debt and the job market are
also linked to school attendance. These additional variables muddy the statistical waters as an
improving economy is not necessarily mutually exclusive of things like a rising cost of seduction.
In other words, in terms of gross domestic product, the economy is capable of rising at the same
time as average national student-loan debt is rising.
The reason why education costs are also an important variable is because they indicate other
economic conditions such as government spending. For example, according to the , state
governments cut financial support for higher education by the Chico Enterprise Review, more than
28 percent between 2008-2012. This has influenced the cost-benefit ratio that students ideally
consider before choosing to apply for and attend college. For instance, with each extra dollar spent
on tuition, a corresponding rise in post-graduation income must be assessed to justify the higher
expense equally.
Additional consequences of rising tuition or a higher student debt burden also influence the housing
market, student debt repayment and even credit ratings. On the one hand, more employed people
who do not go to school are good for debt markets and economic growth. Yet, on the other had, a
study published by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau states a problem with affordable
private student-loan debt negatively impacted the lending market, which itself is also linked to
economic expansion.
If the decline in college enrollment is primarily due to an improvement in the job market, then the
declining figures suggest a positive economic trend. This is part of the story, and the question then
becomes how big a part is it? If fewer mature students means a mostly better job market and
economy, then it is positive data. However, if the shrinking numbers reflect something else, then the
trend might not be a repeat of past historical correlations, but rather a statistical medley of different
reasons such as state funding cuts, job outlooks and higher student debt.
Student debt
Student debt has surpassed total revolving credit in the United States. Total student debt is above
$1.3 trillion per the U.S Federal Reserve Board, and total consumer revolving credit such as credit
card debt was first exceeded by student debt in late 2011 per the Federal Reserve Bank of New
York. Several economic factors have also combined to compound the negative effects of this debt.
These additional variables have made student debt a problem for many new and old graduates alike.
4. Consumer Credit Outstanding
(In billions of dollars)
Source: Federal Reserve Board
Costs
According to the Institute for Education Sciences total education costs at four year institutions have
risen 600 percent since 1980. For example, total tuition, room and board at a public four year
academic institution cost $2,550 in 1980 using current dollars, but costs $15,014 in 2010 per the
IES. This large rise in the cost of tuition is partly accountable to inflation, yet when using constant
dollars adjusted to the Consumer Price Index, a measure of inflation, the tuition costs still more
than double over the same period of time.
Interest
Another factor that affects the cost of student debt is accrued interest. National Public Radio states
some school loans were subsidized via lower interest rates under the College Cost Reduction and
Access Act of 2007. That however, will change and lead to a doubling of interest rates if those tax
cuts expire. Both Republicans and Democrats in Congress have sought to extend this benefit, but
under different conditions that have led to political gridlock. As a result, and if the interest rate
subsidy is not extended, the cost of student debt will rise and put additional cost pressure on
students and graduates.
Size
The average size of student debt has also risen. By Q3, 2011 the average size of student debt was
$23,300 per the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Moreover, according to AlterNet, in 1992 the
average size of undergraduate debt was $9,200 less than half the $18,900 in 2002; similar trend is
demonstrated by the New York Times. It is evident the size of student debt has risen along with the
cost. However, the size of debt has not increased as fast as cost meaning students have been able to
keep their costs down over the historical period.
Employment
Each year a vast amount of new college students attend school with the hopes of becoming trained
for a career. The IES has stated 19.7 million students attended colleges in the United States in 2011.
However, if the job market is tight, these former students face the scenario of little or no income
with which to pay off their student loans as they become due. This causes debt to negatively
5. amortize in some cases which only amplifies the magnitude of student debt.
Despite the costs of education, there is substantial statistical data indicating that an education does
have its benefits. More specifically, the value of education and its financial pay back is evident in
household asset and income information i.e. those with a head of household with a college degree
have average family asset values over $200,000 more than those without. Since asset values show a
stronger advantage than income data in the second chart, the presence of greater debt such as
mortgages loans is a possible explanation for the discrepancy between asset and income related
advantages of college degrees.
US-PD
The graphs also illustrate another trend; in recent times, both mean asset values and mean income
returns associated with higher education have shown fatigue via downward sloping trend line. Since
this is also the case for those without degrees, a broader economic trend such as income inequality
or declining GDP growth are evident. Furthermore, in terms of income, the net financial advantage
of having a college degree has shrunk from approximately $80,000 in 2007 to about $65,000 by
2010.
Since the data is averaged out, specific market advantages of one field of education over another
are averaged out. In other words, the average advantage does not necessarily apply to all degrees
and professions or the sum total value of all degrees, is higher than the sum total of that for all other
educational categories combined.
6. US-PD
Marking education costs to market
At the undergraduate level, a degree in accounting costs the same as a degree in journalism. Yet,
according to the Daily Beast, a degree in Journalism is the most useless degree to have (wiping my
forehead, good thing I have two degrees in philosophy!) Having said that, there is a real societal
and economic issue underlying education costs. Basically, undergraduates are not getting an
education marked-to-market, which basically means the worth is not measured in terms of actual
value. The term mark-to-market is a typically applied to businesses, however the principles are
transferable to education. Before discussing reasons why mark to market should be applied to
degrees, the following brief video explains what mark to market is in more detail.
Skeptics would argue, if degree costs were measured in terms of worth, professors in low-valued
fields would not work because the pay is so low. Really. Has that been proven or is that just
speculation? From one perspective, life is more than just money, actually, much more than just
money and some might just be passionate to share some things in life regardless of compensation.
How do I know this? Quite simple, I've been writing for over five years and have a very low
income.
What if education were marked to market, what then? For starters, the debt to income ratio of
creative types who choose to learn about their fields would be more manageable. That isn't so bad is
it? Oh, actually it is for those who only care about money. For those people, who I relate to at a
substantial level, follow the smart money. Makes sense, following the arts is not typically being in
7. the path of smart money, unless it's coming from George Lucas, Jean-Louis Gauthier, or William
Shakespeare. So if you want to teach art and make a living, have a lot of faith in life. Otherwise,
focus on the money ball.
There is another real economic problem to marking education to market however. Specifically, if all
education costs were marked-to-market, only a handful of degrees would really be worth a great
deal. In such case, and assuming many degrees would be valued at far less than their actual present
costs, the economy would be affected significantly. For example, professors could be on food
stamps, perceptions of education could lower enrollment causing the revenue of educational
institutions, and the quality of educational programs to decline. If economics is the focal point, then
yes, that is a big deal; but what if it isn't?
Economic models are not fool proof, and the field of economics is one of many that applies
mathematical formulas to sociological constructs. This is why economics is not considered a
science, and what is not scientific is not absolute, therefore economics is not accurate. Also,
measuring worth is not quite that simple as a survey of the career paths of thousands of former
students would need to be tracked to create any sort of statistical significance to the valuations. It
would also be challenging to isolate the exact influence education has on wealth apart from other
variables such as luck, personality, motivation etc.
Even if economics were a science, which at basic levels it is, the scenario does not bode well
materially. For example, Jeremy Grantham, a well known fund manager, thinks "grandchildren
have no value" because of the unsustainable course of current economic practices according to John
Elkington of the U.K. Guardian. Indeed, Grantham has clearly illustrated that constant growth is
impossible with finite resources and demonstrates this using simple mathematics. This is reiterated
by Henry Blodget of Business Insider who summarizes Grantham's reasoning as essentially this:
"One cubic meter of possessions at a growth rate of 4.5 percent per year for 3000 years is equal to
10 to the 57th power."
The economy is a fragile mechanism that millions of people depend on to live and thrive. That's no
small potato in an existential world where 'actual living' is a legitimate concern. In such case,
humanity and common sense draw lines where economics might not. Specifically, minimum values
of educational worth similar to minimum wage of labor. Makes sense doesn't it? No degree is worth
nothing, and everybody is on Earth for a reason, so why stand in the way of life when it such a
good thing? In other words, undervaluing education is just as bad as overvaluing it because it slows
progress, and decreases the quality of education.
Financial instruments
All is not financially bleak for existing and prospective students. This is because education still has
value and numerous academic and financial options exist to both improve the return on educational
investment and mitigate the expense. In terms of financial instruments, three key opportunities
exist , but they require financial planning and fore site to achieve the best benefit. These are the
Coverdell Education Savings Account or CESA, the 529 College Savings Plan, also known as a
Qualified Tuition Programs.
8. Coverdell Education Savings Account (CESA)
In a sense, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts are similar to retirement accounts in the way
they work, except that they are used to finance education rather than post-employment or senior
living. CESAs only allow annual contributions of $2,000 per year, but currently have the potential
to grow tax free and provide tax-free financing so long as they are used to fund qualified academic
expenses such as tuition and student housing.
Depending on the assets invested in, the return on CESAs is likely to range anywhere between
negative and high performance. For example, money invested in a U.S Treasury Bond Fund is
likely to grow slower than a slightly more risky municipal or corporate bond fund. These financial
instruments are more likely to be a part of parental or family financial planning than a student
choice; largely because students are most likely to only start earning two or three years prior to
entering college, and even if they do earn, the chances of using that money responsibly is an
additional hurdle.
529 savings plan
Qualified tuition programs typically have a much higher contribution limit than Coverdell
Education Savings Accounts. The contributions are also tax deductible in many states, which makes
them a useful financial planning tool in tax minimization. As with CESAs, the money in 529 plans
must be used for specific educational purposes. These plans also allow for tax free earnings
accumulation and distribution under the plans conditions, which differ somewhat from CESAs. For
example, money within CESAs is required to be used by age 30, whereas there is no age limitation
on 529 plans.
Additional 529 plan considerations include “state tax parity”, which means contributions in one
state are recognized for tax deduction purposes in another state. According to FinAid, only a
handful of states including Pennsylvania, Maine, Missouri, Kansas and Arizona allow deductions
for out-of-state plans.
529 prepaid tuition plans
Additional potentially valuable college savings mechanisms are state-run prepaid tuition plans.
Only a handful of states maintain these, but independent 529 prepaid tuition plans help bridge the
gap. These financial instruments allow depositors to lock in tuition rates. Since tuition inflation has
historically been far in excess of regular consumer price inflation, this serves a particularly low-risk
and relatively high return on investment over time. A key to maximizing the financial benefit of
these plans is to invest in them early because a year's worth of tuition inflation is not as financially
advantageous as a decade or longer.
Degree selection
Another important consideration in the management of education costs is degree selection. This is
because post-education income is just as important as pre-educational financial planning. Degree
choice can mean the difference between an education that does nor, or barely pays off over a long
period of time, versus a return-on-investment that far exceeds the cost of education.
9. Prior to applying to and enrolling in college programs or vocational training, it is wise to
understand the market, personal interests and future economic conditions. Moreover, just because a
degree is in demand at present, does not necessarily mean that demand will be the same 4 years
later. What is more, some educational programs require continuing education due to rapid industry
evolution. An example of this is computer science that has developed at a great speed in the last two
decades. In other words, a degree in computer science from 1985 has far less value than a degree in
computer science from 2014.
Prepaid Tuition vs College Savings Plan Benefits
Knowing how to project and forecast educational demand is a useful technique to have when
reviewing both colleges and programs. Additionally, colleges themselves differ in educational
quality, and in some cases, this dramatically influences corporate hiring decisions. Things to review
when researching educational programs include personal interest, industry trends, educational value
and average graduating income.
10. Income tax and education
There are several ways education loans qualify for tax relief. Payments toward qualified student
debt are eligible for income tax credits or deduction with certain restrictions. For example, each tax
benefit has a maximum claimable amount between $2,000-$4,000. There also income caps that
prevent higher-income earners from claiming tax perks. To determine eligibility for education tax
incentives, an IRS Form 1098-T and wage or income statements such as the W-2 or 1099-MISC are
needed.
Student loan interest deduction
Individual tax filers with incomes below $75,000 and joint filers with incomes below $155,000 are
able to take this tax deduction; it can lower taxable income by up to $2,500 in the 2013 tax year.
This deduction is allowable for education loans not granted by employers or family members. The
rules for this deduction allow loan origination fees from qualified educational institutions to also be
classified as interest. Voluntary interest payments are also able to be included in the total interest
deducted. Interest paid to institutions is required to be reported on Form 1098-E, which should be
sent to the payee for each year of interest payment.
Tuition and fees deduction
This tax deduction reduces taxable income by as much as $4,000. The deduction can be taken
without having to file a Schedule A or itemized deductions with the IRS. This tax incentive is
allowable when the educational costs are for an institution that participates in a federal student aid
program. However, nonprofit or private schools may also qualify. Individual tax filers with incomes
above $80,000 and joint filers with incomes above $160,000 are disqualified from taking this
deduction.
American opportunity tax credit
The American Opportunity Tax Credit allows tax filers to claim up to $2,500 off taxes due. The
credit cannot be taken in conjunction with the lifetime learning credit. Unlike the lifetime learning
credit, there is a four year maximum for which the benefit can be claimed. If taking this credit
creates a negative tax balance, then up to 40 percent of the credit or $1,000 may be refunded to the
tax filer. In essence, this credit can actually increase annual income because of the refund potential.
Individual tax payers with a MAGI above $90,000, and joint filers with MAGIs above $180,000 are
excluded from this benefit.
Lifetime learning tax credit
The Lifetime Learning Credit has an income tax cap that determines eligibility. Specifically, the
credit is reduced for single tax filers with modified adjusted gross incomes, or MAGIs, between
$53,000-$63,000. If individual income is above $63,000, then the tax filer does not qualify for it.
For married tax filers who do so jointly, the phase out income range is $107,000-$127,000. Unlike
the American opportunity credit, this tax benefit of up to $2,000 does not qualify for refund of
negative tax due balances.
11. These tax benefits are good for tax filers who earn enough income to make substantial payments on
student debt. Unemployed and part-time workers are less likely to be able to claim the maximum
credit and deduction, especially if they have no other source of income. Nevertheless, taxable
income and tax can be lowered by a substantial amount when using the best allowable benefit. The
IRS states neither of the aforementioned tax credits are usable alongside the tuition and fees
deduction. These kinds of tax perks potentially eliminate or reduce tax filing rate for each year they
are claimed.
Repayment
Education legislation makes college affordable in the sense that if it cannot be paid back, then the
debt is forgiven, eventually and if specific annual paperwork filing requirements are met on federal
student loans. More specifically, some federal education loans can be paid back using an income
contingent repayment plan; this is one of several plans and may or may not be suitable based on
individual financial scenarios. Nevertheless, carefully considering these payment plan options is an
important step in the management of federal education loans. The U.S. Department of Education
screenshot below illustrates the different types of repayment plans.
Federal Student Loan Repayment Plans
Source: U.S. Department of Education; US-PD
Although including education loans in bankruptcy is considered difficult in the case of federal debt,
this is not necessarily the case for private loans or revolving credit used to pay student debt. If one
qualifies for bankruptcy, especially Chapter 7, then including these other forms of student debt
and/or federal debt paid for using these alternative instruments in a bankruptcy filing is one way to
help reduce an overall debt burden.
Conclusion
There is no doubt about college being expensive. What there is contention about is how valuable an
12. education is and how much it should cost. This is because of many factors including a wide range
of vocational and academic programs, a vast selection of colleges with a wide range of costs and
the benefit of education to students entering the job market. In terms of cost, there are ways to
manage them in such a way as to minimize expense and out-of-pocket payments regardless of
students' particular subject choice of education.
Not taking advantage of the numerous financial instruments, techniques and cost-saving options
available to potential and existing students is financial negligence in effect. This is because the net
financial and opportunity cost of education rises with each missed expense lowering option. Using
college savings plans, tax benefits, in-state tuition rates lower the costs and employment, living at
home and qualifying for grants or scholarships help reduce the costs even more. After this,
choosing a degree in high demand helps ensure any remaining costs get paid off quicker.
Although education reform could in theory, mark the price of education to market, the reality is that
the disruption to a very large industry might be too much for the economy to bear. Smaller scale
mark-to-market methods are possible, but using the existing methods and techniques for earning,
paying for and benefitting from an education should provide students with considerable advantage
of those that do not make use of these tools and approaches to the financing of academics.
Sources:
1. “CNBC”; How to Ease The Burden of Student Debt; Olivia Michael; January 18, 2015
2. “U.S. Department of Education”; College Affordability and Transparency Center
3. "United States Department of Labor”; Consumer Price Index
4. “Social Security Administration”; Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA); 2015
5. “USA Today”; Average Cost of Four-Year University Up 15%; Christine Armario; June 13, 2012
6. “National Center for Education Statistics”; Tuition Costs of Colleges and Universities
7. “The Atlantic”; How in The World Did College Costs Rise 15% in Only 2 Years; Jordan Weismann; June 13, 2012
8. “CNBC”; Geithner: 2% Growth Rate Won't Cut It on Jobs; Reuters; June 13, 2012
9. “New York Times”; California Cuts Threaten the Status of Universities”; Jennifer Medina; June 1, 2012
10. “New York Times”; College Enrollment Falls as Economy Recovers”; Richard Perez-Pena; July 25, 2013
11. “The Atlantic”; Why Fewer Students in College is Good for the Economy; Amanda Erickson; September 14, 2013
12. “Federal Reserve Bank of New York”; Grading Student Loans; Meta Brown, Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee,
Maricar Mabutas and Wilbert van der Klaauw; March 5, 2012
13. “Consumer Financial Protection Bureau”; Student Debt Swells, Federal Student Loans Now Top a Trillion; Rohit
Chopra; July 17, 2013
14. “Institute for Education Sciences”; Tuition Costs of Colleges and Universities; Fast Facts; 2011-2012
15. “U.S. Department of Labor”; CPI Inflation Calculator
16. “National Public Radio”; Student Loan Debt Exceeds One Trillion Dollars; Melissa Block; April 24 2012
17. “Alternet”; After College, A Life Without Debt; Jeffrey Williams/Dissent Magazine; August 16, 2006
18. “The New York Times”; Student Debt at Colleges and Universities Across The Nation; Degrees of Debt; May 12,
2012
19. “Institute for Education Sciences”; Back to School Statistics
20. “The Daily Beast”; 20 Most Useless College Degrees
21. “The Guardian”; Your Grandchildren Have No Value; John Elkington; February 29, 2012
22. “Business Insider”; We Can't Keep Growing Like This; Henry Blodget; February 12, 2012
23. “U.S. Internal Revenue Service”; Form 1098-T Tuition Statement
24. “U.S. Internal Revenue Service”; Form 1098-E Student Loan Interest Statement
25. “U.S. Internal Revenue Service”; American Opportunity Tax Credit
26. “U.S. Internal Revenue Service”; Lifetime Learning Credit
27. “CNN”; Obama Proposes Scaling Back 529 College Savings Plans; Jeanne Sahadi; January 20, 2015
28. “CNBC”; How to Ease the Burden of Student Debt; Olivia Michael; January 18, 2015