1) The document provides guidelines for managing patients with cholera, including assessing for dehydration, rehydrating patients intravenously or with oral rehydration solution, maintaining hydration by replacing fluid losses, administering antibiotics to severely dehydrated patients, resuming feeding, and monitoring for complications.
2) It outlines steps to assess dehydration, provide IV fluids or ORS based on dehydration level, and reassess hydration status periodically. It also covers maintaining hydration by replacing ongoing stool losses with ORS.
3) The guidelines aim to rapidly rehydrate patients and maintain hydration to replace losses, using ORS and IV fluids, while monitoring for dehydration signs and
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
This document summarizes dehydration in children. It defines dehydration as a loss of fluid from the extracellular space at a rate exceeding intake. Children are more susceptible to dehydration due to their higher body water content and metabolic rates. Common causes of dehydration in children include viral and bacterial infections causing vomiting and diarrhea. Signs of dehydration include sunken eyes, decreased urination, and irritability. Treatment depends on the severity of dehydration and includes oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and intravenous fluids for severe cases. Care must be taken with hyponatremic and hypernatremic dehydration to slowly correct electrolyte imbalances.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and puts hundreds of millions at risk each year, killing over 1 million people annually, primarily young children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. It is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, sweats, headaches and anemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears while treatment focuses on antimalarial drugs. Prevention centers around vector control and the use of mosquito nets, repellents and chemoprophylaxis.
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are severe watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. It is transmitted when a person ingests food or water contaminated with feces or vomit from an infected individual, even those who are asymptomatic. Proper sanitation practices such as boiling water, handwashing, and preventing contamination of water supplies are effective ways to prevent the spread of cholera.
This document provides information on chronic kidney disease (CKD) including its stages, causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, medical management including dialysis and renal transplantation, and nursing management. Some key points are: CKD is progressive and irreversible, leading to end-stage renal disease if kidney function becomes too poor. It disproportionately affects African Americans and incidence increases with age. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis. Later stages result in buildup of waste and complications impacting multiple organ systems. Treatment focuses on managing complications, slowing progression, and renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis or transplantation.
acute diarrheal disease and its preventionDr Athar Khan
Acute diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old. It is caused by pathogens like rotavirus, E. coli, and cryptosporidium transmitted through contaminated water, food, or contact with feces. Symptoms include watery or bloody diarrhea. Treatment involves oral rehydration, antibiotics for specific pathogens, and continued feeding. Prevention relies on access to clean water and sanitation, handwashing, breastfeeding, and rotavirus vaccines. Integrated management follows systems to classify illness severity and guide home or medical care.
This document summarizes anemia, including its definition, classification, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a deficiency in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit. It is classified based on size, color, and cause of the red blood cells. Common causes include blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Signs and symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Diagnostic testing includes complete blood count and iron studies. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause, oral or intravenous iron supplementation, blood transfusions, and medications.
this lecture will help students from any medical field to learn more about the five species of Plasmodium Malaria, the clinical presentation of malaria, various strategies of malaria diagnosis, management of both complicated and non-complicated malaria, and management of malaria during pregnancy according to the recommendation of WHO.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tmk71zeydbw&t=12s
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
This document summarizes dehydration in children. It defines dehydration as a loss of fluid from the extracellular space at a rate exceeding intake. Children are more susceptible to dehydration due to their higher body water content and metabolic rates. Common causes of dehydration in children include viral and bacterial infections causing vomiting and diarrhea. Signs of dehydration include sunken eyes, decreased urination, and irritability. Treatment depends on the severity of dehydration and includes oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and intravenous fluids for severe cases. Care must be taken with hyponatremic and hypernatremic dehydration to slowly correct electrolyte imbalances.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and puts hundreds of millions at risk each year, killing over 1 million people annually, primarily young children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. It is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, sweats, headaches and anemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears while treatment focuses on antimalarial drugs. Prevention centers around vector control and the use of mosquito nets, repellents and chemoprophylaxis.
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are severe watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. It is transmitted when a person ingests food or water contaminated with feces or vomit from an infected individual, even those who are asymptomatic. Proper sanitation practices such as boiling water, handwashing, and preventing contamination of water supplies are effective ways to prevent the spread of cholera.
This document provides information on chronic kidney disease (CKD) including its stages, causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, medical management including dialysis and renal transplantation, and nursing management. Some key points are: CKD is progressive and irreversible, leading to end-stage renal disease if kidney function becomes too poor. It disproportionately affects African Americans and incidence increases with age. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis. Later stages result in buildup of waste and complications impacting multiple organ systems. Treatment focuses on managing complications, slowing progression, and renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis or transplantation.
acute diarrheal disease and its preventionDr Athar Khan
Acute diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old. It is caused by pathogens like rotavirus, E. coli, and cryptosporidium transmitted through contaminated water, food, or contact with feces. Symptoms include watery or bloody diarrhea. Treatment involves oral rehydration, antibiotics for specific pathogens, and continued feeding. Prevention relies on access to clean water and sanitation, handwashing, breastfeeding, and rotavirus vaccines. Integrated management follows systems to classify illness severity and guide home or medical care.
This document summarizes anemia, including its definition, classification, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a deficiency in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit. It is classified based on size, color, and cause of the red blood cells. Common causes include blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Signs and symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Diagnostic testing includes complete blood count and iron studies. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause, oral or intravenous iron supplementation, blood transfusions, and medications.
this lecture will help students from any medical field to learn more about the five species of Plasmodium Malaria, the clinical presentation of malaria, various strategies of malaria diagnosis, management of both complicated and non-complicated malaria, and management of malaria during pregnancy according to the recommendation of WHO.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tmk71zeydbw&t=12s
This document discusses acute diarrheal disease. It defines diarrhea and describes the clinical types. The most common causes are viruses like rotavirus and bacteria such as E. coli. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration as fluids and electrolytes are lost from loose stools. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy with oral rehydration solution or home fluids. For severe dehydration, intravenous fluids are needed. Zinc supplementation is also recommended. Diet should continue with energy-dense foods, and antibiotics may be used for specific bacterial infections.
Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by sudden onset of severe diarrhea and vomiting leading to rapid dehydration and potentially death if untreated. The disease is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food and spreads easily in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes lost from diarrhea and vomiting. Vaccines are available but most effective prevention strategies involve improving water, sanitation and hygiene.
This document outlines the management of acute diarrhea according to severity:
Plan A is for no dehydration and involves oral rehydration solution and education. Plan B is for some dehydration and treats in hospital with calculated fluid replacement. Plan C is for severe dehydration and involves intravenous fluids like ringer lactate with dextrose. Dietary management continues breastfeeding and provides enriched staple foods while avoiding high fiber. Zinc supplementation and probiotics may be used, while antibiotics and antimotility drugs are usually not recommended.
Basics in Dehydration & it's management in paediatric practice. Prepared by Dr. Viduranga Edirisinghe on request by Prof. Wasantha Karunasekara. [2013 Aug]
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The disease has affected humans for over 50,000 years. Key events in malaria history include Laveran discovering the protozoan cause in 1880, and Ross discovering in 1898 that mosquitoes transmit the parasite. The parasite has a complex lifecycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it infects liver cells and red blood cells. Symptoms include periodic fevers as the parasite replicates in red blood cells. Without treatment, malaria can cause severe complications and death.
Cholera is an infectious disease caused by eating or drinking food/water contaminated with the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. It causes severe watery diarrhea which can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. While rare in the US, it is still a serious problem in parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America where sanitation is poor. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and signs of dehydration like rapid heart rate and loss of skin elasticity. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral or IV fluids. Prevention involves drinking only boiled, bottled or chemically disinfected water and avoiding raw foods from contaminated sources.
The document discusses the prevention of hepatitis B and C infections in hemodialysis patients, noting that bloodborne virus transmission was recognized as a hazard in renal units in the 1960s. It recommends screening and surveillance of patients and staff, segregation and immunization of infected patients, implementation of universal precautions including hand hygiene and personal protective equipment, and disinfection of equipment to prevent the spread of hepatitis B and C viruses in hemodialysis settings.
Acute diarrhea in children MBBS Lecture Sajjad Sabir
This document provides information on acute diarrhea, including its definitions, classification, common causes, symptoms, signs, and management. It describes acute diarrhea as lasting less than two weeks, while persistent diarrhea lasts over two weeks. Common causes include viral, bacterial, and parasitic gastroenteritis from pathogens like rotavirus, E. coli, salmonella, shigella, cryptosporidium, and giardia. Management involves rehydration based on the degree of dehydration, with oral rehydration solution for some dehydration and intravenous fluids for severe dehydration. Antibiotics may be used for bloody diarrhea or prolonged cases. Zinc supplementation can reduce diarrhea duration and severity.
Presentation on malaria according to Pharmacotherapeutis-ll subject Pharm D 3rd year. It's helpful for Pharm D students, MBBS Students and other allied health care professionals.
In this slide we discussed everything about maria like definition, cause, risk factor, pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria.
This document discusses yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by a flavivirus that primarily affects monkeys but can infect humans. The disease causes liver and kidney damage that can lead to jaundice, hemorrhaging, and death in 20-50% of cases. It is found in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Prevention relies on vaccination and controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector through environmental management and insecticides.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. It occurs when iron levels in the body are low, preventing adequate hemoglobin production. Common causes include deficient diet, blood loss from menstruation or gastrointestinal issues, and increased needs during pregnancy or lactation. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low ferritin, increased total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation below 16%. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplementation, but parenteral iron may be used if oral iron is not tolerated or absorption is impaired.
Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people worldwide each year. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water and proper sanitation and hygiene practices are important to prevent transmission. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Vaccines also exist to help prevent outbreaks.
Malaria is an infectious disease which is caused by species of the Plasmodium parasite. It is caused by the bite of the infected mosquito (female anopheles). The species which cause infection in humans include Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum. This test is done to detect the presence of malarial parasite in the blood.
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/peripheral-smear-for-malaria-2228
Gastroenteritis in children ,Dr.youssef quda Dryoussef Koda
Gastroenteritis, or diarrhea, in children can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is often due to rotavirus and causes mild to moderate, transient diarrhea. Bacterial gastroenteritis from Salmonella or Shigella may include fever and abdominal cramps. Parasitic infections like Giardia cause watery diarrhea without fever. Complications from diarrhea include dehydration, shock, acute renal failure, electrolyte disturbances, and malnutrition if not treated properly. Dehydration is the main cause of death and its severity is determined by several clinical factors.
Typhoid fever is an acute illness caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria, transmitted through contaminated food or water or direct contact. It causes sustained high fever, abdominal pain, and can lead to serious complications without antibiotic treatment. Prevention includes vaccination and careful food and water hygiene while traveling in areas where typhoid is common.
This document provides an overview of liver failure, including its causes, types, and pathophysiology. It discusses the major causes of acute and chronic liver failure. Acute liver failure can result from drug or toxin damage, viral hepatitis, or the end stage of chronic liver disease leading to cirrhosis. Chronic liver failure is usually the end result of chronic hepatitis or liver disease progressing to cirrhosis. The document describes the pathophysiology behind several clinical manifestations of liver failure, including hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatopulmonary syndrome. It also discusses the mechanisms leading to ascites in liver failure patients.
This document is a plasmapheresis prescription sheet for a patient. It includes the patient's name, age, weight, height, diagnosis, and medical details like hematocrit and albumin levels. It outlines the procedure, including access method, priming fluids, blood and plasma volumes, exchange ratio, replacement fluids, medications, and monitoring of blood pressure and potential complications. Post-procedure dialysis is also addressed if needed.
Diarrhea is defined as three or more unformed stools in 24 hours and is commonly caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Common pathogens that cause diarrhea include E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, rotaviruses, and cryptosporidium. Diarrhea occurs when the secretion of water into the intestines exceeds absorption, resulting in loose or watery stool. Proper treatment involves preventing or treating dehydration by giving clear fluids and rest.
This document summarizes information about lymphatic filariasis, which is caused by infection with nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. It affects over 120 million people globally. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and mosquitoes. Adult worms reside in human lymphatic vessels and nodes, producing microfilariae that circulate in blood mostly at night. This can lead to lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, lymphedema, and elephantiasis over time. Diagnosis involves detecting microfilariae or using immunological and molecular tests. Treatment is diethylcarbamazine to kill microfilariae and mosquito control to block transmission.
This document provides information on acute diarrheal diseases including cholera. It begins with definitions of diarrhea and different types. It then discusses the global burden of diarrhea, noting it is a leading killer of children under 5, especially in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The document outlines the causal pathway of diarrhea including agent, host, and environmental factors. It provides details on specific causes like rotavirus and E. coli. The clinical features, assessment, management including oral rehydration, zinc supplementation, and feeding are described. Prevention through water/sanitation, handwashing and rotavirus vaccination is also covered.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and treating Vibrio cholerae infection. It describes the clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic to severe infection. Treatment involves oral rehydration with oral rehydration salts (ORS) for mild or moderate cases. Severe cases require intravenous fluids initially followed by a switch to ORS once hydrated. Antibiotics are recommended for severe cases. Zinc supplementation is also recommended for children with cholera to reduce severity and duration of illness.
This document discusses acute diarrheal disease. It defines diarrhea and describes the clinical types. The most common causes are viruses like rotavirus and bacteria such as E. coli. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration as fluids and electrolytes are lost from loose stools. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy with oral rehydration solution or home fluids. For severe dehydration, intravenous fluids are needed. Zinc supplementation is also recommended. Diet should continue with energy-dense foods, and antibiotics may be used for specific bacterial infections.
Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by sudden onset of severe diarrhea and vomiting leading to rapid dehydration and potentially death if untreated. The disease is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food and spreads easily in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes lost from diarrhea and vomiting. Vaccines are available but most effective prevention strategies involve improving water, sanitation and hygiene.
This document outlines the management of acute diarrhea according to severity:
Plan A is for no dehydration and involves oral rehydration solution and education. Plan B is for some dehydration and treats in hospital with calculated fluid replacement. Plan C is for severe dehydration and involves intravenous fluids like ringer lactate with dextrose. Dietary management continues breastfeeding and provides enriched staple foods while avoiding high fiber. Zinc supplementation and probiotics may be used, while antibiotics and antimotility drugs are usually not recommended.
Basics in Dehydration & it's management in paediatric practice. Prepared by Dr. Viduranga Edirisinghe on request by Prof. Wasantha Karunasekara. [2013 Aug]
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The disease has affected humans for over 50,000 years. Key events in malaria history include Laveran discovering the protozoan cause in 1880, and Ross discovering in 1898 that mosquitoes transmit the parasite. The parasite has a complex lifecycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it infects liver cells and red blood cells. Symptoms include periodic fevers as the parasite replicates in red blood cells. Without treatment, malaria can cause severe complications and death.
Cholera is an infectious disease caused by eating or drinking food/water contaminated with the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. It causes severe watery diarrhea which can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. While rare in the US, it is still a serious problem in parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America where sanitation is poor. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and signs of dehydration like rapid heart rate and loss of skin elasticity. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral or IV fluids. Prevention involves drinking only boiled, bottled or chemically disinfected water and avoiding raw foods from contaminated sources.
The document discusses the prevention of hepatitis B and C infections in hemodialysis patients, noting that bloodborne virus transmission was recognized as a hazard in renal units in the 1960s. It recommends screening and surveillance of patients and staff, segregation and immunization of infected patients, implementation of universal precautions including hand hygiene and personal protective equipment, and disinfection of equipment to prevent the spread of hepatitis B and C viruses in hemodialysis settings.
Acute diarrhea in children MBBS Lecture Sajjad Sabir
This document provides information on acute diarrhea, including its definitions, classification, common causes, symptoms, signs, and management. It describes acute diarrhea as lasting less than two weeks, while persistent diarrhea lasts over two weeks. Common causes include viral, bacterial, and parasitic gastroenteritis from pathogens like rotavirus, E. coli, salmonella, shigella, cryptosporidium, and giardia. Management involves rehydration based on the degree of dehydration, with oral rehydration solution for some dehydration and intravenous fluids for severe dehydration. Antibiotics may be used for bloody diarrhea or prolonged cases. Zinc supplementation can reduce diarrhea duration and severity.
Presentation on malaria according to Pharmacotherapeutis-ll subject Pharm D 3rd year. It's helpful for Pharm D students, MBBS Students and other allied health care professionals.
In this slide we discussed everything about maria like definition, cause, risk factor, pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria.
This document discusses yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by a flavivirus that primarily affects monkeys but can infect humans. The disease causes liver and kidney damage that can lead to jaundice, hemorrhaging, and death in 20-50% of cases. It is found in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Prevention relies on vaccination and controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector through environmental management and insecticides.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. It occurs when iron levels in the body are low, preventing adequate hemoglobin production. Common causes include deficient diet, blood loss from menstruation or gastrointestinal issues, and increased needs during pregnancy or lactation. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low ferritin, increased total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation below 16%. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplementation, but parenteral iron may be used if oral iron is not tolerated or absorption is impaired.
Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people worldwide each year. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water and proper sanitation and hygiene practices are important to prevent transmission. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Vaccines also exist to help prevent outbreaks.
Malaria is an infectious disease which is caused by species of the Plasmodium parasite. It is caused by the bite of the infected mosquito (female anopheles). The species which cause infection in humans include Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum. This test is done to detect the presence of malarial parasite in the blood.
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/peripheral-smear-for-malaria-2228
Gastroenteritis in children ,Dr.youssef quda Dryoussef Koda
Gastroenteritis, or diarrhea, in children can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is often due to rotavirus and causes mild to moderate, transient diarrhea. Bacterial gastroenteritis from Salmonella or Shigella may include fever and abdominal cramps. Parasitic infections like Giardia cause watery diarrhea without fever. Complications from diarrhea include dehydration, shock, acute renal failure, electrolyte disturbances, and malnutrition if not treated properly. Dehydration is the main cause of death and its severity is determined by several clinical factors.
Typhoid fever is an acute illness caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria, transmitted through contaminated food or water or direct contact. It causes sustained high fever, abdominal pain, and can lead to serious complications without antibiotic treatment. Prevention includes vaccination and careful food and water hygiene while traveling in areas where typhoid is common.
This document provides an overview of liver failure, including its causes, types, and pathophysiology. It discusses the major causes of acute and chronic liver failure. Acute liver failure can result from drug or toxin damage, viral hepatitis, or the end stage of chronic liver disease leading to cirrhosis. Chronic liver failure is usually the end result of chronic hepatitis or liver disease progressing to cirrhosis. The document describes the pathophysiology behind several clinical manifestations of liver failure, including hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatopulmonary syndrome. It also discusses the mechanisms leading to ascites in liver failure patients.
This document is a plasmapheresis prescription sheet for a patient. It includes the patient's name, age, weight, height, diagnosis, and medical details like hematocrit and albumin levels. It outlines the procedure, including access method, priming fluids, blood and plasma volumes, exchange ratio, replacement fluids, medications, and monitoring of blood pressure and potential complications. Post-procedure dialysis is also addressed if needed.
Diarrhea is defined as three or more unformed stools in 24 hours and is commonly caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Common pathogens that cause diarrhea include E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, rotaviruses, and cryptosporidium. Diarrhea occurs when the secretion of water into the intestines exceeds absorption, resulting in loose or watery stool. Proper treatment involves preventing or treating dehydration by giving clear fluids and rest.
This document summarizes information about lymphatic filariasis, which is caused by infection with nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. It affects over 120 million people globally. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and mosquitoes. Adult worms reside in human lymphatic vessels and nodes, producing microfilariae that circulate in blood mostly at night. This can lead to lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, lymphedema, and elephantiasis over time. Diagnosis involves detecting microfilariae or using immunological and molecular tests. Treatment is diethylcarbamazine to kill microfilariae and mosquito control to block transmission.
This document provides information on acute diarrheal diseases including cholera. It begins with definitions of diarrhea and different types. It then discusses the global burden of diarrhea, noting it is a leading killer of children under 5, especially in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The document outlines the causal pathway of diarrhea including agent, host, and environmental factors. It provides details on specific causes like rotavirus and E. coli. The clinical features, assessment, management including oral rehydration, zinc supplementation, and feeding are described. Prevention through water/sanitation, handwashing and rotavirus vaccination is also covered.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and treating Vibrio cholerae infection. It describes the clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic to severe infection. Treatment involves oral rehydration with oral rehydration salts (ORS) for mild or moderate cases. Severe cases require intravenous fluids initially followed by a switch to ORS once hydrated. Antibiotics are recommended for severe cases. Zinc supplementation is also recommended for children with cholera to reduce severity and duration of illness.
Persistent diarrhea is defined as diarrhea lasting 14 days or more. It can be caused by various infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, and parasites. It is classified as either severe persistent diarrhea, involving signs of dehydration requiring hospitalization, or non-severe persistent diarrhea treated as an outpatient. Management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and treating the underlying cause. Complications can involve various organ systems like the gastrointestinal, respiratory, neurological and hematological systems if not properly managed.
Diarrheal diseases are common in children, especially in developing countries. There are three main types: acute, persistent, and dysentery. Acute diarrhea lasts less than 14 days while persistent lasts 14 days or longer. Dysentery involves bloody stools. Risk factors include suboptimal breastfeeding, contaminated water/food, and malnutrition. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild cases and IV fluids for severe dehydration. Antibiotics are given for dysentery. Feeding should continue and mothers advised on follow up care.
This document provides a summary of a training on cholera management:
- It describes cholera as a dehydrating illness caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria, with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe diarrhea and dehydration.
- Treatment depends on the level of dehydration, ranging from oral rehydration for mild cases to IV fluids and monitoring for severe cases. Antibiotics may also be used, along with zinc supplementation for children.
- Prevention focuses on drinking safe water, handwashing, food safety, and hygiene. Cholera can spread through contaminated water or food, but not direct person-to-person contact. Vaccination is not usually recommended for outbreak control
WHO and UNICEF recommended management of Childhood Diarrhoea.
HLFPPT has been implementing Childhood Diarrhea management programmes with UNICEF and Micronutrient Initiative.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes a rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes through profuse diarrhea. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics to shorten the duration of illness. Prevention relies on access to clean water, proper sanitation, and hygiene education to reduce transmission.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes a rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes from the intestines that can lead to dehydration, shock, and even death if untreated. The classic symptoms include painless watery diarrhea and vomiting. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Patients are discharged once they can tolerate oral intake and their diarrhea and urinary output returns to normal levels. Cholera remains a global threat, especially in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean water.
1. The document provides guidelines for managing children with diarrhea, fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. It describes how to assess for dehydration and classify cases as severe, some, or no dehydration.
2. Treatment plans (A, B, C) are outlined depending on the dehydration classification. Plan A is for outpatient treatment, Plan B is for some dehydration with ORS in clinic, and Plan C is for severe dehydration with quick IV fluids or ORS by NG tube.
3. Persistent diarrhea lasting 14 days or more requires special management, either as an outpatient or referred to the hospital depending on dehydration signs.
The document outlines WHO guidelines for treating severely malnourished children. It recommends a 10 step approach: 1) treat hypoglycemia, 2) treat hypothermia, 3) treat dehydration, 4) correct electrolyte imbalance, 5) treat infection, 6) correct micronutrient deficiencies, 7) start cautious feeding, 8) achieve catch-up growth, 9) provide sensory stimulation and emotional support, and 10) prepare for follow-up after recovery. Each step provides treatment, monitoring, and prevention recommendations, such as administering antibiotics and glucose for hypoglycemia or small frequent feeds of a starter formula for cautious feeding. The overall goal is stabilization and rehabilitation of the severely malnourished child
Diarrhoea is defined as having three or more loose or liquid stools per day. Worldwide, approximately 2.5 billion cases of diarrhea occur each year resulting in 1.5 million child deaths. Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhoea in children under 5. Diarrhoea can be acute lasting less than 14 days or chronic lasting more than 14 days. Management involves oral rehydration therapy with increased fluids for mild cases or IV fluids for severe cases. Education of mothers on prevention through hygiene and sanitation is important to reduce incidence of diarrhoea.
1. Diarrhoea is defined as loose or watery stools occurring more than 3 times per day. It can be caused by various bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Persistent diarrhoea lasts more than 14 days.
2. Major consequences of diarrhoea are malnutrition and dehydration. Management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and treating any underlying infection or complications.
3. Persistent diarrhoea results from acute diarrhoea lasting too long, often due to underlying malnutrition impairing gut healing. It requires careful rehydration, nutritional rehabilitation, and treating any infections to break the cycle of diarrhoea and malnutrition.
1. The document discusses watery diarrhea, its causes, clinical features, assessment, management, treatment, prevention and complications. 2. The main causes listed are Vibrio cholerae, ETEC, food poisoning and viruses. Clinical features include rice water stools and phases of evacuation, collapse and recovery. 3. Management involves assessing and treating dehydration with oral rehydration solution or intravenous fluids, administering antibiotics like doxycycline or tetracycline, and preventing complications and further spread through sanitation and hygiene practices.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes a large amount of watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. The bacteria produces a toxin that activates chloride channels in the intestines, causing massive fluid secretion. Transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Symptoms range from mild to a severe "rice water stool". Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics. Patients are discharged once oral intake and urinary output are normal and diarrhea reduced to under 400mL/hour.
gastroenteritis.
most common childhood disorder...gastroenteritis.
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Management of the patient with cholera using who guideline
1. Management of the patient
with cholera
SAID MOALIM MBBS, MPH.
FEBRUARY 2020
2. Cholera
Cholera should be suspected when:
- a patient older than 5 years develops severe dehydration from acute watery
diarrhoea (usually with vomiting); or
- any patient above the age of 2 years has acute watery diarrhoea in an area where
there is an outbreak of cholera.
3. Steps in the management of suspected
cholera:
Step 1. Assess for dehydration.
Step 2. Rehydrate the patient, and monitor frequently. Then reassess hydration
status.
Step 3. Maintain hydration: replace ongoing fluid losses until diarrhoea stops.
Step 4. Give an oral antibiotic to the patient with severe dehydration.
Step 5. Feed the patient.
4. STEP 1. Assess for dehydration
Use Table 1 to determine whether the patient has:
- Severe dehydration
- Some dehydration
- No signs of dehydration
5. Table 1. Assessment of the diarrhoea patient for
dehydration1
1. LOOK AT:
CONDITION
EYES
TEARS
MOUTH and
TONGUE
THIRST
Well, alert
Normal
Present
Moist
Drinks normally,
not thirsty
*Restless,
irritable*
Sunken
Absent
Dry
*Thirsty,
drinks eagerly*
*Lethargic or
unconscious;
floppy*
Very sunken and dry
Absent
Very dry
*Drinks poorly or
not able to drink*
2. FEEL: SKIN PINCH Goes back quickly *Goes back slowly* *Goes back very slowly*
3. DECIDE: The patient has
NO SIGNS OF
DEHYDRATION
If the patient has
two or more signs,
including at least
one *sign*, there is
SOME DEHYDRATION
If the patient has
two or more signs,
including at least
one *sign*, there is
SEVERE DEHYDRATION
6. STEP 2. Rehydrate the patient, and monitor
frequently. Then reassess hydration status
FOR SEVERE DEHYDRATION:
Give IV fluid immediately to replace fluid deficit. Use Ringer's lactate solution or, if not available, normal
saline.
Start IV fluid immediately. If the patient can drink, begin giving oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution by
mouth while the drip is being set up.
For patients aged 1 year and older, give 100 ml/kg IV in 3 hours, as
follows:
- 30 ml/kg as rapidly as possible (within 30 minutes); then
- 70 ml/kg in the next 22 hours.
For patients less than 1 year, give 100 ml/kg IV in 6 hours, as follows:
- 30 ml/kg in the first hour; then
- 70 ml/kg in the next 5 hours.
7. STEP 2. Rehydrate the patient, and
monitor frequently. Then reassess
hydration status
Monitor the patient very frequently. After the initial 30 ml/kg have been given, the
radial pulse should be strong (and blood pressure should be normal). If the pulse is
not yet strong, continue to give IV fluid rapidly.
Give ORS solution (about 5 ml/kg/h) as soon as the patient can drink, in addition to
IV fluid.
Reassess the patient after 3 hours (infants after 6 hours), using Table 1:
- If there are still signs of severe dehydration (this is rare), repeat the IV therapy already
given.
- If there are signs of some dehydration, continue as indicated below for some
dehydration.
- If there are no signs of dehydration, go on to Step 3 to maintain hydration by replacing
ongoing fluid losses.
8. STEP 2. Rehydrate the patient, and monitor frequently.
Then reassess hydration status
FOR SOME DEHYDRATION:
Give ORS solution:
- Administer ORS solution in the amount recommended on Table 2 on the next page.
- If the patient passes watery stools or wants more ORS solution than shown, give more.
Table 2. Approximate amount of ORS solution to give in the first 4 hours
Age Less than 4
months
4-11
months
12-23
months
2-4
years
5-14
years
15 years or
older
Weight Less than 5
kg
5-7.9 kg 8-10.9 kg 11-15.9 kg 16-29.9 kg 30 kg or
more
ORS solution
in ml
200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1200 1200-2200 2200-4000
9. STEP 2. Rehydrate the patient, and
monitor frequently. Then reassess
hydration status
Monitor the patient frequently to ensure that ORS solution is taken satisfactorily
and to detect patients with profuse ongoing diarrhoea who will require closer
monitoring.
Reassess the patient after 4 hours, using Table 1:
- If signs of severe dehydration have appeared (this is rare), rehydrate for severe
dehydration, as above.
- If there is still some dehydration, repeat the procedures for some dehydration,
and start to offer food and other fluids.
- If there are no signs of dehydration, go on to Step 3 to maintain hydration by
replacing ongoing fluid losses.
10. Notes on Rehydration
Most patients absorb enough ORS solution to achieve rehydration even when
they are vomiting. Vomiting usually subsides within 2-3 hours, as rehydration is
achieved.
Use a nasogastric tube for ORS solution if the patient has signs of some
dehydration and cannot drink, or for severe dehydration only if IV therapy is not
possible at the treatment facility.
Urine output decreases as dehydration develops, and may cease. It usually
resumes within 6-8 hours after starting rehydration. Regular urinary output
(every 3-4 hours) is a good sign that enough fluid is being given.
11. STEP 2. Rehydrate the patient, and
monitor frequently. Then reassess
hydration status
FOR NO SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION:
Patients first seen with no signs of dehydration can be treated at home.
Give ORS packets to take home. Give enough packets for 2 days. Demonstrate
how to prepare and give the solution. The caretaker should give the patient this
amount of ORS solution:
Age Amount of Solution after each loose stool ORS packets needed
Less than 24 months 50 - 100 ml Enough for 500 ml/day
2 - 9 years 100 - 200 ml Enough for 1000 ml/day
10 years or more as much as wanted Enough for 2000 ml/day
12. STEP 2. Rehydrate the patient, and
monitor frequently. Then reassess
hydration status
Instruct the patient or the caretaker to return if any of the following signs
develop:
- Increased number of watery stools
- Eating or drinking poorly
- Marked thirst
- Repeated vomiting
Or if any signs indicating other problems develop:
- Fever
- Blood in stool
13. STEP 3. Maintain hydration (of the patient who
presented with severe or some dehydration): replace
ongoing fluid losses until diarrhoea stops
When a patient who has been rehydrated with IV fluid or ORS solution is
reassessed, and has no signs of dehydration, continue to give ORS solution to
maintain normal hydration. The aim is to replace stool losses as they occur with an
equivalent amount of ORS solution.
Age Amount of Solution after each
loose stool
Less than 24 months 50 - 100 ml
2 - 9 years 100 - 200 ml
10 years or more as much as wanted
14. STEP 3. Maintain hydration (of the patient who
presented with severe or some dehydration): replace
ongoing fluid losses until diarrhoea stops
The amount of ORS solution actually required to maintain hydration varies
greatly from patient to patient, depending on the volume of stool passed. The
amount required is greatest in the first 24 hours of treatment, and is especially
large in patients who present with severe dehydration. In the first 24 hours, the
average requirement in such patients is 200 ml of ORS solution per kg of body
weight, but some may need as much as 350 ml/kg.
15. STEP 3. Maintain hydration (of the patient who
presented with severe or some dehydration):
replace ongoing fluid losses until diarrhoea
stops
Continue to reassess the patient for signs of dehydration at least every 4 hours to
ensure that enough ORS solution is being taken. Patients with profuse ongoing
diarrhoea require more frequent monitoring. If signs of some dehydration are
detected the patient should be rehydrated as described on pages 3 and 4, before
continuing with treatment to maintain hydration.
A few patients, whose ongoing stool output is very large, may have difficulty in
drinking the volume of ORS needed to maintain hydration. If such patients become
tired, vomit frequently or develop abdominal distension, ORS solution should be
stopped and hydration should be maintained intravenously with Ringer's lactate
solution or normal saline, giving 50 ml/kg in 3 hours. After this is done, it is usually
possible to resume treatment with ORS solution.
16. STEP 3. Maintain hydration (of the patient who
presented with severe or some dehydration):
replace ongoing fluid losses until diarrhoea
stops
Keep the patient under observation, if possible, until diarrhoea stops, or I
infrequent and of small volume. This is especially important for any patient who
presented with severe dehydration.
If a patient must be discharged before diarrhoea has stopped, show the
caretaker how to prepare and give ORS solution, and instruct the caretaker to
continue to give ORS solution, as above. Also instruct the caretaker to bring the
patient back if any of the signs listed on page 5 should develop.
17. STEP 4. Give an oral antibiotic to the
patient with severe dehydration
An effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhoea in patients with
severe cholera and shorten the period during which Vibrio cholerae O1 is
excreted. In addition, it will usually stop the diarrhoea within 48 hours, thus
shortening the period of hospitalization.
Start antibiotics. If the patient is severely dehydrated and older than 2 years,
give an antibiotic. Start the antibiotic after the patient has been rehydrated
(usually in 4-6 hours), and vomiting has stopped.
There is no advantage in using injectable antibiotics, which are expensive. No
other drugs should be used in the treatment of cholera.
Use Table 3 to select the antibiotic and dose:
18. Table 3. Antibiotics used to treat cholera
Antibiotic (a) Children Adults
Doxycycline
a single dose
---------- 300 mg (b)
Tetracycline
4 times a day
for 3 days
12.5 mg/kg 500 mg
Trimethoprim (TMP) -
sulfamethoxazole (SMX)
twice a day for 3 days
TMP 5 mg/kg and
SMX 25 mg/kg (c)
TMP 160 mg and
SMX 800 mg
Furazolidone
4 times a day
for 3 days
1.25 mg/kg 100 mg (d)
19. STEP 5. Feed the patient
Resume feeding with a normal diet when vomiting has stopped.
Continue breast-feeding infants and young children.
20. Complications
Pulmonary oedema is caused when too much IV fluid is given, and especially
when metabolic acidosis has not been corrected. The latter is most likely to
occur when normal saline is used for IV rehydration and ORS solution is not
given at the same time. When the guidelines for IV rehydration are followed,
pulmonary oedema should not occur. ORS solution never causes pulmonary
oedema.
Renal failure may occur when too little IV fluid is given, when shock is not rapidly
corrected, or when shock is allowed to recur, especially in persons above the age
of 60. Renal failure is rare when severe dehydration is rapidly corrected and
normal hydration is maintained according to the guidelines.
21. Reference
WHO/CDD/SER/91.15 REV.1/World Health Organization Emerging and other
Communicable Diseases, Surveillance and Control
This document has been downloaded from the WHO/EMC Web site. The original
cover pages and lists of participants are not included. See http://www.who.int/emc
for more information.
1 In adults and children older than 5 years, other *signs* for severe dehydration are *absent radial pulse* and *low
blood pressure*. The skin pinch may be less useful in patients with marasmus (severe wasting) or kwashiorkor (severe
malnutrition with oedema), or obese patients. Tears are a relevant sign only for infants and young children.
1 Use the patient's age only when you do not know the weight. The approximate amount of ORS required (in ml) can
also be calculated by multiplying the patient's weight (in kg) times 75.
a-Erythromycin or chloramphenicol may be used when the antibiotics recommended above are not available, or where Vibrio cholerae O1 is resistant to them.
b-Doxycycline is the antibiotic of choice for adults (except pregnant women) because only one dose is required.
c-TMP-SMX is the antibiotic of choice for children. Tetracycline is equally effective; however, in some countries it is not available for paediatric use.
d-Furazolidone is the antibiotic of choice for pregnant women.