This document discusses managers as decision makers and the decision making process. It outlines the 8 steps managers take to make decisions: identify the problem, identify criteria, allocate weights, develop alternatives, analyze alternatives, select an alternative, implement, and evaluate. It also discusses different types of decisions like structured/programmed versus unstructured/non-programmed decisions and different decision making conditions like certainty, risk, and uncertainty.
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Who Are Leaders and What Is Leadership
Define leaders and leadership.
Explain why managers should be leaders.
Early Leadership Theories
Discuss what research has shown about leadership traits.
Contrast the findings of the four behavioral leadership
theories.
Explain the dual nature of a leader s behavior.
What Your Global Perspective?
Define parochialism and explain why it can lead to problems.
Contrast ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric attitudes towards global business.
Describe the advantage and drawbacks of the three attitudes towards global business
Understanding the Global Environment
Describe the benefits from free trade.
Tell why the European Union began
Describe the current status of the European Union
Discuss the North American Free Trade Agreement.
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Who Are Leaders and What Is Leadership
Define leaders and leadership.
Explain why managers should be leaders.
Early Leadership Theories
Discuss what research has shown about leadership traits.
Contrast the findings of the four behavioral leadership
theories.
Explain the dual nature of a leader s behavior.
What Your Global Perspective?
Define parochialism and explain why it can lead to problems.
Contrast ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric attitudes towards global business.
Describe the advantage and drawbacks of the three attitudes towards global business
Understanding the Global Environment
Describe the benefits from free trade.
Tell why the European Union began
Describe the current status of the European Union
Discuss the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Organizational Planning And Goal Setting MGT 201 Helpful Slides For Management Students Of Different Universities In Karachi And All Over Pakistan And World
Decision making, Importance of
Decision-Making, Characteristics of
Decision-Making, Essentials for effective
Decision-Making, Types/ categories of Problems and Decisions, TYPES OF BUSINESS DECISIONS, Open decision making System, Decision Making Environment, The Classical Model of decision making, Decision making process, Decision Making Style
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Decision Making process
Decision Making process
• The process by which managers respond to the opportunity and threats by analyzing
and making some decision about goals and actions.
• The process of choosing alternative.
There are eight steps that managers adopt to make decisions.
Identify A Problem
Identify Decision Criteria
Allocating Weights To The Criteria
Developing Alternatives
Analyzing Alternatives
Selecting An Alternative
Implementing An Alternative
Evaluating Decision Effective
3. 1- Identifying the problem
A problem is defined as a difference between existing and desired state of
affairs.
Suppose I’m Manager of an institute
I faced a problem in our old based computer system.
4. 2- Identify Decision Criteria
Once a manager has identified a problem, he should identify the decision
criteria that is important to decision making.
In my case I have decided carefully considering that memory and storage
capabilities, display quality, battery life, warranty and weight.
5. 3- Allocating weights of the Criteria
The criteria defined in step 2 are not equally important. So, the decision
makers must weight the items in order to give them correct priority in the
decision making.
In my case I will allocate the weights of criteria as;
Quality Weightage {out of 10}
Memory and storage 10
Battery life 08
Carrying weight 06
Warranty 04
Display Quality 03
6. 4-Developing Alternatives
Fourth step is to make a list of alternatives that can solve the problem.
In this step Decision makers need to be creative.
In my Example the alternatives are
Alternative
HP Pro Book
Sony
Lenovo
Apple
Toshiba
Sony
Dell
7. 5- Analyzing alternatives
In this step the decision makers analyze the strengths and weaknesses of
alternatives.
In my institute I will analyze the alternative by checking the total scores of my
alternatives.
Alternative Memory Battery life weight warranty Display Total Scores
HP Pro Book 10 03 10 08 05 36
Sony 08 07 07 08 07 37
Lenovo 08 05 07 10 07 37
Apple 08 07 07 08 07 37
Toshiba 07 08 07 08 07 37
Sony 08 03 06 10 08 35
Dell 10 07 08 06 07 38
8. 6- Selecting an Alternative
In the sixth step the decision makers chooses the best alternative or one of
the generated the highest total in step 5.
In my case I will choose the Dell Laptop for his good specifications. As all the
specifications are good in this alternative.
9. 7- Implementing the alternative
In this steps the decision makers puts the decision into action by converting it
to those affected and getting commitment to it.
Another things that managers must keep in mind that during implementation
is there any environmental change, specially when it is a long term decision.
In my case I will implement Dell because it is perfect for me. There is no
environment changes.
10. 8-Evaluating Decision Effective
In this stage the decision makers evaluate the outcome or the result of the
decision to see whether the problem is solved.
If the problem still exist the manager have to access what is wrong.
In my case, the problem is resolved because now lot of students are joining my
institute. I have improved the education level.
13. Managers Making Decisions
Decision making is a part of four managerial functions. In fact, that is why we
say that decision making is the important part of management.
When managers plan, organize, lead and control is called Decision making.
14. Decisions That Managers May Make
Planning
• What are the long term
objectives of an
organization?
• What strategies will best
achieve the objective?
• What should be the best
short term objectives of
an organization.
Organizing
• How many employees
should I have report
directly to me?
• How should jobs be
designed?
• When should the
organization
implement a different
structure.
Leading
• How do I handle the
unmotivated employees?
• How will the some
change affect the worker
productivity?
• What activities in the
organization need to be
controlled?
• How should those activities
be controlled?
• What type of information
system should organization
have?
Controlling
15. Making Decision Rationality
Manager makes consistent, logical choices to maximize the values.
Assumptions
• Would be fully objective and rational.
• Have carefully identified the problems and all the alternatives.
• Have a clear and specific goals.
• Selecting the alternative that gives most output.
16. Making Decisions: Bounded Rationally
Managers make decision rationally but are limited (bounded) by their abilities
to process information.
Assumptions
Not seek out or have knowledge of all alternatives.
Choose the first alternative to solve the problem, rather then considering all
the alternatives and choosing the best among them.
17. Making Decisions: The Role Of Intuition
Making decision on the basis of experience, feeling and judgement.
Can complement both rational and bounded rational decision making
19. Types Of Decisions And Decision Making Conditions
Types Of Decisions
There Are Two Types Of Decisions.
Structured Or Programmed Decisions
Unstructured Or Non Programmed Decisions
20. Structured Or Programmed Decisions
The decisions that are used for frequent situations of an organization both externally and
internally.
These Decision are done on the regular basis and decision making is easy.
Lower level manager can take this type of decisions.
Less time consuming.
They are inexpensive in nature.
21. Types Of Programmed Decisions
i. Procedure
o A series of sequential steps a manager used to respond to a structured problem.
o The only difficulty is to identify the problem.
22. Types Of Programmed Decisions
ii. Rule
o A statement that tells the manager what can and cannot be done.
o Rules are frequently used because they are simple to follow.
o For example rules about lateness, absents and discipline in an organization.
23. Types Of Programmed Decisions
iii. Policy
o The guideline for making a decision.
o It consist of general parameters for the decision making.
o Here are some simple policy statements:
The customer always comes first and should be satisfied.
Employees wages shall be competitive with in community standard.
24. Unstructured Or Non Programmed Decisions
Decisions developed to deal with unusual problems.
Information is incomplete.
These decisions are unique and nonrecurring.
Decisions are made by top level managers.
Manager can face a lot of risk.
25. Decision Making Conditions
While making decisions, managers can face three types of conditions.
1. Certainty
2. Risk
3. Uncertainty
26. Decision Making Conditions
1. Certainty;
The managers exactly knows the outcome of each alternative.
2. Risk;
The Decision makers does not know that what the outcome of the alternative can be.
They make estimate and probabilities of various outcome.
3. Uncertainty;
The decision makers lacks enough information to estimate the probability and outcome of alternative.
