This document outlines the major schools of management theory that have evolved over time, including classical, behavioral, quantitative, systems, and contingency approaches. It also discusses contemporary concepts like total quality management, the learning organization, excellence models, and chaos theory. Additionally, it briefly introduces eastern management philosophies from India focusing on value-based and mindful approaches, and from Japan emphasizing participation and continuous improvement.

1. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
Chapter 2
EVOLUTION OF
MANAGEMENT
THEORY

2. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
Learning Objectives
 To understand the historical evolution of
management discipline.
 To comprehend different schools of management
thought.
 To critically appreciate the modern day relevance of
difference schools of management thought.
 To know contributions of pioneers of management
thought.
 To become aware of contemporary approaches to
management.
 To get acquainted with ‘Eastern Management’
thought.

3. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
Major Schools Of Management
Theory
 CLASSICAL SCHOOL
 BEHAVIORAL SCHOOL
 QUANTITATIVE SCHOOL
 SYSTEMS SCHOOL
 CONTINGENCY SCHOOL
 CONTEMPORARY /EASTERN APPROACHES

4. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
 Scientific Management:- Application of Scientific
Method to optimize productivity
 FREDERICK W.TAYLOR [1856-1915]
 HENRY GANTT [1861-1919]
 FRANK [1868-1924]& LILLIAN GILBRETH [1878-
1972]
 HUGO MUNSTERBERG [1863-1916]
 Administrative Management:- Emphasizes Role of the
manager and the functions of Management.
 HENRI FAYOL [1841-1925]
 HENRI MINZBERG
 Bureaucratic Management:- Focuses on Ideal Form of
Organization.
 MAX WEBER [1864-1920]
 PETER DRUCKER

5. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
BEHAVIOURAL SCHOOL
 Human Relations:- Dealt with human aspects of
Organizations
 ELTON MAYO [1880-1949] & OTHERS
 MARY PARKER FOLLETT
 CHESTER BERNARD [1886-1961]
 Human Resources:-Motivation and Leadership techniques
focus etc.
 ABRAHM MASLOW,KURT LEWIN & OTHERS
 Behavioural Science:-Personality, Attitude, Groups, Values
focus etc.
 DOUGLAS McGREGOR
 FREDERICK HERZBERG
 CHRIS ARGYRIS
 RENAIS LIKERT

6. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
QUANTITATIVE SCHOOL
 Management Science &MIS:- Uses Mathematical
and Statistical approaches to
 solve management problems
 GEORGE DANTZIG Etc.
 DSS &ERP SYSTEMS
 Production and Operations Management:-Focuses
upon operation and control of production process that
transforms resources into finished goods and services.
 JURAN
 W.EDWARDS DEMING

7. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
SYSTEMS SCHOOL
 Views Organizations as an
interrelated and interdependent set of
subsystems functioning as a whole
open system interacting with the
Environment
 LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY
 JAMES ROSENZWEIG
 KENNETH BOULDING

8. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
CONTINGENCY SCHOOL
 Emphasizes the fit between
organizational processes and the
characteristics of the situation
 PAUL LAWRENCE
 JAY LORSCH
 FRED FIEDLER
 JOAN WOODWARD

9. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
 Total Quality Management :-Managing the entire
organization to deliver quality goods/services to the customer
 JOSEPH JURAN/W. EDWARDS DEMING/PHIL CROSBY
 Learning Organization:-All employees involved in the growth
& learning of organization as it deals with the changing
environment
 PETER SENGE
 Excellence Approach:- Attributes of Excellence empirically
derived.
 PETERS & WATERMANS
 Chaos Theory:- Views Organizations as complex adaptive
systems

10. Management: Principles, Processes & Practices
© Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved
OTHER APPROACHES
 Indian Management Approach:-
Emphasizes value-based and management of mind as
well as an attitude of detachment to the outcome but
focused concentration on the work in hand.
 Japanese Management Approach:-
Emphasizes Participative style of Management and
continuous improvement.