Malaysian Health Promotion Board (Mhpb) Objectives, Functions And Priorities
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The document summarizes the objectives, functions, and priority areas of the Malaysian Health Promotion Board (MHPB). The MHPB was established by the Malaysian government in 2006 through an act of parliament to fund health promotion programs, especially those related to tobacco control. The MHPB's objectives are to develop organizational and community capacity for health promotion, plan and implement health promotion programs, support programs for healthy lifestyles and environments, fund research, and support sports/cultural organizations for health promotion. Its functions include granting funds, planning health promotion activities, collaborating internationally, and consulting with government agencies on health promotion issues. Priority areas for funding include tobacco/alcohol, healthy
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Continuation:
Alma-Ata Declaration also said some important things about health that PHANZ also endorses.
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This document discusses exceptions in Java. It defines exceptions as error conditions that can occur during program execution. It describes Java's mechanism for exception handling using try, catch, and finally blocks. Exceptions are instances of the Throwable class or its subclasses. Checked exceptions must be handled, while unchecked exceptions are optional to handle. The document provides examples of catching, propagating, and throwing exceptions.
Inheritance & Polymorphism - 2
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Inheritance & Polymorphism - 1
The document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It defines inheritance as a mechanism where a subclass inherits properties and behaviors from its parent superclass. The key points are:
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- There are two types of inheritance - single inheritance where a subclass inherits from one superclass, and multiple inheritance which is not supported in Java.
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Class & Object - User Defined Method
1) The document discusses user-defined classes in Java, including defining classes with modifiers, data declarations, and method definitions. It provides examples of class definitions with private instance variables and public methods.
2) It describes the syntax for defining methods, including the method header with return type and parameters. The document explains value-returning methods, void methods, and use of return statements.
3) The document shows an example class definition for a Rectangle with constructor, getter, and calculateArea methods to demonstrate object instantiation and method calls.
Class & Object - Intro
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts. It discusses problem solving using both structured programming and OOP approaches. The key concepts of OOP covered include objects, classes, methods, encapsulation, and inheritance. It also provides examples of defining a Rectangle class with attributes like length and width, and methods to calculate the area and perimeter. The document demonstrates how to create Rectangle objects, call methods on them to get the area, and use them in an application class.
Repetition Structure
The document discusses different types of repetition statements in Java including while, do-while, and for loops. It provides examples of each loop type and how they work. It also covers nested loops, infinite loops, and different ways to control loop repetition including using counters, sentinels, and flags. There are examples provided for each concept along with expected output. At the end, there are three exercises presented with questions about the output or behavior of short code examples using various loop structures.
Selection Control Structures
The document discusses different types of control structures in Java, including sequential, selection, and repetition structures. It focuses on selection structures such as if, if-else, and switch statements. The if statement and if-else statement are explained with examples, including using logical operators and block statements. The switch statement is also covered, highlighting the use of break statements. Multiple selection structures like nested if statements are demonstrated.
Numerical Data And Expression
This document discusses various fundamental programming concepts including character strings, primitive data, variables, expressions, operator precedence, data conversions, accepting user input, and the difference between Java applications and applets. It provides examples and explanations of these concepts.
Introduction To Computer and Java
This document provides an overview of computers and programming languages. It discusses the goals of programming and components of computers like hardware, software, CPU, memory and I/O devices. It also describes different types of programming languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages like Java. The document explains how a Java program is compiled into bytecode and run on a Java Virtual Machine. It discusses common errors in programming like syntax errors, runtime errors and logic errors.
Corporate Social Responsibility And Challenges In Creating Smoke Free Environ...
The document discusses corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of tobacco companies in Malaysia and their implications. It notes that the Malaysian government has ownership stakes in tobacco companies and that tobacco company leaders hold prominent government positions. It analyzes the CSR activities of British American Tobacco Malaysia, which include scholarships, donations, environmental initiatives, and youth smoking prevention. However, these activities strategically serve to improve public relations, influence policymakers, and counter tobacco control efforts. The document argues for monitoring tobacco industry CSR and countering their public relations efforts through exposing their true purposes and impacts.
Empowering Women Towards Smokefree Homes
The document discusses the harms of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, particularly for women, children and youth. It notes that SHS exposure increases health risks like respiratory and ear infections in children. It also discusses how creating smoke-free homes can help reduce smoking rates and increase quit rates among low socioeconomic women. The document advocates for empowering women and civil society to promote smoke-free environments and tobacco control efforts.
Sfe The Singaporean Experience
Singapore has implemented comprehensive smoke-free legislation through a multi-pronged approach. The National Smoking Control Programme uses public education, partnerships, taxation, and smoking cessation services to reduce smoking supply and demand. Smoke-free laws have been strengthened over time, expanding the scope of smoke-free places through clear legislation, enforcement, and public support. Next steps include maintaining enforcement, reviewing existing policies, and exploring new strategies like extending smoke-free areas to vehicles and homes.
Corporate Social Responsibility And Challenges In Creating Smoke Free Environ...
The document discusses corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of tobacco companies in Malaysia, specifically British American Tobacco Malaysia (BATM). It outlines how BATM engages in CSR like scholarships and donations to gain positive publicity and endorsements from government officials, while obscuring the harmful health effects of tobacco. It argues that tobacco industry CSR needs monitoring and countering to reduce their negative influence on public health policies.
Role Of Ng Os In Tobacco Control
The document discusses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in tobacco control. It notes that tobacco kills over 4 million people per year worldwide and discusses factors that influence tobacco use. It emphasizes that NGOs have an important role to play in tobacco control efforts through advocacy, education, and policy work to reduce tobacco use and its health impacts.
Application Of Grants From Mhpb
The document outlines the terms and conditions for applying for a grant from the Malaysian Health Promotion Board. It describes who is eligible to apply, including non-profit organizations, sports organizations, and companies limited by guarantee. It also lists eligibility criteria for grant projects, such as promoting health, addressing health issues in target groups, and improving environmental health. The document provides details on project implementation, funding disbursement, and requirements for grant recipients. It concludes with information on submitting applications.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
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Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
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Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
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Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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