The document discusses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in tobacco control. It notes that tobacco kills over 4 million people per year worldwide and discusses factors that influence tobacco use. It emphasizes that NGOs have an important role to play in tobacco control efforts through advocacy, education, and policy work to reduce tobacco use and its health impacts.
1. Tobacco use causes over 10 million deaths annually worldwide and is projected to cause over 10 million deaths by 2030 according to WHO estimates. Tobacco use is responsible for various cancers as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
2. The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act of 2003 in India includes provisions that ban smoking in public places, prohibit tobacco advertisements and sale to minors, and mandate health warnings on tobacco packaging. These types of tobacco control policies have been shown to effectively reduce tobacco consumption and smoking rates.
3. Increasing taxes and prices on tobacco products is an important demand-reduction strategy as it can lead to over a 40 million reduction in smokers and over 10 million fewer tobacco-related deaths globally according to
Islam prohibits smoking cigarettes due to the serious health risks. Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals, including at least 50 that cause cancer. When burned, cigarettes release toxic chemicals like formaldehyde, ammonia, arsenic, and hydrogen cyanide. While electronic cigarettes may contain fewer harmful chemicals, their long term effects are still unknown and they remain unregulated. Islam teaches preserving one's health and avoiding intoxicants, so Muslims should refrain from both traditional and electronic cigarettes.
Smoking: An Islamic Perspective
An Islamic centre of Qatar
Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 12 | Size: 1 MB
Smoking is a modern day catastrophe. It is harmful in all aspects, for it is a waste of money, an unnecessary destruction of health and it can disturb the social balance of the family. The smoker breathes harm with every cigarette he lights, because both nicotine and tar mix with his blood which ultimately poisons his health and life. Smoking is the quickest way to contract various diseases, some of which include cardiac disease, respiratory problems, and lung cancer.
Historical Notes:
Tobacco derived from Tubago, which is an island in the Gulf of Mexico where this plant was found. It was carried to Spain then to Europe.It was introduced to the Muslim world intentionally by tobacco companies, who encouraged its spread together with all types of in toxic ants. Nowadays smoking is decreasing in the industrial countries while it is highly increasing in the poor developing countries.
Modern Statistics:
It is reported by the World Health Organization that: At least a million people die annually prematurely‘ all over the world of the 50% adults in the developing countries smoke tobacco. Smoking and chewing tobacco lead to 90% of lung cancer cases 75% of atherosclerosis and 25% of heart diseases. In America approximately 84% of laryngeal cancer patients were smokers Mouth cancers were 13 times more common in smokers Researchers proved that smokers might have 65 times the chance of contracting lung cancer than non-smokers Cancer of the esophagus was 11.5 times more common in smokers than others The newborn babies of smoking mothers are weaker and weighed 200 grams less in weight.
The view upon smoking within Islam:
«Tobacco is a foul thing. » Dr. Yusuf Al Qaradawi in his book «The Lawful and Prohibited In Islam.»
A general rule of the Islamic Shari’ah is that it is haram for the Muslim to eat or drink any thing which may cause his death, either quickly or gradually, such as poisons or substances which are injurious to health or harmful to his body. It is also haram to eat or drink large quantities of a substance if large quantities of it cause illness For the Muslim is not entirely his own master; he is also an asset to his religion and his community, and his life,health wealth and all that Allah has bestowed upon him are a trust with him which he is not permitted to diminish Allah says:
«And do not kill yourselves; indeed, Allah is ever Merciful to you.» (4,29)
He also says:
«And do not be cast into ruin by your own hands …» (2, 195)
And His Messenger (peace be on him) said:
« Do not harm yourself or others.»
As an application of this principle, we may say that if it is proved that the use of tobacco is in injurious to health it is prohibited especially for a person whose physician has advised him to stop smoking....
The document discusses reducing drug-related deaths through a multi-pronged approach. It identifies factors that increase the risk of overdose such as a lack of treatment and reduced drug tolerance. It also outlines measures that can reduce the risk of overdose like increasing access to opioid substitution treatment, planning for prison releases, and wider access to naloxone to reverse overdoses. The document advocates for a comprehensive strategy involving both preventing overdoses and reducing fatal outcomes when they occur.
Hp1 1 the tobacco altas 10th anniversay Alexander Li
The document summarizes a presentation about the 10th anniversary of the Tobacco Atlas. It discusses the global tobacco epidemic from public health, economic, and political perspectives. Some key points include that tobacco causes over 6 million deaths per year, with over 80% of deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. It also discusses trends in tobacco consumption, production, and control policies around the world. The Tobacco Atlas is presented as a tool to empower advocates and inspire policymakers to take action against the tobacco epidemic.
Smoking causes significant health issues and deaths each year. In the US, smoking causes 480,000 deaths annually, more than illegal drugs, alcohol, HIV, vehicle accidents, suicides, and murders combined. A 50% increase in cigarette prices in Brazil could avoid over 100,000 deaths in 10 years from reduced cancer, strokes, and other illnesses. While cigarettes are unhealthy and costly, banning their sale may infringe on personal freedom of choice.
Cigarettes contain approximately 600 ingredients that produce over 7,000 chemicals when burned, including at least 69 that cause cancer. Some of the chemicals in cigarettes are also found in nail polish remover, hair dye, car exhaust fumes, batteries, and insecticides. Smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death and disease in the US, where tobacco use is responsible for over 480,000 deaths each year.
1. Tobacco use causes over 10 million deaths annually worldwide and is projected to cause over 10 million deaths by 2030 according to WHO estimates. Tobacco use is responsible for various cancers as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
2. The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act of 2003 in India includes provisions that ban smoking in public places, prohibit tobacco advertisements and sale to minors, and mandate health warnings on tobacco packaging. These types of tobacco control policies have been shown to effectively reduce tobacco consumption and smoking rates.
3. Increasing taxes and prices on tobacco products is an important demand-reduction strategy as it can lead to over a 40 million reduction in smokers and over 10 million fewer tobacco-related deaths globally according to
Islam prohibits smoking cigarettes due to the serious health risks. Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals, including at least 50 that cause cancer. When burned, cigarettes release toxic chemicals like formaldehyde, ammonia, arsenic, and hydrogen cyanide. While electronic cigarettes may contain fewer harmful chemicals, their long term effects are still unknown and they remain unregulated. Islam teaches preserving one's health and avoiding intoxicants, so Muslims should refrain from both traditional and electronic cigarettes.
Smoking: An Islamic Perspective
An Islamic centre of Qatar
Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 12 | Size: 1 MB
Smoking is a modern day catastrophe. It is harmful in all aspects, for it is a waste of money, an unnecessary destruction of health and it can disturb the social balance of the family. The smoker breathes harm with every cigarette he lights, because both nicotine and tar mix with his blood which ultimately poisons his health and life. Smoking is the quickest way to contract various diseases, some of which include cardiac disease, respiratory problems, and lung cancer.
Historical Notes:
Tobacco derived from Tubago, which is an island in the Gulf of Mexico where this plant was found. It was carried to Spain then to Europe.It was introduced to the Muslim world intentionally by tobacco companies, who encouraged its spread together with all types of in toxic ants. Nowadays smoking is decreasing in the industrial countries while it is highly increasing in the poor developing countries.
Modern Statistics:
It is reported by the World Health Organization that: At least a million people die annually prematurely‘ all over the world of the 50% adults in the developing countries smoke tobacco. Smoking and chewing tobacco lead to 90% of lung cancer cases 75% of atherosclerosis and 25% of heart diseases. In America approximately 84% of laryngeal cancer patients were smokers Mouth cancers were 13 times more common in smokers Researchers proved that smokers might have 65 times the chance of contracting lung cancer than non-smokers Cancer of the esophagus was 11.5 times more common in smokers than others The newborn babies of smoking mothers are weaker and weighed 200 grams less in weight.
The view upon smoking within Islam:
«Tobacco is a foul thing. » Dr. Yusuf Al Qaradawi in his book «The Lawful and Prohibited In Islam.»
A general rule of the Islamic Shari’ah is that it is haram for the Muslim to eat or drink any thing which may cause his death, either quickly or gradually, such as poisons or substances which are injurious to health or harmful to his body. It is also haram to eat or drink large quantities of a substance if large quantities of it cause illness For the Muslim is not entirely his own master; he is also an asset to his religion and his community, and his life,health wealth and all that Allah has bestowed upon him are a trust with him which he is not permitted to diminish Allah says:
«And do not kill yourselves; indeed, Allah is ever Merciful to you.» (4,29)
He also says:
«And do not be cast into ruin by your own hands …» (2, 195)
And His Messenger (peace be on him) said:
« Do not harm yourself or others.»
As an application of this principle, we may say that if it is proved that the use of tobacco is in injurious to health it is prohibited especially for a person whose physician has advised him to stop smoking....
The document discusses reducing drug-related deaths through a multi-pronged approach. It identifies factors that increase the risk of overdose such as a lack of treatment and reduced drug tolerance. It also outlines measures that can reduce the risk of overdose like increasing access to opioid substitution treatment, planning for prison releases, and wider access to naloxone to reverse overdoses. The document advocates for a comprehensive strategy involving both preventing overdoses and reducing fatal outcomes when they occur.
Hp1 1 the tobacco altas 10th anniversay Alexander Li
The document summarizes a presentation about the 10th anniversary of the Tobacco Atlas. It discusses the global tobacco epidemic from public health, economic, and political perspectives. Some key points include that tobacco causes over 6 million deaths per year, with over 80% of deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. It also discusses trends in tobacco consumption, production, and control policies around the world. The Tobacco Atlas is presented as a tool to empower advocates and inspire policymakers to take action against the tobacco epidemic.
Smoking causes significant health issues and deaths each year. In the US, smoking causes 480,000 deaths annually, more than illegal drugs, alcohol, HIV, vehicle accidents, suicides, and murders combined. A 50% increase in cigarette prices in Brazil could avoid over 100,000 deaths in 10 years from reduced cancer, strokes, and other illnesses. While cigarettes are unhealthy and costly, banning their sale may infringe on personal freedom of choice.
Cigarettes contain approximately 600 ingredients that produce over 7,000 chemicals when burned, including at least 69 that cause cancer. Some of the chemicals in cigarettes are also found in nail polish remover, hair dye, car exhaust fumes, batteries, and insecticides. Smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death and disease in the US, where tobacco use is responsible for over 480,000 deaths each year.
Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke kills nearly 6 million people per year and is a major global health issue. Secondhand smoke contains over 50 carcinogens and has serious health effects, increasing the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses in nonsmokers. Exposure is common, with nearly half of the world's children exposed at home and many adults exposed at work or in public places. Comprehensive smoke-free laws and bans are needed to reduce the health risks from secondhand smoke.
World No Tobacco Day is celebrated annually on May 31st to raise awareness about the health risks of tobacco use and advocate for policies to reduce consumption. Tobacco use is the second leading cause of preventable death globally and is projected to kill over 8 million people annually by 2030 if urgent action is not taken. On World No Tobacco Day in 2011, a walk and seminar were held at K E Medical University in Lahore to educate students and doctors about the dangers of tobacco and advocate for smoking bans in medical facilities.
Tobacco use is a major public health issue in Egypt, where smoking rates have been increasing significantly in recent decades. Egypt has the highest rates of tobacco consumption in the Middle East/North Africa region, with around 10 million or one in eight Egyptians using tobacco. Tobacco use leads to around 170,000 deaths annually in Egypt. While cigarettes are the most common tobacco product used, cigarette consumption and smoking rates have been rising steadily for decades. This poses enormous health costs and economic burdens, demonstrating the urgent need for tobacco control policies in Egypt.
Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer and lung cancer deaths have increased significantly in recent decades, especially among women. The chemicals in cigarettes cause damage to lung cells and DNA, which can lead to cancerous cell growth. Symptoms of lung cancer include coughing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. While smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer, non-smokers can also develop lung cancer from secondhand smoke exposure. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce health risks.
The document discusses World No Tobacco Day which is observed on May 31st each year to highlight the health risks of tobacco use and advocate for policies to reduce consumption. Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of death globally, killing nearly 6 million people annually including over 600,000 from secondhand smoke exposure. If no action is taken, tobacco is projected to kill over 8 million people worldwide by 2030 with 80% of these deaths occurring in low and middle income countries.
Tobacco Harm Reduction - an introductionClive Bates
This document provides an introduction to tobacco harm reduction and alternative nicotine products such as e-cigarettes. It summarizes statements from public health organizations that find e-cigarettes to be much less harmful than combustible cigarettes. Research shows e-cigarettes help smokers quit at the population level and are effective cessation tools. The document argues for risk-proportionate regulation and taxation of nicotine products to incentivize smokers to switch to less harmful options and further reduce smoking rates.
Tobacco smoking has been practiced for thousands of years and involves burning tobacco leaves and inhaling the smoke. While tobacco originated in the Americas, it spread to Europe and Asia in the 17th century. Tobacco smoking can cause various diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and chronic bronchitis. Over 25 diseases are caused or exacerbated by smoking. The World Health Organization works to implement tobacco control policies through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to reduce both the supply and demand of tobacco products globally.
Effects of smoking cigarettes on sustainable developmentNjobati Sylvie
Smoking cigarettes has significant negative effects on sustainable development. Cigarettes contain over 7,000 chemicals, including 69 carcinogens. Tobacco use is a major global public health threat, expected to cause over 1 billion deaths in the 21st century if trends continue. Smoking damages individual health, causes respiratory diseases and cancers, and harms fetal development. It also pollutes the environment, destroys forests, and increases risk of fires. Tobacco production uses extensive water and land resources and heavy pesticide use damages the ozone layer. To curb smoking, the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control treaty mandates restrictions on advertising, packaging and labeling requirements, and clean indoor air controls.
Tobacco use is a major global public health issue and risk factor for communicable diseases. It leads to numerous health problems and causes over 6 million deaths worldwide each year. While tobacco companies profit from its widespread use, they are actively undermining public health efforts to reduce tobacco consumption and marketing to youth populations. Recognizing tobacco's health and economic costs, the World No Tobacco Day was established to raise awareness and pressure governments and industries to further limit tobacco use and marketing.
Innovation for Consumers: E-cigarettes and novel tobacco products - Part of t...Clive Bates
This document discusses e-cigarettes and novel tobacco products. It argues that they are substantially less harmful than combustible cigarettes and have the potential to significantly reduce smoking rates and associated deaths. However, regulations should balance this potential benefit with preventing unintended consequences like perpetuating smoking or increasing youth uptake. The document proposes risk-proportionate regulations and taxes to incentivize switching from cigarettes, along with standards, marketing restrictions, and age limits, while ensuring products remain appealing to smokers trying to quit. The goal is harm reduction for populations according to the WHO framework convention on tobacco control.
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are processed and primarily used as a recreational drug. It is consumed through smoking or chewing and is a major cash crop. Men and those in developing countries or who are poor are more likely to use tobacco. Tobacco use is associated with significant health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. Over 100 million deaths in the 20th century were caused by tobacco, and it remains one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide.
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are processed and primarily used as a recreational drug. It is consumed through smoking or chewing and is a major cash crop. Men and those in developing countries or who are poor are more likely to use tobacco. Tobacco use is associated with significant health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. Over 100 million deaths in the 20th century were caused by tobacco, and it remains one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide.
This document summarizes the harmful effects of tobacco use and strategies for tobacco cessation. It notes that tobacco kills over 5 million people annually worldwide, with over 80% of deaths occurring in developing countries. In India, tobacco use causes about 700,000 deaths per year. The document outlines the various forms of tobacco use and their health impacts, including cancer, heart and lung diseases, reproductive issues, and passive smoking effects. It discusses the global and Indian burden of tobacco and provides an overview of tobacco cessation methods like the 5 A's and 5 R's approaches.
Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals including nicotine, acetone, benzene, arsenic, and formaldehyde. Smoking causes over 440,000 deaths per year in the United States, with 1 in 5 deaths related to smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for 30% of cancer deaths and causes various types of cancer as well as diseases like heart disease and emphysema. Major cigarette companies that produce and advertise cigarettes include American Cigarette Company and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
This research paper summarizes findings from the CARMELA study, which examined tobacco smoking prevalence in seven major Latin American cities. Some key findings:
- Smoking prevalence was highest in Santiago (45.4%) and Buenos Aires (38.6%), and lowest in Quito (19.9%). Male smoking rates generally exceeded female rates.
- Peak male smoking occurred in younger age groups (25-34 and 35-44), while women initiated smoking later than men in each city.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke at work was highest in Barquisimeto (28.7%), Buenos Aires (26.8%), and Santiago (21.5%).
- Unless effective tobacco control policies are
The document summarizes the WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008. It outlines that tobacco use kills over 5 million people per year and could kill over 1 billion people this century if urgent action is not taken. It presents MPOWER, a package of 6 policies recommended by the WHO to help countries implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Monitor tobacco use; Protect from secondhand smoke; Offer help to quit; Warn about dangers; Enforce advertising bans; and Raise taxes. However, implementation of these policies remains limited, with only 5% of the global population currently protected by comprehensive smoke-free laws and advertising bans. Increased efforts are needed to curb the tobacco epidemic.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
Tobacco harm reduction - meetings with Hill staff Clive Bates
This document discusses efforts to reduce smoking and associated harms. It notes that while 36.5 million Americans smoke, consuming 264 billion cigarettes in 2015, smoking causes over 480,000 deaths per year at a cost of over $300 billion. New reduced-risk nicotine products like e-cigarettes and heated tobacco have potential to significantly reduce smoking's toll if made accessible through sensible regulation rather than restrictive policies that protect the cigarette trade. The Royal College of Physicians reviewed evidence that e-cigarettes are much less harmful than smoking and effective for smoking cessation. Most youth e-cigarette use involves just flavors without nicotine. Banning flavors could undermine harm reduction efforts. The proposed Cole-Bishop bill offers a responsible
The document discusses different types of events and event handling in Java graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It describes how events are generated by user actions and how listener objects register to handle specific events. It provides examples of using event listeners and handlers for common events like button clicks, list selections, and text field entries. Key points covered include the delegation model for event handling in Java and examples of implementing listeners for actions, items, selections and other events.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) in Java uses classes from the javax.swing and java.awt packages to implement GUI programs. Swing classes provide greater compatibility across operating systems compared to AWT classes. Common Swing components include JButton, JLabel, JTextField, JTextArea, JCheckBox, JRadioButton, JComboBox, JList, JSlider and more. GUI programs require containers like JFrame and JPanel to hold components. Layout managers determine how components are arranged in containers. Common layouts include FlowLayout, BorderLayout and GridLayout. Menus are implemented using JMenuBar, JMenu and JMenuItem classes.
Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke kills nearly 6 million people per year and is a major global health issue. Secondhand smoke contains over 50 carcinogens and has serious health effects, increasing the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses in nonsmokers. Exposure is common, with nearly half of the world's children exposed at home and many adults exposed at work or in public places. Comprehensive smoke-free laws and bans are needed to reduce the health risks from secondhand smoke.
World No Tobacco Day is celebrated annually on May 31st to raise awareness about the health risks of tobacco use and advocate for policies to reduce consumption. Tobacco use is the second leading cause of preventable death globally and is projected to kill over 8 million people annually by 2030 if urgent action is not taken. On World No Tobacco Day in 2011, a walk and seminar were held at K E Medical University in Lahore to educate students and doctors about the dangers of tobacco and advocate for smoking bans in medical facilities.
Tobacco use is a major public health issue in Egypt, where smoking rates have been increasing significantly in recent decades. Egypt has the highest rates of tobacco consumption in the Middle East/North Africa region, with around 10 million or one in eight Egyptians using tobacco. Tobacco use leads to around 170,000 deaths annually in Egypt. While cigarettes are the most common tobacco product used, cigarette consumption and smoking rates have been rising steadily for decades. This poses enormous health costs and economic burdens, demonstrating the urgent need for tobacco control policies in Egypt.
Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer and lung cancer deaths have increased significantly in recent decades, especially among women. The chemicals in cigarettes cause damage to lung cells and DNA, which can lead to cancerous cell growth. Symptoms of lung cancer include coughing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. While smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer, non-smokers can also develop lung cancer from secondhand smoke exposure. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce health risks.
The document discusses World No Tobacco Day which is observed on May 31st each year to highlight the health risks of tobacco use and advocate for policies to reduce consumption. Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of death globally, killing nearly 6 million people annually including over 600,000 from secondhand smoke exposure. If no action is taken, tobacco is projected to kill over 8 million people worldwide by 2030 with 80% of these deaths occurring in low and middle income countries.
Tobacco Harm Reduction - an introductionClive Bates
This document provides an introduction to tobacco harm reduction and alternative nicotine products such as e-cigarettes. It summarizes statements from public health organizations that find e-cigarettes to be much less harmful than combustible cigarettes. Research shows e-cigarettes help smokers quit at the population level and are effective cessation tools. The document argues for risk-proportionate regulation and taxation of nicotine products to incentivize smokers to switch to less harmful options and further reduce smoking rates.
Tobacco smoking has been practiced for thousands of years and involves burning tobacco leaves and inhaling the smoke. While tobacco originated in the Americas, it spread to Europe and Asia in the 17th century. Tobacco smoking can cause various diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and chronic bronchitis. Over 25 diseases are caused or exacerbated by smoking. The World Health Organization works to implement tobacco control policies through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to reduce both the supply and demand of tobacco products globally.
Effects of smoking cigarettes on sustainable developmentNjobati Sylvie
Smoking cigarettes has significant negative effects on sustainable development. Cigarettes contain over 7,000 chemicals, including 69 carcinogens. Tobacco use is a major global public health threat, expected to cause over 1 billion deaths in the 21st century if trends continue. Smoking damages individual health, causes respiratory diseases and cancers, and harms fetal development. It also pollutes the environment, destroys forests, and increases risk of fires. Tobacco production uses extensive water and land resources and heavy pesticide use damages the ozone layer. To curb smoking, the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control treaty mandates restrictions on advertising, packaging and labeling requirements, and clean indoor air controls.
Tobacco use is a major global public health issue and risk factor for communicable diseases. It leads to numerous health problems and causes over 6 million deaths worldwide each year. While tobacco companies profit from its widespread use, they are actively undermining public health efforts to reduce tobacco consumption and marketing to youth populations. Recognizing tobacco's health and economic costs, the World No Tobacco Day was established to raise awareness and pressure governments and industries to further limit tobacco use and marketing.
Innovation for Consumers: E-cigarettes and novel tobacco products - Part of t...Clive Bates
This document discusses e-cigarettes and novel tobacco products. It argues that they are substantially less harmful than combustible cigarettes and have the potential to significantly reduce smoking rates and associated deaths. However, regulations should balance this potential benefit with preventing unintended consequences like perpetuating smoking or increasing youth uptake. The document proposes risk-proportionate regulations and taxes to incentivize switching from cigarettes, along with standards, marketing restrictions, and age limits, while ensuring products remain appealing to smokers trying to quit. The goal is harm reduction for populations according to the WHO framework convention on tobacco control.
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are processed and primarily used as a recreational drug. It is consumed through smoking or chewing and is a major cash crop. Men and those in developing countries or who are poor are more likely to use tobacco. Tobacco use is associated with significant health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. Over 100 million deaths in the 20th century were caused by tobacco, and it remains one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide.
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are processed and primarily used as a recreational drug. It is consumed through smoking or chewing and is a major cash crop. Men and those in developing countries or who are poor are more likely to use tobacco. Tobacco use is associated with significant health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. Over 100 million deaths in the 20th century were caused by tobacco, and it remains one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide.
This document summarizes the harmful effects of tobacco use and strategies for tobacco cessation. It notes that tobacco kills over 5 million people annually worldwide, with over 80% of deaths occurring in developing countries. In India, tobacco use causes about 700,000 deaths per year. The document outlines the various forms of tobacco use and their health impacts, including cancer, heart and lung diseases, reproductive issues, and passive smoking effects. It discusses the global and Indian burden of tobacco and provides an overview of tobacco cessation methods like the 5 A's and 5 R's approaches.
Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals including nicotine, acetone, benzene, arsenic, and formaldehyde. Smoking causes over 440,000 deaths per year in the United States, with 1 in 5 deaths related to smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for 30% of cancer deaths and causes various types of cancer as well as diseases like heart disease and emphysema. Major cigarette companies that produce and advertise cigarettes include American Cigarette Company and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
This research paper summarizes findings from the CARMELA study, which examined tobacco smoking prevalence in seven major Latin American cities. Some key findings:
- Smoking prevalence was highest in Santiago (45.4%) and Buenos Aires (38.6%), and lowest in Quito (19.9%). Male smoking rates generally exceeded female rates.
- Peak male smoking occurred in younger age groups (25-34 and 35-44), while women initiated smoking later than men in each city.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke at work was highest in Barquisimeto (28.7%), Buenos Aires (26.8%), and Santiago (21.5%).
- Unless effective tobacco control policies are
The document summarizes the WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008. It outlines that tobacco use kills over 5 million people per year and could kill over 1 billion people this century if urgent action is not taken. It presents MPOWER, a package of 6 policies recommended by the WHO to help countries implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Monitor tobacco use; Protect from secondhand smoke; Offer help to quit; Warn about dangers; Enforce advertising bans; and Raise taxes. However, implementation of these policies remains limited, with only 5% of the global population currently protected by comprehensive smoke-free laws and advertising bans. Increased efforts are needed to curb the tobacco epidemic.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
Tobacco harm reduction - meetings with Hill staff Clive Bates
This document discusses efforts to reduce smoking and associated harms. It notes that while 36.5 million Americans smoke, consuming 264 billion cigarettes in 2015, smoking causes over 480,000 deaths per year at a cost of over $300 billion. New reduced-risk nicotine products like e-cigarettes and heated tobacco have potential to significantly reduce smoking's toll if made accessible through sensible regulation rather than restrictive policies that protect the cigarette trade. The Royal College of Physicians reviewed evidence that e-cigarettes are much less harmful than smoking and effective for smoking cessation. Most youth e-cigarette use involves just flavors without nicotine. Banning flavors could undermine harm reduction efforts. The proposed Cole-Bishop bill offers a responsible
The document discusses different types of events and event handling in Java graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It describes how events are generated by user actions and how listener objects register to handle specific events. It provides examples of using event listeners and handlers for common events like button clicks, list selections, and text field entries. Key points covered include the delegation model for event handling in Java and examples of implementing listeners for actions, items, selections and other events.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) in Java uses classes from the javax.swing and java.awt packages to implement GUI programs. Swing classes provide greater compatibility across operating systems compared to AWT classes. Common Swing components include JButton, JLabel, JTextField, JTextArea, JCheckBox, JRadioButton, JComboBox, JList, JSlider and more. GUI programs require containers like JFrame and JPanel to hold components. Layout managers determine how components are arranged in containers. Common layouts include FlowLayout, BorderLayout and GridLayout. Menus are implemented using JMenuBar, JMenu and JMenuItem classes.
The document discusses file input and output in Java. It covers using the File class to get information about files, using JFileChooser to select files, and different streams for reading and writing files including FileInputStream, FileOutputStream, DataInputStream, DataOutputStream, FileWriter, PrintWriter, FileReader and BufferedReader. It provides examples of using these classes and methods to write bytes, primitive data types and text to files and read them back.
This document discusses exceptions in Java. It defines exceptions as error conditions that can occur during program execution. It describes Java's mechanism for exception handling using try, catch, and finally blocks. Exceptions are instances of the Throwable class or its subclasses. Checked exceptions must be handled, while unchecked exceptions are optional to handle. The document provides examples of catching, propagating, and throwing exceptions.
Polymorphism allows creating versatile software designs that can deal with multiple related objects. An abstract class cannot be instantiated but can be extended by subclasses, which must implement the abstract methods. The document provides examples of an Animal abstract class with a sound() abstract method, and a Card abstract class with a greeting() abstract method. Subclasses like AidulFitriCard and BirthdayCard extend Card and implement the greeting() method.
The document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It defines inheritance as a mechanism where a subclass inherits properties and behaviors from its parent superclass. The key points are:
- A subclass inherits attributes and methods from its superclass. The subclass can also define its own attributes and methods or override existing superclass methods.
- There are two types of inheritance - single inheritance where a subclass inherits from one superclass, and multiple inheritance which is not supported in Java.
- Access modifiers like public, private, protected determine which members of the superclass are accessible to subclasses. Private members cannot be accessed by subclasses.
- The extends keyword is used to create a subclass that inherits from an existing superclass. The subclass inherits all non
The document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by defining what an array is - a structured data type that stores a fixed number of elements of the same type. It then covers how to declare and initialize one-dimensional arrays, manipulate array elements using loops and indexes, and how to pass arrays as parameters to methods. The document also discusses arrays of objects and multidimensional arrays.
1) The document discusses user-defined classes in Java, including defining classes with modifiers, data declarations, and method definitions. It provides examples of class definitions with private instance variables and public methods.
2) It describes the syntax for defining methods, including the method header with return type and parameters. The document explains value-returning methods, void methods, and use of return statements.
3) The document shows an example class definition for a Rectangle with constructor, getter, and calculateArea methods to demonstrate object instantiation and method calls.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts. It discusses problem solving using both structured programming and OOP approaches. The key concepts of OOP covered include objects, classes, methods, encapsulation, and inheritance. It also provides examples of defining a Rectangle class with attributes like length and width, and methods to calculate the area and perimeter. The document demonstrates how to create Rectangle objects, call methods on them to get the area, and use them in an application class.
The document discusses different types of repetition statements in Java including while, do-while, and for loops. It provides examples of each loop type and how they work. It also covers nested loops, infinite loops, and different ways to control loop repetition including using counters, sentinels, and flags. There are examples provided for each concept along with expected output. At the end, there are three exercises presented with questions about the output or behavior of short code examples using various loop structures.
The document discusses different types of control structures in Java, including sequential, selection, and repetition structures. It focuses on selection structures such as if, if-else, and switch statements. The if statement and if-else statement are explained with examples, including using logical operators and block statements. The switch statement is also covered, highlighting the use of break statements. Multiple selection structures like nested if statements are demonstrated.
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1. THE ROLE OF NGOs IN TOBACCO CONTROL Prof. Dr Lekhraj Rampal MBBS, MPH, DRPH, FRSH, FAMM Deputy Chairman Malaysian Health Promotian Board Chairman, Action on Smoking and Health Committee, MMA 1993, 1996 -2009 Chairman, International Quit smoking and Win – MALAYSIA 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004,2006 Chairman, National Organizing Committee- World No Tobacco Day – Malaysia1993, 2002, 2004,2006 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
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5. The 5 million deaths per year from tobacco smoking are not the result of liberty and free choice by adult and responsible consumers (60 to 80% want to stop). 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
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7. Gender-Specific Smoking Prevalence Across the World 1. Mackay J, et al. The Tobacco Atlas . Second Ed. American Cancer Society Myriad Editions Limited, Atlanta, Georgia, 2006. Also available online at: http://www.myriadeditions.com/statmap/. US 24% 19% Men Women Australia 19% 16% Belarus 53% 7% Brazil 22% 14% Canada 22% 17% Chile 48% 37% China 67% 2% Egypt 45% 12% France 30% 21% Iceland 25% 20% Mexico 13% 5% Iran 22% 2% Kenya 21% 1% Sweden 17% 18% Philippines 41% 8% Portugal 33% 10% South Africa 23% 8% India 47% 17% Russian Fed 60% 16% Italy 33% 17% Spain 39% 25% Germany 37% 28%
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10. Every day , THOUSANDS of young people around the world are trying their first cigarette and 80,000 – 100,000 are becoming regular smokers often precipitating a lifetime of addiction and untimely death. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
12. Annual Deaths Attributable to Tobacco: Worldwide Estimates Canada >25% Australia 20%-24% UK >25% Germany >25% China & Taiwan 10%-14% Brazil 15%-19% % of Total Deaths Attributable to Tobacco* *Regional estimates in 2000 in men aged >35 years. 1. Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas. Second Ed. World Health Organization; 2006. US >25% Mexico 15%-19% Argentina 15%-19% Spain >25% Russian Federation >25% Sweden >25% Turkey >25% 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
13. Fig 13:“Youth should be inculcated in a “ Calture without Tobacco”- Chairman ASH IQSW 2000 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
14. Tobacco must be seen as a drug, not as a more agricultural product. Tobacco is a dangerous product and hazardous to health and it is lethal. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
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22. RM 4.5 billion per year (US$1.3 BILLION/PER YEAR) 1 st JUNE 2007 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
23. Estimated Annual Costs Attributable to Tobacco Canada $12.9 Australia $14.2 France $16.4 Germany $24.4 China $4.3 US $184.5 Estimated Costs to the Economy Attributable to Tobacco (US $ Billions) UK $2.3 Norway $1.62 1. Mackay J, et al. The Tobacco Atlas. Second Ed. American Cancer Society Myriad Editions Limited. Atlanta, Georgia, 2006. Also available online at: http://www.myriadeditions.com/statmap/. Venezuela $.284 Total Costs Direct Healthcare Costs 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
27. Tobacco is the only freely available product which, when used as intended by the manufacturer, kills half of its dedicated users. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
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29. Smoking: Leading Preventable Cause of Disease and Death 1 Top 3 Smoking-Attributable Causes of Death in US #1 Lung cancer #2 Ischemic heart disease #3 COPD Cancer Lung (#1)* Leukemia (AML, ALL, CLL) 2-4 Oral cavity/pharynx Laryngeal Esophageal Stomach Pancreatic Kidney Bladder Cervical Cardiovascular Ischemic heart disease (#2)* Stroke – Vascular dementia 5 Peripheral vascular disease 6 Abdominal aortic aneurysm Respiratory COPD (#3)* Pneumonia Poor asthma control Reproductive Low-birth weight Pregnancy complications Reduced fertility Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Other Adverse surgical outcomes/wound healing Hip fractures Low-bone density Cataract Peptic ulcer disease † *Top 3 smoking-attributable causes of death. † In patients who are Helicobacter pylori positive. AML = Acute myeloid leukemia; ALL = acute lymphocytic leukemia; CLL = chronic lymphocytic leukemia; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SIDS = sudden infant death syndrome. 1. Surgeon General’s Report. The Health Consequences of Smoking ; 2004. 2. Sandler DP, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst . 1993;85(24):1994-2003. 3. Crane MM, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev . 1996;5(8):639-644. 4. Miligi L, et al. Am J Ind Med . 1999;36(1):60-69. 5. Roman GC. Cerebrovasc Dis . 2005;20(Suppl 2):91-100. 6. Willigendael EM, et al. J Vasc Surg . 2004;40:1158-1165. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
39. Cardiovascular diseases are now responsible for 30% of all deaths worldwide. Smoking is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
40. 38 YEARS SMOKER WHO DIED DUE TO WITH CEREBRAL STROKE 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
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43. For every person who dies from tobacco use, another 20 suffer with at least one serious tobacco-related illness. Half of all long-term smokers die prematurely from smoking-related causes. Until recently this epidemic of chronic disease and premature deaths mainly affected the rich countries. It is now rapidly shifting to the developing world. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
48. Prevalence of Smoking among Malaysians Estimated: ~ 3 million smokers in Malaysia (2006) 9th August 2009 RAMPAL 1996 2004 2006 NHMS2 UPM NHMS3 ( > 18 yrs) ( > 18 yrs) ( > 18 yrs) Overall 24.8% 23.2% 21.5% Male 49.2% 47.2 46.4% Female 3.5% 2.7% 1.6% Malay 27.9% 28.9 % 24% Chinese 19.2% 18.7% 16.2% Indian 16.2% 16.8% 13.7% Others 32.4% 22.5% 23.8%
49. Table III: Prevalence of ever and current smokers by sex and ethnicity 2004 9th August 2009 RAMPAL Ethnicity Sex Prevalence of Ever Smokers % (SE %) Prevalence of Current Smokers % (SE %) All Races Male Female Both 59.3 (0.7) 4.8 (0.3) 32.0 (0.5 ) 47.2 (0.7) 2.7 (0.2) 24.9 (0.4) Malay Male Female Both 69.8 (0.8) 4.6 (0.3) 37.0 (0.6) 55.6 (0.9) 2.6 (0.2) 28.9 (0.6 ) Chinese Male Female Both 45.2 (1.6) 5.0 (0.6) 25.3 (1.0) 34.1 (1.5) 3.0 (0.4) 18.7 (0.9) Indian Male Female Both 41.1 (2.2) 1.1 (0.3) 21.1 (1.3 ) 33.4 (2.1) 0.5 (0.2) 16.8 (1.2) Others Male Female Both 55.4 (10.4) 5.1 (2.0) 27.5 (4.7 ) 46.1 (9.4) 3.5 (1.6) 22.5 (4.4) Bumiputra Sarawak Male Female Both 61.2 (3.6) 10.7 (1.9) 35.8 (2.3 ) 50.9 (3.2) 5.2 (1.4) 27.9 (2.0) Bumiputra Sabah Male Female Both 57.5 (2.4) 5.5 (1.0) 32.0 (1.6 ) 50.2 (2.2) 2.6 (0.6) 26.8 (1.6)
50. NHMS3 - Adult Smoking Prevalence 9th August 2009 RAMPAL Ever Smoker Current Smoker Ex-Smoker Overall 27.0% 21.5% (2.73M) 5.4% Male 57.6% 46.4% (2.61M) 11.0% Female 2.5% 1.6% (0.12M) 0.9% Urban 24.1% 18.9% (1.56 M) 5.0% Rural 32.3% 26.2% (1.17 M) 6.0%
51. NHMS3 - Adolescent Smoking Prevalence ( 13 to <18 years) 9th August 2009 RAMPAL Overall Boys Girls Ever smokers - Young people who have ever smoked a cigarette (even 1puff) 14.7% (180,328) 26.2% (162,438) 3.0% (17,891) Current smokers - Young people who smoke on at least one day in the last 30 days preceding the survey 8.7% (107,154) 16.6% (103,240) 0.7% (3,914) Frequent/ established smokers Young people who have smoked on at least 20 of the 30days preceding survey 3.3% (40,172) 6.4% (39,083) 0.18% (1,089) Experimental smokers - Young people who have smoked < 20days for the past 30 days & not smoked for last 7 days 1.1% 1.9% 0.2% Triers - Young people who ever tried to smoke but stopped after only one (1) cigarette or after a few puffs 5.2% 8.3% 2%
52. 10 Principal Causes of Deaths in MOH Hospitals, 2006 9th August 2009 RAMPAL Septicaemia 16.87% Heart Diseases & Diseases of Pulmonary Circulation 15.70% Malignant Neoplasm 10.59% Cerebrovascular Diseases 8.49% Pneumonia 5.81% Accidents 5.59% Diseases of the Digestive Systems 4.47% Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period 4.20% Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome & Nephrosis 3.83% Ill-defined conditions 3.03%
53. Total Treatment Cost for 3 Smoking Related Diseases/ Year (RM - million ) Syed Aljunid, 2005 9th August 2009 RAMPAL Mean Min Max Patient 949.8 682.3 1730.6 Provider 1975.0 925.0 3257.7 Total 2924.8 1607.3 4988.3 % of GDP 0.74 0.41 1.27 % of NHE 16.49 9.06 28.12 % MOH budget 26.14 12.24 43.11
55. 1. Tobacco industry marketing and advertising 2. Profit margin/ Sales are legal even though it kills half of its user 3. Nicotine Addiction 4. Low Tobacco Tax 5. Peer smoking status and influence 6. Parental smoking status 7. Smoking environment in Workplace and house 8. Greed and Corruption 9. Smuggling of tobacco products 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
70. SMOKING IN UTERO INCREASES RISK OF LATER ADDICTION ARNOLD MANN NIDA, 2004: 19 (4) 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
71. Patrick Zickler NIDA 2004; 19 (2) SMOKING MAY BE MORE ADDICTIVE IF IT IS INITIATED DURING ADOLESCENCE, AND EARLY EXPOSURE MAY HEIGHTEN RESPONSE TO OTHER ADDICTIVE DRUGS. MALES AND FEMALES MAY DIFFER IN THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THESE EFFECTS 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
78. TOBACCO PRICE WAR - Decline in tobacco price ???Answer: Increase Taxes to such an extent that tobacco companies don’t think of reducing their price again. Use the money for Tobacco control activities and for Victims of Tobacco Use 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
138. The International Quit Smoking and Win is an Global Joint event involving 75 countries and we expect 500,000 to one million participants to give up smoking for at least one month it also helps to inform the general public about harmful effects on health by tobacco consumption. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
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140. The IQSW application forms were published in the English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil Language Newspapers which had Nation-wide circulation. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
146. ROLE - ADVOCATIVE Tobacco Advertisment Issue brought up by Dr Lekhraj Rampal, Chairman, ASH ,MMA’ and Minister Agrees to bring up the Issue of Tobacco Advertisment to Cabinet 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
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148. IMPACT Malaysia enacted the control of Tobacco Product Regulations 1993 under the Food Act 1983 to discourage smoking in the country. A number of provisions are made in the Regulations to curb smoking. This includes areas such as cigarette accessibility to children, health warning messages and cigarette advertising. One of the programs intended to discourage smoking is the anti-tobacco media campaign. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
149. Fig 14: President Malaysian Medical Association and Chairman ASH Slam Tobacco Firms Over Warning Labels 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
155. ROLE :ADVOCATIVE ASH MMA WRITES TO THE GOVERNMENT TO INCREASE TAX ON TOBACCO AND HAVE A SPECIAL FUND FOR TOBACCO CONTROL ACTIVITIES 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
201. TOBACCO FREE SPORTS NATIONAL ART POSTER & SLOGAN COMPETITION INTERNATIONAL QUIT SMOKING AND WIN 2002 THEME: TOBACCO FREE SPORTS 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
202. Organized by MMA AND COMMONWEALTH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
205. IMPACT ON THE MEMORENDUM GIVEN BY ASH, MMA TO THE GOVERNMENT TO INCREASE TAXES AND USE THE MONEY FOR TOBACCO CONTROL ACTIVITIES- SIN TAX 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
217. USING ART AND CULTURE IN TOBACCO CONTROL 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
218. NATIONAL ART COMPETITION 2005 ASH, MMA THEME: HARMFUL EFFECTS OF TOBACCO AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS – START A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE WITHOUT TOBACCO ORGANIZED BY MMA WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, HEALTH AND PRIVATE SECTOR 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
230. PLEASE ADVOCATE TO EXTEND THE EXISTING BAN TO INCLUDE 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
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233. IN CONCLUSION: Malaysia has taken several steps forward in tobacco control. We need to work together locally and globally to achieve – “ A Tobacco Free World”. 9th August 2009 RAMPAL
Key Point Gender-specific smoking prevalence varies across the world. Background Worldwide, there are marked differences in smoking prevalence rates between men and women from country to country. For example, in South Africa, the Philippines, China, Iran, and Portugal, smoking prevalence is much lower in women than in men. In contrast, in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Iceland, the prevalence of smoking in men is only slightly higher than that in women. 1 Overall, the prevalence of smoking in men is declining. However, although smoking prevalence in women is declining in some countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, in several southern, central, and eastern European countries, the rate of smoking in women is not in decline or is still increasing. 1 Reference 1. Mackay J, Eriksen M, Shafey O. The Tobacco Atlas. Second Ed. American Cancer Society Myriad Editions Limited. Atlanta, Georgia, 2006. Also available online at: http://www.myriadeditions.com/statmap/. 1/Mackay/pp. 98-104, Table A 1/Mackay/pp. 98-104, Table A 1/Mackay/ pp 98-105
Key Point Smoking prevalence rates in some countries are declining. However, mortality associated with smoking is increasing since smoking-related mortality is more closely associated with previous tobacco use rather than with current tobacco use. Background Using data from countries with the longest history of prevalent smoking, Lopez and colleagues constructed a 4-stage model of trends in smoking and subsequent smoking-related mortality. As the model illustrates, peaks in smoking prevalence in the population do not correspond to peaks in smoking-associated mortality, because current mortality rates are more closely related to previous smoking levels. Therefore, although in some regions, such as Western Europe and North America, smoking prevalence in men and women is on the decline, smoking-related mortality is increasing. Similarly, in areas like Asia, Central and South America, and North Africa, where smoking prevalence rates are increasing, the true impact in terms of smoking-related deaths will not be apparent for several decades. 1 In Asia, where one third of the world’s population lives, smoking-related mortality is expected to rise to 4.9 million people annually by 2020 if current smoking trends continue. 2 References 1. Lopez AD, Collishaw NE, Piha T. A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Tob Control . 1994;3:242–247. 2. Shafey O, Dolwick S, Guindon GE (eds). Tobacco Control Country Profiles 2003, American Cancer Society; 2003; Atlanta, Georgia. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_data/country_profiles/en/. Accessed June 2006. Lopez/p 246/figure A 1/Lopez/p 242/abstract; p 245/col 2/ ¶3; p 246/col 2/ ¶1; figure 2/Shafey/ p 7/col 2/ ¶1
Key Point In some countries, deaths attributable to tobacco account for >25% of total deaths in men aged > 35 years. Background The World Health Organization estimates that in the year 2000, 25% of total deaths in men aged >35 years in most countries in the Northern Hemisphere (including the United States, Canada, Cuba, Israel, Russia and all European nations) were tobacco related. In these countries, >25% of all men died from tobacco-related disorders. Twenty to 25% of women over the age of 35 died from tobacco-related disorders in the United States, Canada, and Cuba. Reference 1. Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas . Second Ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006. 2/Mackay/ pp 42, 43. 1/Mackay/ p 36/Figure at bottom; p.37/Figure; p. 40-41/Globe figure 2/Mackay/ pp 42, 43. 1/Mackay/ p 36/Figure at bottom; p.37/Figure; p. 40-41/ Globe figure 2/Mackay/ pp 98-105
Key Point Tobacco puts a considerable burden on estimated annual costs to the economy worldwide. Background The estimated annual costs to the economy attributable to tobacco amounts to billions of US dollars. Examples of these costs range from a high of $184.5 billion in the US (total costs) to $284 million in Venezuela (direct healthcare costs only). Reference 1. Mackay J, Eriksen M, Shafey O. The Tobacco Atlas. Second Ed. American Cancer Society Myriad Editions Limited. Atlanta, Georgia, 2006. Also available online at: http://www.myriadeditions.com/statmap/. 1/Mackay/ 2006, pp 42, 43. 1/Mackay/2006/ pp 42,43 1/Mackay/ pp 98-105
Key Point Tobacco smoke exposes the body to 250 toxic or carcinogenic chemicals. Background Tobacco and tobacco smoke are known to be carcinogenic in humans.Tobacco smoke contains at least 4000 chemicals, at least 250 of which are toxic or carcinogenic. 1 For example, tobacco smoke contains irritants, such as acetone, ammonia, and toluene, found in paint stripper, cleaners, and solvents respectively; toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium, used in car batteries, and arsenic, used in poisons; and carbon monoxide, which is a hazardous component of exhaust fumes. 2 Although it is addictive, the nicotine found in tobacco is not a known carcinogen. 3 All cigarettes are toxic: the US Surgeon General’s report noted that smoking cigarettes with lower yields of tar and nicotine provides no health benefit. 4 References 1. National Toxicology Program. 11th Report on Carcinogens; 2005. Available at: www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ets. 2. Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas . Second Ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006. 3. Harvard Health Letter . May 2005. 4. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004. 4/SGR/p. 25/col2/¶2 1/NTP/p. 1/col2/¶4,5 2/Mackay/p34/”Deadly Chemicals” 3/Harvard/p.2/¶3/figure 1/NTP/p. 1/col 2/¶4,5; p. 3/col 1/¶3; p. 4/col 2/¶2; p. 5/col 2/¶4 2/Mackay/ p. 34/ “Deadly Chemicals” 4/SGR /p. 25/ col2/¶2 3/Harvard/ p.2/¶3/ figure
The Tobacco Atlas, 2002 Map 7: Health Inset: Deadly chemicals 100?
Key Point Smoking leads to diminished health status either by contributing to specific disease pathogenesis or by other nonspecific mechanisms. Background The pathological mechanisms of smoking include those specifically linked to the pathogenesis of diseases and those that are less specific. For example, smoking directly exposes lung cells to the potent mutagens and carcinogens which cause genetic changes in lung cells associated with lung cancer development. Smoking causes or contributes to endothelial injury and dysfunction, prothrombotic/fibrinolytic effects, inflammation, and adverse lipid profiles, which lead to cardiovascular disease. Finally, biological processes resulting in airway and alveolar injury and the accelerated decline in respiratory function caused by smoking contribute to the development of COPD. Reference 1. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004. Surgeon General: Lung/p 47/col 2/¶3; IHD/p 365/col1/¶2; p 366/col1/¶3; p367/col 1/¶2; p 368/col 1/¶3, Col 2, ¶4; COPD/p 463/col 2/¶2; p 464/Table 4.13 Surgeon General: p.615/col1/¶1; Lung/ p. 25/col 1/¶2; p 47/col 2/¶3; IHD/ p365/col1/ ¶2; p366/col1/ ¶3; p367/col 1/ ¶2; p 368/col 1/ ¶3, col. 2, ¶4; p. 371/ col 2/¶1 p. 626/col 1/¶2, COPD/ p. 27/col 2/#7; p 463/col 2/¶2; p 464/Table 4.13
Key Point Smoking is causally linked to a host of cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, and other conditions, as well as many types of cancer. The top 3 smoking attributable causes of death in the United States are lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Background In 2004, the US Surgeon General published a report on the health effects of active smoking, focusing specifically on the evidence for a causal relationship between smoking and disease and death. According to the research summarized in the report, many serious conditions are caused by smoking, including cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, and other conditions, as well as cancer affecting diverse areas and organs of the body. In addition to the widely-known consequences of lung cancer and respiratory disease, smoking has been causally linked to such diverse morbidities as low-bone density, nuclear cataract, bladder cancer, and reduced fertility. 1 Other studies have linked smoking to vascular dementia 2 and peripheral arterial disease. 3 These conditions can affect young and middle-aged smokers and, in general, as a smoker’s age increases, the frequency of smoking-caused diseases rises. 1 References 1. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004. 2. Roman GC. Vascular dementia prevention: a risk factor analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis . 2005;20(Suppl 2):91–100. 3. Willigendael EM, Teijink JA, Bartelink ML, et al. Influence of smoking on incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg . 2004;40:1158–1165. 4. Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Regional, disease specific patterns of smoking-attributable mortality in 2000. Tobacco Control . 2004;13:388–395. 1/SGR/p 4-8/Table 1.1; p 860/Table 7.3 2/Roman pg 91 abstract 3/Willigendael pg 1158 abstract 1/SGR/p. iii/¶3,4,5,6; p. 4-8/ Table 1.1 1/SGR/ p. 860/ Table 7.3 2/Roman pg 91 abstract 3/Willigendael pg 1158 abstract 4/Ezzati/ p. 388/ Abstract
Key Point Tobacco smoke exposure in women during pregnancy is associated with serious consequences for infants and children. Background Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy is associated with serious consequences for infants and children. Environmental smoke is associated with a 4-fold increased risk of low-birth weight and an increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). 1,2 Annually in the United States during the 1990s, 9700–18,600 cases of low-birth weight infants were related to secondhand smoke. 3 In addition, lung function may be impaired, 2 and a possible association with cognitive and developmental syndromes may exist. 1,4 References 1. Fagerström K. The epidemiology of smoking: health consequences and benefits of cessation. Drugs . 2002;62(Suppl 2):1–9. 2. Le Souef PN. Pediatric origins of adult lung diseases. 4. Tobacco related lung diseases begin in childhood. Thorax . 2000;55:1063–1067. 3. Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002. 4. Hellstrom-Lindahl E, Nordberg A. Smoking during pregnancy: a way to transfer the addiction to the next generation? Respiration . 2002;69:289–293. 1/Fagerstrom/p. 5/col 1/¶3. 2.Le Souef/p. 2/¶1-3. 3/Mackay/p 34. 4/Hellstrom/p289/abs 1/ Fagerstrom /p. 5/col 1/¶3. 2.Le Souef/p. 2/¶1-3. 3/Mackay/ p. 34. 1/ Fagerstrom /p. 5/col 1/¶3. 2.Le Souef/p. 2/¶1-3. 4/Hellstrom/p289/abs
Key Point Exposure to secondhand smoke is a serious health hazard; it increases lung cancer risk and worsens pre-existing respiratory diseases, including asthma, COPD, and emphysema. Background Secondhand smoke is a serious health hazard. According to the US Surgeon General’s 2006 report, there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke. 1 This recent report, as well as data from the World Health Organization, estimate exposure to secondhand smoke in nonsmokers increases lung cancer risk by 20%–30%. 1,2 In adults, secondhand smoke exposure may also worsen existing lung disease, such as asthma, COPD, and emphysema. 2 Environmental smoking can induce and exacerbate asthma in children and can cause middle ear disease and otitis media. 2 A study in 52 countries showed that secondhand smoke increases risks of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction. The risk was increased in a graded manner, and the effect was most marked in subjects who never smoked and former smokers. The overall attributable risk was 15.4% in subjects who never smoked but are exposed for ≥1 hour per week to secondhand smoke compared with those who never smoked and never were exposed. 3 The 2006 US Surgeon General’s report notes that secondhand smoke exposure increases the risk of heart disease by 25%–30% in nonsmokers. 1 References 1. US Department of Health & Human Services. News release, June 27, 2006; Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2006pres/20060627.html. Accessed July 10, 2006. 2. Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas . Second Ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006. 3. Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, et al. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study. Lancet . 2006;368:647–658. 1/USDDHS/p 1/¶1 2/Mackay/p 35 3/Teo/p 1/abstract 1/USDDHS/p 1/¶1 2/Mackay/p 35/figure; p 36/col 1 /¶2; p 37/lower figure 3/Teo/p 1/abstract
Key Point Nicotine stimulates dopamine release in areas of the brain which is believed to result in the reward and satisfaction effect associated with smoking. Background After inhalation, nicotine preferentially binds to nicotinic acetylcholinergic (nACh) receptors located in the mesolimbic-dopamine system of the brain within a matter of seconds. Nicotine specifically activates 4 β 2 nicotinic receptors in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) causing an immediate dopamine release at the Nucleus Accumbens (nAcc). 1 The dopamine release is believed to be a key component of the reward circuitry associated with cigarette smoking. 1 Reference 1. Picciotto MR, Zoli M, Changeux J. Use of knock-out mice to determine the molecular basis for the actions of nicotine. Nicotine Tob Res . 1999; Suppl 2:S121-125. 1/Picciotto, p. S121, para 1 1/Picciotto, p. S121, para 1
Key Point Nicotine stimulates dopamine release in areas of the brain which is believed to result in the reward and satisfaction effect associated with smoking. Background Nicotine activates 4 2 nicotinic receptors that are localized to the neuronal bodies and terminal axons of the cells in the ventral tegmental area. This activation thereafter causes dopamine release at the nucleus accumbens, which is believed to result in the short-term reward/satisfaction effect associated with cigarette smoking. Reference Picciotto MR, Zoli M, Changeux J. Use of knock-out mice to determine the molecular basis for the actions of nicotine. Nicotine Tob Res. 1999; Suppl 2:S121-S125. 1/Picciotto, p. S121, para 1 1/Picciotto, p. S121, para 1
Key Point Nicotine may cause up-regulation and desensitization of nicotinic receptors resulting in tolerance. Drops in nicotine levels in combination with up-regualtion and desentization can result in withdrawal and craving. Background Tolerance typically develops after longer-term nicotine use. Tolerance is related to both the up-regulation (increased number) and the desensitization of nicotinic receptors in the VTA that occurs as a result of long-term exposure to nicotine. A drop in nicotine level, in combination with the up-regulation and decreased sensitivity of the nicotinic receptor, can result in withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Smokers have the ability to self regulate nicotine intake by the frequency of cigarette consumption and the intensity of inhalation. In order to maintain a steady nicotine level, smokers generally titrate their smoking to achieve maximal stimulation and avoid symptoms of withdrawal and craving. References 1. Schroeder SA. What to do with a patient who smokes. JAMA. 2005;294:482-487. 2. Jarvis MJ. Why people smoke. BMJ . 2004;328:277-279. 2/Jarvis/ p 277, para 1 1/Schroeder/ p 483, col 2 para 1 1/Schroeder/ p 483, col 2 para 2 2/Jarvis/ p 277, para 1 1/Schroeder/ p 483, col 2 para 1 1/Schroeder/ p 483, col 2 para 2
Key Point Nicotine addiction is a cycle which begins with nicotine binding to receptors in the brain causing the release of dopamine which in turn results in feelings of pleasure and calmness. Background The distribution of nicotine is very rapid. It can reach the brain within 10 to 20 seconds after inhaling cigarette smoke. 1 The binding of nicotine to its relevant receptors results in the release of multiple neurotransmitters, most critically dopamine. The release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens neurons is thought to play a critical role in the addictive nature of nicotine. This release of dopamine requires binding of nicotine to 4 2 receptors. 1,2 Absorption of cigarette smoke from the lungs is rapid and complete, producing with each inhalation a high concentration of arterial nicotine that reaches the brain within 10 to 16 seconds. Nicotine has a terminal half-life in blood of 2 hours. Smokers therefore experience a pattern of repetitive and transient high blood nicotine concentrations from each cigarette. Nicotine’s activation of acetylcholinergic receptors induces the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. This is similar to the effect produced by other drugs of misuse, such as amphetamines and cocaine. The symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are a major barrier to smoking cessation. Smokers start to experience impairment of mood and performance within hours of their last cigarette. These effects are completely alleviated by smoking a cigarette. Withdrawal symptoms include irritability, restlessness, feeling miserable, impaired concentration, and increased appetite, as well as craving for cigarettes. Cravings, sometimes intense, can persist for many months. References Jarvis MJ. Why people smoke. BMJ . 2004;328:277-279. Picciotto MR, Zoli M, Changeux J. Use of knock-out mice to determine the molecular basis for the actions of nicotine. Nicotine Tob Res. 1999; Suppl 2:S121-S125. 1/Jarvis/ p 278, para 1 1/Jarvis/ p 278, para 1 1/Jarvis/ p 278, para 1 1/Jarvis/ p 278, para 2 1/Jarvis/ p 277, para 5 1/Jarvis/ p 278, para 1, 2, 3 1/Jarvis/ p 277, para 5 2/Picciotto, p. S121, para 1 2/Picciotto, p. S121, para 1
Key Point Quitting smoking reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. Background Quitting smoking substantially reduces the risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with CHD. A 2003 review of 9 electronic databases containing data from 1966 to 2003 for prospective cohort studies of patients with CHD, found that those who quit smoking had a 36% reduction in odds of all-cause mortality. 1 A reduction in risk of cardiac events is evident even among those who recently quit. In a German study of 967 patients aged 30–70 years who already had experienced an acute coronary event, Twardella et al found that the odds ratio (OR) for subsequent cardiovascular events decreased according to smoking status. Based on serum cotinine levels, patients were classified as never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. Patients who said they smoked but who were negative for cotinine were classified as recent quitters. Assigning an OR of 1.00 for current smokers, the OR for recent quitters was 0.71, 0.64 for former smokers, and 0.44 for those who never smoked. 2 References 1. Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review. JAMA . 2003;290:86–97. 2. Twardella D, Kupper-Nybelen J, Rothenbacher D, Hahmann H, Wusten B, Brenner H. Short-term benefit of smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: estimates based on self-reported smoking data and serum cotinine measurements. Eur Heart J . 2004;25:2101–2108. 1/Critchley/ p 86/abstract 2/Twardella/ p. 2106/ Table 4; p 2107/col 2/¶2 2/Twardella/ p. 2101/ abstract; p. 2102/ col 1/¶5; p. 2106/ Table 4 1/Critchley/ p 86/ abstract/p87 methods