The document discusses the life cycle and pathogenesis of malaria parasites. It notes that malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite called Plasmodium, which includes four species that commonly infect humans. The life cycle involves an asexual reproductive phase in humans and a sexual phase in mosquitos. In humans, the parasite reproduces in the liver and blood, infecting and destroying red blood cells, and clinical symptoms occur during the blood stage. Relapses can happen months later from dormant liver stages of P. vivax and P. ovale.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms like fever and flu-like illness in cycles of 48-72 hours. It is a major global health problem in tropical and subtropical regions, causing over 2.7 million deaths per year. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs, while control relies on preventing mosquito bites through measures like indoor spraying, mosquito nets, and reducing mosquito breeding sites.
This document provides an overview of protozoa and specifically discusses Entamoeba histolytica. It begins with the basic structure and functions of protozoa including the cytoplasm, nucleus, nutrition, respiration, excretion, and locomotion. It then focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical signs. The key points covered are the trophozoite, precyst and cyst stages of E. histolytica; its transmission through ingestion of cysts and disease manifestations of intestinal or extra-intestinal amoebiasis.
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their characteristics, morphology, types, reproduction methods, diseases they cause, and drugs used to treat protozoa infections. It defines protozoa as unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and describes their ectoplasm and endoplasm layers. The document classifies protozoa into four main types - flagellates, ciliates, sarcodina, and sporozoates - and provides examples of diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan species, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis. It also lists some common antiprotozoal drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, and metronid
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342360535
DISASTER MANAGEMENT Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Method · June 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13488.99842
CITATIONS
4
READS
127,469
1 author:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Proposing Kenyan guidelines for installation of portable smoke detectors View project
Benard Lango Disaster Management Projects Series: Nairobi, Kenya View project
Benard Lango
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
56 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Benard Lango on 22 June 2020.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
BY
DR. BENARD LANGO
Benard.lango@gmail.com
Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Disaster Management – Compiled Lecture Notes: Dr. Benard Lango 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................4
1. 0 Common Terminologies.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Characteristics of Disasters.................................................................................................................5
1.3 Types of Disasters...............................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Natural Disasters..........................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Human-Made Disasters................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Incidences of Mass Trauma..........................................................................................................7
1.4 Differences between Emergencies and Disasters...............................................................................7
1.5 Disaster Management Life Cycle.........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2:RISKS AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT........................................................................10
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Hazards and Hazard Assessment ......................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Common Types of Hazards ........................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Hazard Control ...........................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Hazard Classification ...............................................................
Plasmodium are protozoan parasites that cause malaria. They have a complex life cycle that alternates between mosquito and vertebrate hosts. In vertebrates, Plasmodium parasites infect liver cells and erythrocytes, multiplying asexually before differentiating into male and female sexual forms. When ingested by a mosquito during a blood meal, the parasites fuse and multiply, forming invasive sporozoites that can infect a new vertebrate host and continue the cycle. Five Plasmodium species infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most lethal cause of malaria. Hundreds of other Plasmodium species infect other mammals, birds, and lizards.
This document provides information about protozoa, helminths, and parthenogenesis. It discusses the characteristics, morphology, nutrition, reproduction, diseases caused by, and treatments for protozoa. It also covers the classification, characteristics, diseases caused by, and treatments for helminths. Finally, it defines and describes different types of parthenogenesis such as natural vs artificial and apomictic vs automictic parthenogenesis. It notes some organisms that commonly exhibit parthenogenesis and the significance of this reproductive strategy.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms like fever and flu-like illness in cycles of 48-72 hours. It is a major global health problem in tropical and subtropical regions, causing over 2.7 million deaths per year. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs, while control relies on preventing mosquito bites through measures like indoor spraying, mosquito nets, and reducing mosquito breeding sites.
This document provides an overview of protozoa and specifically discusses Entamoeba histolytica. It begins with the basic structure and functions of protozoa including the cytoplasm, nucleus, nutrition, respiration, excretion, and locomotion. It then focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical signs. The key points covered are the trophozoite, precyst and cyst stages of E. histolytica; its transmission through ingestion of cysts and disease manifestations of intestinal or extra-intestinal amoebiasis.
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their characteristics, morphology, types, reproduction methods, diseases they cause, and drugs used to treat protozoa infections. It defines protozoa as unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and describes their ectoplasm and endoplasm layers. The document classifies protozoa into four main types - flagellates, ciliates, sarcodina, and sporozoates - and provides examples of diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan species, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis. It also lists some common antiprotozoal drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, and metronid
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342360535
DISASTER MANAGEMENT Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Method · June 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13488.99842
CITATIONS
4
READS
127,469
1 author:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Proposing Kenyan guidelines for installation of portable smoke detectors View project
Benard Lango Disaster Management Projects Series: Nairobi, Kenya View project
Benard Lango
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
56 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Benard Lango on 22 June 2020.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
BY
DR. BENARD LANGO
Benard.lango@gmail.com
Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Disaster Management – Compiled Lecture Notes: Dr. Benard Lango 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................4
1. 0 Common Terminologies.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Characteristics of Disasters.................................................................................................................5
1.3 Types of Disasters...............................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Natural Disasters..........................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Human-Made Disasters................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Incidences of Mass Trauma..........................................................................................................7
1.4 Differences between Emergencies and Disasters...............................................................................7
1.5 Disaster Management Life Cycle.........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2:RISKS AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT........................................................................10
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Hazards and Hazard Assessment ......................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Common Types of Hazards ........................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Hazard Control ...........................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Hazard Classification ...............................................................
Plasmodium are protozoan parasites that cause malaria. They have a complex life cycle that alternates between mosquito and vertebrate hosts. In vertebrates, Plasmodium parasites infect liver cells and erythrocytes, multiplying asexually before differentiating into male and female sexual forms. When ingested by a mosquito during a blood meal, the parasites fuse and multiply, forming invasive sporozoites that can infect a new vertebrate host and continue the cycle. Five Plasmodium species infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most lethal cause of malaria. Hundreds of other Plasmodium species infect other mammals, birds, and lizards.
This document provides information about protozoa, helminths, and parthenogenesis. It discusses the characteristics, morphology, nutrition, reproduction, diseases caused by, and treatments for protozoa. It also covers the classification, characteristics, diseases caused by, and treatments for helminths. Finally, it defines and describes different types of parthenogenesis such as natural vs artificial and apomictic vs automictic parthenogenesis. It notes some organisms that commonly exhibit parthenogenesis and the significance of this reproductive strategy.
introduction to protozoa.pptx medical parasitologyosmanolow
Medical parasitology traditionally has included the study of three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, parasitic helminths (worms), and those arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens. A parasite is a pathogen that simultaneously injures and derives sustenance from its host
This document provides a detailed overview of malaria, including:
1. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and is a major public health problem in warm climates, especially developing countries. It commonly affects children under 5.
2. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving human and mosquito hosts. Mosquitoes transmit the parasite during blood feeding, with the parasite multiplying in the liver and red blood cells.
3. Clinical features range from asymptomatic infection to severe disease depending on transmission level and host immunity. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and anemia. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent progression to severe malaria.
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Malaria pathogenesis and reason for drug resistantanceAbino David
This document discusses the malaria parasite life cycle and pathogenesis of malaria. It describes the four Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans, their life cycles involving both human and mosquito hosts, as well as pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of infection. It also discusses drug resistance in malaria parasites, factors contributing to resistance, and strategies to reduce the emergence of resistance.
The document summarizes key information about the phylum Sporozoa, including its general characteristics as obligate intracellular protozoa that lack motile organelles. It describes the complex life cycles of sporozoans, which involve both sexual and asexual reproduction. Three major parasitic species are discussed in depth: Sarcocystis, which causes sarcocystosis in humans and livestock; Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis; and Plasmodium, the protozoan genus that includes the human malaria parasites. For each species, the document outlines their hosts, life cycles, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
- Protists are a diverse group of mostly single-celled eukaryotes that are classified into several different kingdoms.
- They exhibit an enormous diversity of structures and metabolic capabilities, including photosynthesis, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy.
- Common protist groups discussed in the document include protozoa, alveolates, stramenopiles, and chlorophytes. Many important parasites are protists, including those that cause malaria, African sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease.
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motility is provided by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. They ingest food and can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding or sexually through conjugation or gamete fusion. Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it evades the immune system by hiding in the liver and red blood cells, where it consumes hemoglobin and reproduces asexually.
1. The document discusses several groups of medically important protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa. It provides examples of pathogenic species within each group and where in the human body they typically cause infection.
2. Key aspects of protozoan infections are described such as transmission, which can occur through fecal-oral or insect routes, and pathogenesis, where protozoa attach to tissues and release toxic products to evade the immune system.
3. Classification of medically relevant protozoa is outlined based on morphology and locomotion. Genera are also grouped by the body sites typically infected such as the intestinal tract, urogenital tract,
This document provides an introduction to protozoology, the study of protozoa. It discusses the key characteristics of protozoa including their morphology, occurrence in different habitats, modes of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, life cycles, classification, medical importance as pathogens, mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis, and approaches to treatment with antiprotozoal agents. The document serves as an overview of protozoa with a focus on those that are medically relevant.
This document provides an overview of parasitology and summarizes key information about parasitic protozoans. It describes the life cycles of various protozoans including their modes of reproduction (e.g. fission, budding), hosts, and transmission. Representative parasitic protozoans are grouped by their structures and include flagellates like Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, amoeboid forms like Entamoeba histolytica, ciliates like Balantidium coli, and sporozoans like Plasmodium species which cause malaria. Details are provided on the life cycles and pathogenesis of several important protozoan parasites.
This document summarizes a review article on the reproductive toxic effects of pyrethroid pesticides in non-target species. The review finds that pyrethroid exposure decreases fertility in both sexes by disrupting endocrine function and steroid hormone levels. It decreases sperm counts and increases fetal mortality in females mated with exposed males. Histopathological examination found abnormalities in testes, epididymis and ovaries after pyrethroid exposure. The review concludes that pyrethroids impair reproduction in animals and vitamin E may help prevent some toxic effects due to its antioxidant properties.
1. Amebiasis is caused by infection with Entamoeba histolytica, which exists in infective cysts or invasive trophozoite forms.
2. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treatment as it acts on both luminal and tissue trophozoites.
3. Metronidazole is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine, with potential adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, and neurological effects.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin and nerves. It is diagnosed based on finding definite loss of sensation in skin patches. Treatment involves multidrug therapy, with regimens depending on the classification of the patient as paucibacillary or multibacillary. Common drugs used include dapsone, clofazimine, rifampin, and ofloxacin. Side effects of the drugs include liver toxicity, rash, and peripheral neuropathy.
This document provides information on the epidemiology of malaria. It discusses that malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects around 515 million people annually, killing between 1-3 million mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa. The highest mortality is associated with P. falciparum infections. It also outlines the complex life cycle of the malaria parasite in both mosquito and human hosts and discusses the history, treatment, and global burden of malaria.
This document discusses protozoa and includes the following key points:
1. It provides diagrams of different types of protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and heliozoans.
2. It discusses the life cycles, modes of nutrition, and environmental factors affecting various protozoa.
3. It explains the importance of protozoa in soil fertility, wastewater treatment, and breaking down pollutants like oil spills by grazing on bacteria.
1. The document discusses how zoology provides an essential foundation for understanding modern biological research, like genomics and parasitic diseases. It gives examples of how studying the taxonomy and biology of schistosomes and body lice has helped answer interesting evolutionary questions.
2. It then focuses on schistosomes, parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis. Genomic studies have helped reveal genes involved in the parasite's complex lifecycle and ability to infect different hosts. However, drug resistance requires identifying new drug targets.
3. It also discusses how genomic analysis of the body louse determined that humans began regularly wearing clothing, by tracing the evolutionary divergence of head and body lice.
The document discusses malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It covers the introduction, history, epidemiology, morphology, life cycle, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of malaria. Malaria remains a major public health problem, with over 200 million cases estimated in 2012 by the WHO, especially in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The parasite is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and has a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts.
This document provides information about malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes symptoms like fever and chills.
- The life cycle involves the parasite infecting the liver, multiplying in red blood cells, and being transmitted between mosquitoes and humans. Some parasites can lie dormant in the liver.
- Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy identification of parasite stages. Treatment involves chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies depending on parasite resistance. Complications can include cerebral malaria, breathing issues, organ failure or low blood sugar.
Peptic ulcer disease is a common disorder affecting millions worldwide. Major advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology, particularly the role of Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori if present, discontinuing NSAIDs if possible, and using antisecretory drugs like PPIs or H2 blockers to heal ulcers. PPIs are more potent acid inhibitors than H2 blockers and are effective in treating peptic ulcers.
introduction to protozoa.pptx medical parasitologyosmanolow
Medical parasitology traditionally has included the study of three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, parasitic helminths (worms), and those arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens. A parasite is a pathogen that simultaneously injures and derives sustenance from its host
This document provides a detailed overview of malaria, including:
1. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and is a major public health problem in warm climates, especially developing countries. It commonly affects children under 5.
2. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving human and mosquito hosts. Mosquitoes transmit the parasite during blood feeding, with the parasite multiplying in the liver and red blood cells.
3. Clinical features range from asymptomatic infection to severe disease depending on transmission level and host immunity. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and anemia. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent progression to severe malaria.
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Malaria pathogenesis and reason for drug resistantanceAbino David
This document discusses the malaria parasite life cycle and pathogenesis of malaria. It describes the four Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans, their life cycles involving both human and mosquito hosts, as well as pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of infection. It also discusses drug resistance in malaria parasites, factors contributing to resistance, and strategies to reduce the emergence of resistance.
The document summarizes key information about the phylum Sporozoa, including its general characteristics as obligate intracellular protozoa that lack motile organelles. It describes the complex life cycles of sporozoans, which involve both sexual and asexual reproduction. Three major parasitic species are discussed in depth: Sarcocystis, which causes sarcocystosis in humans and livestock; Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis; and Plasmodium, the protozoan genus that includes the human malaria parasites. For each species, the document outlines their hosts, life cycles, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
- Protists are a diverse group of mostly single-celled eukaryotes that are classified into several different kingdoms.
- They exhibit an enormous diversity of structures and metabolic capabilities, including photosynthesis, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy.
- Common protist groups discussed in the document include protozoa, alveolates, stramenopiles, and chlorophytes. Many important parasites are protists, including those that cause malaria, African sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease.
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motility is provided by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. They ingest food and can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding or sexually through conjugation or gamete fusion. Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it evades the immune system by hiding in the liver and red blood cells, where it consumes hemoglobin and reproduces asexually.
1. The document discusses several groups of medically important protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa. It provides examples of pathogenic species within each group and where in the human body they typically cause infection.
2. Key aspects of protozoan infections are described such as transmission, which can occur through fecal-oral or insect routes, and pathogenesis, where protozoa attach to tissues and release toxic products to evade the immune system.
3. Classification of medically relevant protozoa is outlined based on morphology and locomotion. Genera are also grouped by the body sites typically infected such as the intestinal tract, urogenital tract,
This document provides an introduction to protozoology, the study of protozoa. It discusses the key characteristics of protozoa including their morphology, occurrence in different habitats, modes of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, life cycles, classification, medical importance as pathogens, mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis, and approaches to treatment with antiprotozoal agents. The document serves as an overview of protozoa with a focus on those that are medically relevant.
This document provides an overview of parasitology and summarizes key information about parasitic protozoans. It describes the life cycles of various protozoans including their modes of reproduction (e.g. fission, budding), hosts, and transmission. Representative parasitic protozoans are grouped by their structures and include flagellates like Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, amoeboid forms like Entamoeba histolytica, ciliates like Balantidium coli, and sporozoans like Plasmodium species which cause malaria. Details are provided on the life cycles and pathogenesis of several important protozoan parasites.
This document summarizes a review article on the reproductive toxic effects of pyrethroid pesticides in non-target species. The review finds that pyrethroid exposure decreases fertility in both sexes by disrupting endocrine function and steroid hormone levels. It decreases sperm counts and increases fetal mortality in females mated with exposed males. Histopathological examination found abnormalities in testes, epididymis and ovaries after pyrethroid exposure. The review concludes that pyrethroids impair reproduction in animals and vitamin E may help prevent some toxic effects due to its antioxidant properties.
1. Amebiasis is caused by infection with Entamoeba histolytica, which exists in infective cysts or invasive trophozoite forms.
2. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treatment as it acts on both luminal and tissue trophozoites.
3. Metronidazole is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine, with potential adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, and neurological effects.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin and nerves. It is diagnosed based on finding definite loss of sensation in skin patches. Treatment involves multidrug therapy, with regimens depending on the classification of the patient as paucibacillary or multibacillary. Common drugs used include dapsone, clofazimine, rifampin, and ofloxacin. Side effects of the drugs include liver toxicity, rash, and peripheral neuropathy.
This document provides information on the epidemiology of malaria. It discusses that malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects around 515 million people annually, killing between 1-3 million mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa. The highest mortality is associated with P. falciparum infections. It also outlines the complex life cycle of the malaria parasite in both mosquito and human hosts and discusses the history, treatment, and global burden of malaria.
This document discusses protozoa and includes the following key points:
1. It provides diagrams of different types of protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and heliozoans.
2. It discusses the life cycles, modes of nutrition, and environmental factors affecting various protozoa.
3. It explains the importance of protozoa in soil fertility, wastewater treatment, and breaking down pollutants like oil spills by grazing on bacteria.
1. The document discusses how zoology provides an essential foundation for understanding modern biological research, like genomics and parasitic diseases. It gives examples of how studying the taxonomy and biology of schistosomes and body lice has helped answer interesting evolutionary questions.
2. It then focuses on schistosomes, parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis. Genomic studies have helped reveal genes involved in the parasite's complex lifecycle and ability to infect different hosts. However, drug resistance requires identifying new drug targets.
3. It also discusses how genomic analysis of the body louse determined that humans began regularly wearing clothing, by tracing the evolutionary divergence of head and body lice.
The document discusses malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It covers the introduction, history, epidemiology, morphology, life cycle, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of malaria. Malaria remains a major public health problem, with over 200 million cases estimated in 2012 by the WHO, especially in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The parasite is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and has a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts.
This document provides information about malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes symptoms like fever and chills.
- The life cycle involves the parasite infecting the liver, multiplying in red blood cells, and being transmitted between mosquitoes and humans. Some parasites can lie dormant in the liver.
- Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy identification of parasite stages. Treatment involves chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies depending on parasite resistance. Complications can include cerebral malaria, breathing issues, organ failure or low blood sugar.
Peptic ulcer disease is a common disorder affecting millions worldwide. Major advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology, particularly the role of Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori if present, discontinuing NSAIDs if possible, and using antisecretory drugs like PPIs or H2 blockers to heal ulcers. PPIs are more potent acid inhibitors than H2 blockers and are effective in treating peptic ulcers.
The document discusses the structure and functions of cells. It states that cells are the basic unit of life and are organized into three main regions: the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. The nucleus contains genetic material and controls the cell. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out metabolic functions. The plasma membrane acts as a barrier and controls what enters and exits the cell. Materials are transported across the membrane through passive diffusion or active transport processes that require energy.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and respiratory tract mucosa. There are three main types of leprosy - lepromatous, tuberculoid, and borderline. Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nerves to check for sensation loss in patches. Treatment depends on whether a patient has paucibacillary or multibacillary leprosy. Common drugs used include dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampin.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It is a leading cause of death worldwide, killing over 3 million people per year. TB is transmitted through the air when people with active TB disease cough, sneeze, or laugh. While most people who are exposed to TB do not become infected, those who do can develop either latent TB infection or active TB disease. Treatment for latent TB infection and active TB disease involves taking antibiotic medications for several months.
1) The document discusses several antibiotics including tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolide antibiotics.
2) It describes how each antibiotic works, providing details on their mechanisms of action at the ribosomal level to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
3) For each antibiotic, it also summarizes their antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and common adverse effects.
1) Tetracyclines are a class of broad spectrum antibiotics originally obtained from soil bacteria.
2) They work by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria through preventing aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the A site on the 30S ribosome.
3) Tetracyclines are effective against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but have side effects like gastrointestinal upset, photosensitivity, and tooth staining.
The document discusses various classes of beta-lactam antibiotics including penicillins and cephalosporins. It describes the structure and properties of different generations of penicillins and cephalosporins. Examples such as penicillin G, methicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, piperacillin, and various cephalosporins are explained in terms of their antibacterial spectrum, pharmacological properties, clinical uses and adverse effects.
1) Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing.
2) The inflammation is caused by a variety of inflammatory cells like mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes which release mediators that cause bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness.
3) Symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves lung function tests and demonstration of improvement after bronchodilator treatment.
Sulfonamides are a class of antibacterial drugs that were first discovered in the 1930s. They work by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, blocking the synthesis of folic acid and slowing bacterial growth. Common sulfonamides include sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine, and silver sulfadiazine for topical use. Adverse effects can include crystalluria, hematuria, hemolytic anemia, and hypersensitivity reactions. Sulfonamides remain widely used due to their low cost and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.
The document discusses different classes of metabolic pathways that can be targeted by antimicrobial drugs. Class I reactions involve glucose metabolism and are not promising targets as bacteria can use alternative carbon sources. Class II reactions involve small molecule synthesis and some pathways only exist in microbes, making them better targets. Class III reactions like peptidoglycan synthesis, protein synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis are particularly good targets as bacteria must produce these molecules themselves. The document then provides more details on mechanisms of several antimicrobial drugs that target bacterial cell wall, protein and DNA/RNA synthesis.
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