This document summarizes a review article on the reproductive toxic effects of pyrethroid pesticides in non-target species. The review finds that pyrethroid exposure decreases fertility in both sexes by disrupting endocrine function and steroid hormone levels. It decreases sperm counts and increases fetal mortality in females mated with exposed males. Histopathological examination found abnormalities in testes, epididymis and ovaries after pyrethroid exposure. The review concludes that pyrethroids impair reproduction in animals and vitamin E may help prevent some toxic effects due to its antioxidant properties.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
Avs significant achievements and present status of trichoderma spp. inAMOL SHITOLE
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the significant achievements and present status of Trichoderma spp. in biocontrol of plant diseases.
The summary includes:
1) Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi commonly used as biocontrol agents due to their ability to control plant pathogens through competition, mycoparasitism, and induced resistance.
2) Mutation induction using physical and chemical mutagens has been used to improve the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. by impacting their morphological, biochemical, and mycoparasitic properties.
3) Studies presented show mutants exhibiting increased growth, sporulation, antibiotic production, and tolerance to stress
The document discusses a study on the effect of different carbon sources on the production of hydrolytic enzymes in Trichoderma sp strains T13 and T14 and their ability to act as mycoparasites. Key findings include:
- Chitin was found to induce maximum production of chitinase, protease and beta-glucanase enzymes.
- T. reesei was able to produce hydrolytic enzymes like chitinase, protease and beta-glucanase when grown in soil in the presence of various fungal pathogens like Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil-dwelling bacterium that produces crystal proteins during sporulation that have insecticidal properties. Different Bt strains produce different crystal proteins that are toxic to various insect orders. The crystals are ingested by insect larvae and the toxins bind to receptors in the gut, forming pores that cause cell death. Bt is commonly used as a biological insecticide and its genes have been inserted into genetically modified crops, providing resistance against insect pests.
Bacillus thrungenesis (BT) is a type of bacteria which secrete a special type of toxin which can kill specific type of pest and insects.
in case of any question contact me at zain_bbt@yahoo.com
Biological Control Mechanism- by KanishKanish Sarker
Fluorescent pseudomonads can be used as biological control agents against plant pathogens through several mechanisms. They produce siderophores like pyoverdin and pyochelin that compete with pathogens for iron. Secondary metabolites like 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), pyrrolnitrin, and phenazines also inhibit pathogens. Some fluorescent pseudomonads induce systemic resistance in plants via the jasmonic acid/ethylene pathway. Understanding the regulation of traits involved in biological control can help improve the use of fluorescent pseudomonads as sustainable alternatives to chemicals for controlling plant diseases.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
Avs significant achievements and present status of trichoderma spp. inAMOL SHITOLE
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the significant achievements and present status of Trichoderma spp. in biocontrol of plant diseases.
The summary includes:
1) Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi commonly used as biocontrol agents due to their ability to control plant pathogens through competition, mycoparasitism, and induced resistance.
2) Mutation induction using physical and chemical mutagens has been used to improve the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. by impacting their morphological, biochemical, and mycoparasitic properties.
3) Studies presented show mutants exhibiting increased growth, sporulation, antibiotic production, and tolerance to stress
The document discusses a study on the effect of different carbon sources on the production of hydrolytic enzymes in Trichoderma sp strains T13 and T14 and their ability to act as mycoparasites. Key findings include:
- Chitin was found to induce maximum production of chitinase, protease and beta-glucanase enzymes.
- T. reesei was able to produce hydrolytic enzymes like chitinase, protease and beta-glucanase when grown in soil in the presence of various fungal pathogens like Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil-dwelling bacterium that produces crystal proteins during sporulation that have insecticidal properties. Different Bt strains produce different crystal proteins that are toxic to various insect orders. The crystals are ingested by insect larvae and the toxins bind to receptors in the gut, forming pores that cause cell death. Bt is commonly used as a biological insecticide and its genes have been inserted into genetically modified crops, providing resistance against insect pests.
Bacillus thrungenesis (BT) is a type of bacteria which secrete a special type of toxin which can kill specific type of pest and insects.
in case of any question contact me at zain_bbt@yahoo.com
Biological Control Mechanism- by KanishKanish Sarker
Fluorescent pseudomonads can be used as biological control agents against plant pathogens through several mechanisms. They produce siderophores like pyoverdin and pyochelin that compete with pathogens for iron. Secondary metabolites like 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), pyrrolnitrin, and phenazines also inhibit pathogens. Some fluorescent pseudomonads induce systemic resistance in plants via the jasmonic acid/ethylene pathway. Understanding the regulation of traits involved in biological control can help improve the use of fluorescent pseudomonads as sustainable alternatives to chemicals for controlling plant diseases.
This document provides an overview of insect biotypes and their management. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of a biotype as a group of insects with similar genetics. Biotypes can develop when insect pests evolve in response to selective pressures from insect-resistant crop varieties. Factors that can lead to biotype development include selection pressure from resistant crops and improper management practices. Studying biotypes is important for breeding resistant crop varieties and insect pest control. Several methods are described for detecting biotypes, and examples of biotypes in important pests like brown plant hopper, rice gall midge, and whitefly are provided. The document concludes with a discussion of management strategies to address biotype development such as gene pyramiding
This document discusses insect-resistant crops, including how genes from microorganisms, plants, and animals can confer insect resistance when introduced into crop plants. It covers various types of insect-resistant crops like Bt corn, rice, and cotton that have been commercialized. While insect-resistant crops can reduce pesticide usage, some have concerns about their safety and impact. The technology continues to advance as new genes are discovered and combined to target more pests and prevent insect resistance.
The fungus genus Trichoderma contains opportunistic species that display various interactions with other fungi, plants, and animals. They are commonly found in soil and on decaying wood. Genomic analyses of Trichoderma species reveal genes for extracellular enzymes that allow them to live saprotrophically on dead organic matter or biotrophically through mycoparasitism of other fungi. Many Trichoderma species can also interact beneficially with plants through biocontrol of pathogens or stimulation of plant growth. Their diverse lifestyles are supported by environmental opportunism and an ability to switch between saprotrophic and biotrophic interactions through mycotrophy.
Biocontrol of pathogens using siderophores, antibiotics, enzymes FOR STUDENTS...thirupathiSathya
biocontrol of pathogens by using siderophores, enzymes, antibiotics.
siderophores: iron seequestering molecules
bacteria producing siderophores more tightly binded than fungi producing siderophores
Antibiotics: some organism producing antibiotic is sensitive to other organism eg, fungi producing antibiotic penicillin is sensitive to bacteria
Enzymes: organism producing enzymes like glucanase, chitinase are able to degrade the fungal cell walls ..
by using these theme recombinant method is employed to degrade specific organism in a particular aspects.
Fungal biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp. can induce systemic resistance in plants against pathogens through several mechanisms. They compete with pathogens for space and nutrients, produce antibiotics, or act as mycoparasites against other fungi. Trichoderma elicits plant defenses by inducing the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes. Case studies showed Trichoderma reduced disease severity in cotton, barley, and maize by triggering the plants' terpenoid defenses or increasing their tolerance to salt and drought stress. Fungal biocontrol is an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemicals for managing plant diseases.
Biotechnological approach to develop insect resistant cropsNafizur Rahman
This document discusses developing insect resistance in crops using biotechnological approaches. It describes how some plants have natural mechanisms of insect resistance by secreting toxic chemicals. Current strategies to develop insect resistance include using microbial proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, which are inserted into plant genomes using recombinant DNA techniques. The mechanisms of Bt toxins are described, including how they bind to receptors in insect guts and cause cell death. Advantages of Bt crops include reduced need for insecticides and improved pest management. However, there is a risk that insects may develop resistance to Bt toxins over time from repeated exposure.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Study of antagonistic capability of trichoderma harzianum isolates against so...AL-kitab university -IRAQ
This study evaluated the antagonistic potential of two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum against seven soil-borne pathogenic fungi. In dual culture tests, T. harzianum isolate T2 showed the highest inhibitory effect against the pathogens, reducing their mycelial growth by 45.99% on average. Alternaria sp. was most inhibited by T2 at 51.18%. Volatile metabolites from T2 were also effective at inhibiting pathogen growth. Non-volatile metabolites collected from T2 cultures at different time periods and concentrations inhibited pathogen mycelial growth, with the highest (100%) concentration having the greatest effect. Microscopic analysis revealed T2 interacting with and inhibiting the pathogens through mechanisms like coiling around their
This document discusses the development of herbicide resistant crops through various techniques like seed mutagenesis, genetic engineering, and traditional plant breeding. It provides details on the mechanisms of herbicide resistance like target site mutations and methods that have led to commercial crops resistant to herbicides like glyphosate and imidazolinones. Examples are given of crops developed through these techniques like glyphosate resistant soybean and imidazolinone resistant wheat and lentils. The document also discusses the current widespread use of herbicide resistant crops and potential issues like the rise of herbicide resistant weeds.
Transgenic plants for insect resistance (review)Jiya Ali
Transgenic plants can be engineered for insect resistance using two main approaches. The first involves introducing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that code for delta endotoxins toxic to insects. The second uses plant-derived genes encoding proteins like protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases that interfere with insect growth. While Bt crops were first commercialized in the 1990s, research continues to identify new insecticidal genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants to combat evolving insect resistance and protect crops. Field testing of transgenic plants is needed to evaluate new gene sources and potential for controlling agricultural insect pests over the long term.
Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
This document discusses the commercial formulation of Pseudomonas bacteria. It begins by describing the characteristics of Pseudomonas, which are aerobic, gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil and water. It then discusses the formulation process, defining it as blending active ingredients like bacterial strains with inert carriers. The ideal formulation is stable, non-toxic, and maintains viable cell counts. Common carriers discussed include organic materials like farm waste and inorganic materials like vermiculite. Formulations can be powders or liquids. A case study evaluates different application methods of a Pseudomonas fluorescens formulation on rice to control bacterial leaf blight disease.
Management of root knot nematode affecting banana crop by using organic amend...Alexander Decker
1) The study evaluated the effectiveness of various organic amendments and biological products (Biocompost, Ricinus communis Powder, their combination, and Paecilomyces lilacinus-based bionematicide) against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica affecting banana crops.
2) All the treatments significantly reduced nematode density and gall index, and improved plant growth compared to the control. Ricinus communis powder was the most effective at suppressing the nematode population and enhancing plant growth.
3) The treatments likely reduced nematodes through multiple mechanisms including nematicidal compounds released during decomposition and increased beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Ricinus communis contains toxic
This document discusses the use of plant-derived genes for insect resistance. It focuses on two proteins: cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) and alpha-amylase inhibitor. CpTI inhibits the enzyme trypsin in insect digestive systems, interfering with growth and potentially causing death. Alpha-amylase inhibitor provides resistance by targeting the amylase enzyme. The document outlines past research transferring these genes to other plants like tobacco and beans to develop insect-resistant crops without chemicals. It also discusses the need to identify new insecticidal genes and proteins from sources like bacteria to control pests in a sustainable manner over the long term.
brief presentation about the environmental and health issues associated with transgenic crops
or
impact of transgenic crops or GMO crops on environment and health
Nematode effector proteins play a key role in plant parasitism. Effectors are secretory proteins that alter host cells to suppress defenses and facilitate infection. They are synthesized in gland cells and injected into plants through the stylet. Effectors can have different targets, such as modifying the cell wall, altering metabolism or hormone signaling, and suppressing immunity. Characterizing effectors provides insights into plant responses and resistance mechanisms. Recent studies have identified effectors that interact with components of auxin signaling or the NADPH oxidase complex to promote parasitism. Going forward, RNA interference targeting important nematode genes holds promise for developing resistant crop varieties.
Hi there,
This was topic on which I presented a talk in our department. As we know Insecticide such as pyrethroids are being most widely used for controlling insect pest in agriculture because of their safe, cheap, effective and long-lasting nature (Bulter et al. 2011). However, the widespread development of insecticide resistance, especially resistance to pyrethroid and the fact that resistance to an insecticide generally confers cross-resistance to other insecticides has become a serious problem challenging the control of agriculturally, economically, and medically important insect pests and resulting in increase of insect vector-borne diseases in many parts of the world (Zaim 2002; Bulter 2011). Three major mechanisms are involved in insecticide resistance: (1) increased metabolic detoxification of insecticides; (2) decreased sensitivity of the target proteins on which an insecticide acts, known as target site insensitivity; and (3) decreased cuticular penetration/or increased sequestration/storage.
Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)Cry protein is one of the most effective biopesticides that can act against a large group of insect orders like Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera etc. But through the course of evolution insects have developed resistance so that they can combat against Bt. Mutation(s) in the target site; reduced protease activity; sequestration of toxin molecules; mutations in the ABCC2 transporter protein are few mechanisms which govern resistance in insects against Cry protein. Therefore, it has become prime importance to understand the molecular basis of insect resistance and what could be the strategies by which the efficacy of the Cry protein can be enhanced. The strategies for improving the efficacy of Cry toxin are (i) Expression of chitinase gene along with Cry toxins; (ii) Expression of hybrid toxin; (iii) Introduction of intramolecular cleavage sites. The insects have developed resistance against different groups of Cry proteins such as Cry2Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab etc. But the relative fitness (such as larval and pupal weight, pupal duration, and survival rate, etc.) in resistant larvae is much lower than the susceptible larvae because of genetic changes in insects. One of such genes that affects the relative fitness in Helicoverpa armigera is death associated LIM only protein (Ha-DALP) which is basically involved in cell signalling, cell fate determination, transcriptional regulation of gene expression etc.
This document discusses how organisms interact in their environment through communication. It focuses on nematodes and their use of chemical signals called semiochemicals. Nematodes have developed a sophisticated chemical language to organize their communities using pheromones, allomones, synomones and kairomones. The document examines nematode nervous systems, chemosensory organs, the role of age and other factors on attractants, and examples of nematode communication such as attraction to hosts, fungi, and responses to sex pheromones. It discusses recent research findings on quorum sensing and chemical mating cues in C. elegans.
Plants have evolved various constitutive and induced defense strategies against herbivores. Constitutive defenses include physical defenses like thorns and trichomes as well as chemical defenses like alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Induced defenses are activated in response to herbivore attack and can be direct like proteinase inhibitors or indirect like releasing volatile signals to attract natural enemies of herbivores. Key phytohormones like jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediate induced defense responses by activating genes related to toxins, repellents, and signal production. Understanding these plant defense mechanisms could help develop new ecofriendly pest management approaches for agriculture.
This document provides an overview of BT cotton, including its history, mechanism, pros, cons, and future perspectives. BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to protect against bollworms. It was first developed in 1996 and introduced commercially. The document discusses how BT cotton provides insect resistance through cry proteins that target the larvae of moths and butterflies. It notes several pros, such as increased yields and reduced environmental pollution from pesticides, but also some cons like high costs and potential issues from overuse. The future of BT cotton appears promising with new hybrids in development that address additional issues like drought tolerance.
This document discusses ionizing radiation and its effects on the human body. It begins by defining ionizing radiation and differentiating it from non-ionizing radiation. It then describes the primary types of ionizing radiation and their sources. The effects of radiation exposure are outlined, including the prodromal, latent, and manifest illness phases. Various radiation-induced syndromes are defined based on radiation dose. Guidelines are provided for clinical dosimetry and the definitive medical management of radiation exposure, including infection prevention, hematological support, and bone marrow regeneration techniques. Long term surveillance is recommended for potential late effects such as cancer development.
This document defines premature ovarian failure as the loss of normal ovarian function before age 40, affecting 1% of women. It can be caused by genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy/radiation, or unknown factors. Symptoms include irregular periods, hot flashes, and fertility issues. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests of follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels. Treatment focuses on hormone replacement therapy and calcium/vitamin D supplements to prevent osteoporosis and relieve symptoms.
This document provides an overview of insect biotypes and their management. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of a biotype as a group of insects with similar genetics. Biotypes can develop when insect pests evolve in response to selective pressures from insect-resistant crop varieties. Factors that can lead to biotype development include selection pressure from resistant crops and improper management practices. Studying biotypes is important for breeding resistant crop varieties and insect pest control. Several methods are described for detecting biotypes, and examples of biotypes in important pests like brown plant hopper, rice gall midge, and whitefly are provided. The document concludes with a discussion of management strategies to address biotype development such as gene pyramiding
This document discusses insect-resistant crops, including how genes from microorganisms, plants, and animals can confer insect resistance when introduced into crop plants. It covers various types of insect-resistant crops like Bt corn, rice, and cotton that have been commercialized. While insect-resistant crops can reduce pesticide usage, some have concerns about their safety and impact. The technology continues to advance as new genes are discovered and combined to target more pests and prevent insect resistance.
The fungus genus Trichoderma contains opportunistic species that display various interactions with other fungi, plants, and animals. They are commonly found in soil and on decaying wood. Genomic analyses of Trichoderma species reveal genes for extracellular enzymes that allow them to live saprotrophically on dead organic matter or biotrophically through mycoparasitism of other fungi. Many Trichoderma species can also interact beneficially with plants through biocontrol of pathogens or stimulation of plant growth. Their diverse lifestyles are supported by environmental opportunism and an ability to switch between saprotrophic and biotrophic interactions through mycotrophy.
Biocontrol of pathogens using siderophores, antibiotics, enzymes FOR STUDENTS...thirupathiSathya
biocontrol of pathogens by using siderophores, enzymes, antibiotics.
siderophores: iron seequestering molecules
bacteria producing siderophores more tightly binded than fungi producing siderophores
Antibiotics: some organism producing antibiotic is sensitive to other organism eg, fungi producing antibiotic penicillin is sensitive to bacteria
Enzymes: organism producing enzymes like glucanase, chitinase are able to degrade the fungal cell walls ..
by using these theme recombinant method is employed to degrade specific organism in a particular aspects.
Fungal biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp. can induce systemic resistance in plants against pathogens through several mechanisms. They compete with pathogens for space and nutrients, produce antibiotics, or act as mycoparasites against other fungi. Trichoderma elicits plant defenses by inducing the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes. Case studies showed Trichoderma reduced disease severity in cotton, barley, and maize by triggering the plants' terpenoid defenses or increasing their tolerance to salt and drought stress. Fungal biocontrol is an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemicals for managing plant diseases.
Biotechnological approach to develop insect resistant cropsNafizur Rahman
This document discusses developing insect resistance in crops using biotechnological approaches. It describes how some plants have natural mechanisms of insect resistance by secreting toxic chemicals. Current strategies to develop insect resistance include using microbial proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, which are inserted into plant genomes using recombinant DNA techniques. The mechanisms of Bt toxins are described, including how they bind to receptors in insect guts and cause cell death. Advantages of Bt crops include reduced need for insecticides and improved pest management. However, there is a risk that insects may develop resistance to Bt toxins over time from repeated exposure.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Study of antagonistic capability of trichoderma harzianum isolates against so...AL-kitab university -IRAQ
This study evaluated the antagonistic potential of two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum against seven soil-borne pathogenic fungi. In dual culture tests, T. harzianum isolate T2 showed the highest inhibitory effect against the pathogens, reducing their mycelial growth by 45.99% on average. Alternaria sp. was most inhibited by T2 at 51.18%. Volatile metabolites from T2 were also effective at inhibiting pathogen growth. Non-volatile metabolites collected from T2 cultures at different time periods and concentrations inhibited pathogen mycelial growth, with the highest (100%) concentration having the greatest effect. Microscopic analysis revealed T2 interacting with and inhibiting the pathogens through mechanisms like coiling around their
This document discusses the development of herbicide resistant crops through various techniques like seed mutagenesis, genetic engineering, and traditional plant breeding. It provides details on the mechanisms of herbicide resistance like target site mutations and methods that have led to commercial crops resistant to herbicides like glyphosate and imidazolinones. Examples are given of crops developed through these techniques like glyphosate resistant soybean and imidazolinone resistant wheat and lentils. The document also discusses the current widespread use of herbicide resistant crops and potential issues like the rise of herbicide resistant weeds.
Transgenic plants for insect resistance (review)Jiya Ali
Transgenic plants can be engineered for insect resistance using two main approaches. The first involves introducing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that code for delta endotoxins toxic to insects. The second uses plant-derived genes encoding proteins like protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases that interfere with insect growth. While Bt crops were first commercialized in the 1990s, research continues to identify new insecticidal genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants to combat evolving insect resistance and protect crops. Field testing of transgenic plants is needed to evaluate new gene sources and potential for controlling agricultural insect pests over the long term.
Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
This document discusses the commercial formulation of Pseudomonas bacteria. It begins by describing the characteristics of Pseudomonas, which are aerobic, gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil and water. It then discusses the formulation process, defining it as blending active ingredients like bacterial strains with inert carriers. The ideal formulation is stable, non-toxic, and maintains viable cell counts. Common carriers discussed include organic materials like farm waste and inorganic materials like vermiculite. Formulations can be powders or liquids. A case study evaluates different application methods of a Pseudomonas fluorescens formulation on rice to control bacterial leaf blight disease.
Management of root knot nematode affecting banana crop by using organic amend...Alexander Decker
1) The study evaluated the effectiveness of various organic amendments and biological products (Biocompost, Ricinus communis Powder, their combination, and Paecilomyces lilacinus-based bionematicide) against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica affecting banana crops.
2) All the treatments significantly reduced nematode density and gall index, and improved plant growth compared to the control. Ricinus communis powder was the most effective at suppressing the nematode population and enhancing plant growth.
3) The treatments likely reduced nematodes through multiple mechanisms including nematicidal compounds released during decomposition and increased beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Ricinus communis contains toxic
This document discusses the use of plant-derived genes for insect resistance. It focuses on two proteins: cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) and alpha-amylase inhibitor. CpTI inhibits the enzyme trypsin in insect digestive systems, interfering with growth and potentially causing death. Alpha-amylase inhibitor provides resistance by targeting the amylase enzyme. The document outlines past research transferring these genes to other plants like tobacco and beans to develop insect-resistant crops without chemicals. It also discusses the need to identify new insecticidal genes and proteins from sources like bacteria to control pests in a sustainable manner over the long term.
brief presentation about the environmental and health issues associated with transgenic crops
or
impact of transgenic crops or GMO crops on environment and health
Nematode effector proteins play a key role in plant parasitism. Effectors are secretory proteins that alter host cells to suppress defenses and facilitate infection. They are synthesized in gland cells and injected into plants through the stylet. Effectors can have different targets, such as modifying the cell wall, altering metabolism or hormone signaling, and suppressing immunity. Characterizing effectors provides insights into plant responses and resistance mechanisms. Recent studies have identified effectors that interact with components of auxin signaling or the NADPH oxidase complex to promote parasitism. Going forward, RNA interference targeting important nematode genes holds promise for developing resistant crop varieties.
Hi there,
This was topic on which I presented a talk in our department. As we know Insecticide such as pyrethroids are being most widely used for controlling insect pest in agriculture because of their safe, cheap, effective and long-lasting nature (Bulter et al. 2011). However, the widespread development of insecticide resistance, especially resistance to pyrethroid and the fact that resistance to an insecticide generally confers cross-resistance to other insecticides has become a serious problem challenging the control of agriculturally, economically, and medically important insect pests and resulting in increase of insect vector-borne diseases in many parts of the world (Zaim 2002; Bulter 2011). Three major mechanisms are involved in insecticide resistance: (1) increased metabolic detoxification of insecticides; (2) decreased sensitivity of the target proteins on which an insecticide acts, known as target site insensitivity; and (3) decreased cuticular penetration/or increased sequestration/storage.
Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)Cry protein is one of the most effective biopesticides that can act against a large group of insect orders like Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera etc. But through the course of evolution insects have developed resistance so that they can combat against Bt. Mutation(s) in the target site; reduced protease activity; sequestration of toxin molecules; mutations in the ABCC2 transporter protein are few mechanisms which govern resistance in insects against Cry protein. Therefore, it has become prime importance to understand the molecular basis of insect resistance and what could be the strategies by which the efficacy of the Cry protein can be enhanced. The strategies for improving the efficacy of Cry toxin are (i) Expression of chitinase gene along with Cry toxins; (ii) Expression of hybrid toxin; (iii) Introduction of intramolecular cleavage sites. The insects have developed resistance against different groups of Cry proteins such as Cry2Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab etc. But the relative fitness (such as larval and pupal weight, pupal duration, and survival rate, etc.) in resistant larvae is much lower than the susceptible larvae because of genetic changes in insects. One of such genes that affects the relative fitness in Helicoverpa armigera is death associated LIM only protein (Ha-DALP) which is basically involved in cell signalling, cell fate determination, transcriptional regulation of gene expression etc.
This document discusses how organisms interact in their environment through communication. It focuses on nematodes and their use of chemical signals called semiochemicals. Nematodes have developed a sophisticated chemical language to organize their communities using pheromones, allomones, synomones and kairomones. The document examines nematode nervous systems, chemosensory organs, the role of age and other factors on attractants, and examples of nematode communication such as attraction to hosts, fungi, and responses to sex pheromones. It discusses recent research findings on quorum sensing and chemical mating cues in C. elegans.
Plants have evolved various constitutive and induced defense strategies against herbivores. Constitutive defenses include physical defenses like thorns and trichomes as well as chemical defenses like alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Induced defenses are activated in response to herbivore attack and can be direct like proteinase inhibitors or indirect like releasing volatile signals to attract natural enemies of herbivores. Key phytohormones like jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediate induced defense responses by activating genes related to toxins, repellents, and signal production. Understanding these plant defense mechanisms could help develop new ecofriendly pest management approaches for agriculture.
This document provides an overview of BT cotton, including its history, mechanism, pros, cons, and future perspectives. BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to protect against bollworms. It was first developed in 1996 and introduced commercially. The document discusses how BT cotton provides insect resistance through cry proteins that target the larvae of moths and butterflies. It notes several pros, such as increased yields and reduced environmental pollution from pesticides, but also some cons like high costs and potential issues from overuse. The future of BT cotton appears promising with new hybrids in development that address additional issues like drought tolerance.
This document discusses ionizing radiation and its effects on the human body. It begins by defining ionizing radiation and differentiating it from non-ionizing radiation. It then describes the primary types of ionizing radiation and their sources. The effects of radiation exposure are outlined, including the prodromal, latent, and manifest illness phases. Various radiation-induced syndromes are defined based on radiation dose. Guidelines are provided for clinical dosimetry and the definitive medical management of radiation exposure, including infection prevention, hematological support, and bone marrow regeneration techniques. Long term surveillance is recommended for potential late effects such as cancer development.
This document defines premature ovarian failure as the loss of normal ovarian function before age 40, affecting 1% of women. It can be caused by genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy/radiation, or unknown factors. Symptoms include irregular periods, hot flashes, and fertility issues. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests of follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels. Treatment focuses on hormone replacement therapy and calcium/vitamin D supplements to prevent osteoporosis and relieve symptoms.
Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) occurs after whole-body exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation over a short period of time. There are three main syndromes that occur based on radiation dose: hematopoietic syndrome from 2.5-5 Gy causing bone marrow damage; gastrointestinal syndrome from 6-10 Gy causing gastrointestinal tract damage; and cerebrovascular syndrome over 10 Gy causing brain damage. The syndromes progress through prodromal, latent, and manifest illness stages and can result in death within weeks depending on the radiation dose and person's health. Recovery is possible for sublethal doses if intensive medical support is provided.
Radiation poisoning, also known as radiation sickness, results from excessive exposure to ionizing radiation and can cause immediate, chronic, or delayed health effects. Symptoms depend on radiation dose and can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, bleeding, and increased risk of infection, burns, and cancer. Treatment focuses on decontamination, supportive care, and potentially blocking internal radiation exposure or increasing white blood cell count to prevent infection. Non-ionizing radiation like visible light, microwaves, and radio waves can also cause health issues in high doses through tissue heating.
The document discusses radiation injuries from ionizing radiation. It describes the types of radiation exposure including internal and external contamination. It outlines the signs and symptoms of acute radiation syndrome at different radiation doses and its pathophysiology which can cause hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neurological effects. Treatment involves decontamination and managing symptoms based on estimated radiation exposure.
Circadian rhythms are biological processes that display an endogenous cycle of approximately 24 hours. They are influenced by external cues like light and regulated by the brain's circadian pacemaker. Common circadian rhythms include the sleep-wake cycle and fluctuations in body temperature and hormone levels. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can result in circadian rhythm disorders like delayed sleep phase syndrome or jet lag. Nurses play a role in assessing patients' circadian rhythms, providing sleep hygiene advice, and referring patients to specialists when needed.
This document lists several new members of the premier association for the label and package printing industry. It provides basic information about each new member, including their name, address, contact information, and a brief 1-2 sentence description of their business and products related to the label and package printing industry. In total, 15 new members are listed representing various suppliers and converters in the industry.
The document describes the steps taken to create a double page magazine spread in Adobe Photoshop and InDesign. Key steps include:
1) Editing a photograph in Photoshop by removing the background and adjusting color levels.
2) Importing the edited photo into InDesign and adding graphic elements like a quote.
3) Creating the second page by importing another photo and adjusting colors, and adding a title at the top of the page.
4) Formatting text from a Word document into columns on the second page to complete the double page spread.
The document defines a LineChart class that extends the Chart class. The LineChart class constructor calls the parent constructor and draws the chart. The draw method builds a line chart from the series data using an SVG library, appends it to the canvas, and adds statistics for each data point by calling the parent addStats method. The getSerieData static method calculates max and average values for a data series. The class is exported for use in other code.
Primero td mining presentation january 25, 2012 finalprimero_mining
- The company is a long-life, high-grade gold-silver producer focused on doubling production through optimization and expansion of its San Dimas mine.
- It has a solid production platform and management team to build a diversified intermediate gold producer, with the objective of becoming a producer of around 400,000 gold equivalent ounces annually.
- The company has a strong cash balance and capital structure to fund growth through mine development, mill expansions, and potential acquisitions to diversify its asset base.
Essays on economic analysis of competition law: theory and practiceDr Danilo Samà
Essays on economic analysis of competition law: theory and practice
Author:
Dr Danilo Samà (LUISS “Guido Carli” University, Law & Economics LAB)
Abstract:
The Ph.D. dissertation, submitted to LUISS “Guido Carli” University of Rome in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economic Analysis of Competition Law (XXV cicle), is the result of a scientific research in the field of the economic analysis of competition law developed through academic experiences at the Erasmus Rotterdam University in the Netherlands, the Ghent University in Belgium, the University of Hamburg in Germany and the Toulouse School of Economics in France, as well as through professional experiences as competition economist at the Antitrust Department of Pavia & Ansaldo and the Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) of the European Commission.
Keywords:
antitrust, competition economics, competition law, competition policy
JEL classification:
B21; C01; K21; L00; L4
Year:
2014
Pages:
1-124
Citation:
Samà, Danilo (2014), Essays on economic analysis of competition law: theory and practice, Law & Economics LAB, LUISS “Guido Carli” University, Rome, Italy, pp. 1-124.
Workshop on Virtual Learning - Chennai Literary Festival 2015Ganapathi M
This document discusses virtual learning and trends in eLearning. It introduces RailsFactory, an education technology company, and covers topics like what is eLearning, Web 2.0, big trends in virtual learning, top reasons for eLearning, and using social media like Facebook, Twitter, Google+, and YouTube as eLearning platforms. The document emphasizes that social media offers endless possibilities for eLearning and should not be dismissed for its value and potential in virtual instruction.
Shop and Ship, powered by Aramex, was the Official Hobby partner for the MEFCC 2013.
They were using our MSP System to engage, generate branded content and meet their customers on the biggest event of the Geek&Nerd culture in the region.
- Primero is a gold-silver producer focused on its San Dimas mine in Mexico
- In 2012, production is estimated at 100,000-110,000 gold equivalent ounces at cash costs of $630-660/ounce
- Exploration is targeting extensions of known veins to increase reserves and support future production growth
- The company aims to double production to over 200,000 ounces annually through mine optimization and expansion
Dokumen tersebut membahas konsep-konsep dasar termodinamika seperti kerja, kalor, suhu, sistem dan lingkungan, serta hukum pertama termodinamika. Kerja didefinisikan sebagai hasil kali antara gaya dan perpindahan, sedangkan kalor adalah energi yang berpindah akibat perbedaan suhu. Hukum pertama termodinamika menyatakan bahwa perubahan energi dalam suatu sistem sama dengan kalor yang diserap ditambah kerja
Cardio-respiratory endurance allows the body to perform physical activities for longer periods of time with less effort through continuous or interval training exercises that elevate the heart rate for at least 20 minutes 3 times a week. Muscular endurance can be improved through circuit training exercises that gradually increase the time or number of repetitions performed at each station. Regular training results in increased lung capacity, more oxygen delivery to working muscles, an enlarged heart that pumps more blood, and an aerobic threshold allowing sustained activity.
Grade 1 students are learning about adjectives like big, small, and long. They are describing different objects using these descriptive words to modify nouns and gain practice using adjectives. The students are engaging in a writing activity where they apply new vocabulary to communicate sizes and lengths of various items.
This document provides specifications and pricing for various computer components for building a desktop PC, including:
- An Intel Core i7-2600k 3.4GHz processor for $5,159 Mexican pesos
- An Intel DP67BG motherboard for $2,905 Mexican pesos
- 4GB of Kingston DDR3 RAM for $560 Mexican pesos
- A Kingston 8GB SSD for $669 Mexican pesos
- A Western Digital 2TB hard drive for $1,179 Mexican pesos
- A Gigabyte GeForce GTS 450 1GB graphics card for $1,981 Mexican pesos
- An LG Blu-ray burner for $1,599 Mexican
The document describes the steps taken to create a double page spread for a music magazine in Adobe Photoshop and InDesign. It involves selecting and editing photographs, adding backgrounds, quotes, and descriptions. Frames are created in InDesign and the edited photos, titles, and article text from Word are placed. A header is also added from a real magazine sample to complete the spread.
1) The study examined potential transgenerational effects of developmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) like bisphenol A, phthalates, and methoxychlor on female rat reproduction.
2) EDC exposure of pregnant F0 rats and their F1 offspring resulted in accelerated puberty in F1 rats for methoxychlor and DES, and delayed puberty for phthalates. DES also reduced F1 litter size.
3) Further, methoxychlor exposure led to irregular estrous cycles in F1 rats. However, these effects were absent in subsequent unexposed generations F2 and F3, indicating a lack of transgenerational effects.
Impact of endosalfan application on human and environment in keralaAjith MP
This document summarizes the impact of endosulfan application on human health and the environment in Kerala, India. It provides background on endosulfan, including its introduction, uses as an insecticide, and timeline of events related to its spraying in Kasaragod, Kerala starting in 1978. The summary describes health effects observed in humans and animals exposed to endosulfan, including deaths, birth defects, neurological and reproductive issues. Environmental impacts discussed include toxicity to aquatic life, persistence in soil and water, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. The document concludes with international regulatory actions taken to restrict and phase out endosulfan due to its toxicity.
A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda cyhal...ijtsrd
A synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide is called lambda cyhalothrin LCT . Investigation of LCTs effects on neurobehavioral and reproductive effects was the studys main objective. Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of LCT on the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects. In this study found reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and splenotoxicity and also showed reduced testosterone levels and ovarian alteration. Also found neurotransmitter levels and AChE and Na K ATPase activities are suppressed. Gaurav Kumar | Navodita Priyadarshani "A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/zoology/55107/a-review-on-reproductive-and-neurobehavioral-effect-of-pesticide-lambdacyhalothrin/gaurav-kumar
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
This document discusses teratogens and endocrine disruptors. It defines teratogens as agents that can permanently alter development, giving examples like thalidomide and rubella virus. Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with hormone signaling and include many pesticides, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. These chemicals are linked to developmental abnormalities, reproductive issues, cancer risks, and other health impacts due to their effects on hormone receptors and hormone levels during development. While natural hormones have always been present, the abundance of synthetic endocrine disruptors is posing new challenges to human health and physiology.
An effort to present information on GMOs in an easy to understand manner. The presentation covers the myths about GMOs and explains how sustainable and ecological systems must replace such dangerous technology. Please feel free to download/share to build public awareness.
Effect of sub lethal doses of insecticides on natural enemies of crop pestsSAURABHPADAMSHALI
The document discusses natural enemies and the sublethal effects of insecticides on them. It begins by defining key terms like sublethal dose, insecticide, natural enemy, pest, integrated pest management, chemical control and biological control. It then provides tables listing important natural enemies and parasitoids of crop pests. The document discusses the physiological and behavioral effects insecticides can have at sublethal doses, including effects on development, fertility, mobility and orientation. It explains the mechanisms of insecticide penetration in insect bodies and their modes of action.
Target validation of the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) gene in ...Therese Horn
This document summarizes research using a yeast-two hybrid system and Phylomer peptide library to identify peptides that interact with and potentially inhibit the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) enzyme in Cryptosporidium. IMPDH is a potential drug target as Cryptosporidium relies solely on purine salvage and IMPDH is essential for DNA synthesis. A Phylomer peptide library was screened against IMPDH from C. parvum and C. hominis, identifying 38 unique interacting peptides. 12 peptides were synthesized and 2 showed significant growth inhibition of C. parvum in vitro. One peptide consistently interacted with C. parvum and C. hominis IMPDH but not human
Plos one: pesticide methoxychlor promotes the epigenetic transgenerational in...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
There is every indication that much of that is described in this publication also applies to the epigenetic transgenerational effects of pre conceptual consumption of alcohol by the father.
What is required is the same detailed research for the role of alcohol.
Barry Stanley
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Improving microalgae for biotechnology - from genetics to synthetic biologynirvarna gr
The document discusses genetic engineering approaches for microalgae. It describes forward genetics methods like chemical and physical mutagenesis that generate random mutants for screening. It also describes reverse genetics methods like insertional mutagenesis that allow targeted modification of specific genes. The goal is to generate strains with desired traits like increased lipid or starch production for industrial applications.
This article examines the cytotoxic effects of perezone and its isomer isoperezone on human leukemia cells. The key findings are:
1. Both perezone and isoperezone induce cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner through both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms.
2. The compounds cause changes in cell size, granularity, phosphatidylserine translocation, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, and do not induce apoptosis inducing factor.
3. Perezone showed greater cytotoxic effects than isoperezone, but the mechanisms of cell death induction differed between the two compounds depending on concentration.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
2. 2 Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(1): 1-9.
smaller depolarizing changes in membrane potential toxicology is the study of occurrence, causes,
activate VSSCs which remain open for extended time so manifestations and consequences of the adverse effects of
that more Na ions cross and depolarize the neuronal exogenous agents on reproduction. Reproductive hazards
membrane (Fig. 1). The type II pyrethroids postpone the encompass adverse health effects to the future mother and
closure of VSSCs for a considerably extended period and father (loss of libido, infertility, sterility) as well as to the
membrane potential is depolarized extensively preventing developing offspring (abortion, fetal or prenatal death and
action potentials generation (Shafer et al., 2005). teratogenesis). The potential of pesticides to adversely
Pyrethroids increase peripheral natural killer and affect development is determined from studies conducted
antibody dependent cytotoxicity/immunotoxicity (Madsen on animals to meet the regulations in enforcement (Martin
et al., 1996; Santoni et al., 1997), embryonic resorption et al., 2009). During repeated mitotic and meiotic
and fetal mortality (Yousef et al., 2003), fetotoxicity division, there is frequent cell division and cellular DNA
(Ahmad et al., 2009), inhibition of Na, K and Mg replication in the gametes (spermatozoa, ova) as well as
dependent ATPase activity in liver (Khan et al., 2009) and the fertilized ovum and the pre and post-implantation
neurotoxicity (Sharaf et al., 2010). The present review embryos. This is the main reason that the organisms in the
addresses the reproductive toxicology of pyrethroids in initial stages of development are absolutely vulnerable to
non-target species especially mammals. Reproductive physical and chemical insult (Zenzes, 2000).
Table 1: Structure of some pyrethroids insecticides used as ectoparasiticides in animals
Allethrin/C19H26O3 (Type I pyrethroid) Permethrin/C21H2OCl2O3 (Type I pyrethroid)
Structure
http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Che http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---
mical-Structures---A/Allethrin.htm P/Permethrin.htm
Uses Against insects in animal houses and as ectoparasitiside in animals
Cypermethrin/C22HCl2NO3 (Type II pyrethroid)
Structure
http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---C/Cypermethrin.htm
Uses Against ectopararsites. Pour on: 15g/L or 0.15-0.75g/animal in cattle; 2.5g/L or 0.25-0.5g/animal in sheep. Dip for sheep and spray
for poultry: 0.1mg/animal (Anonymous, 2001)
Cyhalothrin/C24H25NO3 (Type II pyrethroid)
Structure
http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB7377945.htm
Uses Livestock especially cattle and sheep against ectopararsites. Pour-on cattle: 1.2g in 60mL for ticks and 0.2g in 10mL for lice and
fleas, sheep: 0.1g in 5mL for all applications. Cyhalothrin 20% w/v spray is diluted 0.002% to 0.2% and applied as spray or dip and
repeated after 3 weeks (Anonymous, 2001).
Deltamethrin/C22H19Br2NO3 (Type II pyrethroid)
Structure
http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---D/Deltamethrin.htm
Uses Dip/Spray/Pour-on against ectoparasites: All ruminants: 0.4-1.6mg.kg-1bw. Twice at weekly interval (Anonymous, 2001)
Fenvalerate/C21H25NO4 (Type II pyrethroid)
Structure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenvalerate.png
Uses Ectoparaciticide in cattle and other livestock applied as pour-on at dose of 4 mg.kg-1 bw upto a maximum of 1.6g per animal
(Anonymous, 2001)
mg.kg-1 bw: milligram per kilogram body weight.
3. 3 Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(1): 1-9.
Fig. 1: Normal structure of voltage sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs). Depolarization opens VSSCs and sodium enters the cell. To limit sodium
entry and depolarization length, VSSCs inactivate and must return to a “resting” state before reopening. Pyrethroids delay inactivation of VSSCs and
allow continued sodium flux i.e., closed resting state remain opened and inactivation is not carried out (Shafer et al., 2005).
Classical type I (fertility/reproduction) studies use cyclopropane of permethrin, while for trans-position an
groups of either male or female test rabbits, which are esterase is involved. In case of cypermethrin both isomers
exposed to the test agent with a series of dosages (usually need esterase for hydrolysis (Holden, 1979). In either case,
3 levels) for one gametogenic cycle (60-80 days for the due to oxidative stress reactive oxygen species are
male or about 15 days for the female) and then allowed produced which can cause cellular damage (Shashikumar
mating with the opposite partners. If treated female and Rajini, 2010).
animals are allowed mating with normal untreated males, Current experimental and clinical studies with
the pregnant females continue to receive the treatment for animals demonstrated pyrethoids to hamper endocrine
either the duration of the gestation or beyond parturition functions (Sun et al., 2007). Study of compounds which
during breastfeeding to their offspring. Males can be are suspected to be endocrine disrupters requires
treated with an active mutagenic agent and allowed comparative evaluation of structural and biochemical
mating with normal untreated females to test the chemical changes produced by them in the body. Among such
sensitivity of the germ cells in vivo at various phases parameters include measurements of levels of various
(premeiotic, meiotic, postmeiotic) of spermatogenesis hormones and enzymes and intermediate metabolites of
(McClusky, 2008). Mostly adult males are subjected to the compounds (Kumar et al., 2007). Therefore effects of
multiple exposures to various pesticides and other toxins pyrethroids on steroid hormones and their enzymes/
and carcinogens such as diesel fumes and cadmium. receptors have been addressed in this article. Similarly
Teratogenicity or developmental toxicity is various pathological effects of pyrethroids on
comprised of the unfavorable effects on the conceptus, reproductive performance of non-target species of animals
starting from initial steps of fertilization to the final have been reviewed and possible pathogenesis for those
achievement of morphological organization and functional effects has been suggested in this article. Histo-
potential of the subject (Brannen et al., 2010). The pathological effects of pyrethroids on testes and
gametes (spermatozoa, ova), the fertilized ovum and the epididymis have been correlated with altered sperm
pre and post-implantation embryos are sensitive to characteristics and reductions in sperm counts,
exceptionally low concentration of toxic agents. Toxicity testosterone concentration and fertility. The reduced
at the pre and post-implantation embryo may be elicited as fertility in pyrethoid exposed female animals has also
embryo lethality or mild to severe dysmorpho-genesis in been discussed with relation to pathological effects on
organ system(s). The dysmorpho-genesis results in uterus, ovaries and hormonal influences. A brief account
structural deformities, functional and biochemical of teratogenecity and fetotoxicity effects of pyrethroid
alterations as well as psychosomatic, behavioral and exposed animals has also been presented.
cognitive insufficiencies at the time of delivery or in a
definite postnatal stage. In the past, mostly emphasized to Presentation of Experimental and Clinical Studies:
examine the effects of toxic agents on the female to study The modern gene technology has made possible the study
her role as the vehicle for the susceptible, developing of structure and function of steroid receptors (Gustafsson
embryo. Such type of study is called segment II or et al., 1990). This subgroup of nuclear receptors is
teratogenic study (Ahmad, 2010). comprised of estrogen receptor, endrogen receptor,
Metabolism of xenobiotics into the metabolites is a thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptors and
two-step process; the phase I carries out their hydrolysis/ orphan (unknown) ligand receptors. The characteristically
oxidation/reduction mainly through cytochrome P450 conserved nuclear receptor region is DNA binding domain
enzyme, whereas in the phase II hydroxyl group (DBD). Proteins on the carboxy terminous bear ligand
(introduced in the phase I) is conjugated with charged binding domain (LBD), which is another significant
amino acid/sulfate/methyl groups (Kumar et al., 2007). region of nuclear receptors (Truss and Beat, 1993).
Enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are also Studies using receptor mediated luciferase gene assays
involved with steroidogenesis. Such enzyme regulation of have speculated that variety of pyrethroids and their
steroid hormones has made them susceptible to xenobiotics metabolites disrupt the function of multiple nuclear
such as pyrethroids. For example some phase I metabolized hormone receptors and thus have the potential to affect the
estrogens have been detected in certain tumors. Catalyzing endocrine and reproductive functions in humans (Du et
activity of metabolizing enzymes is distributed by some al., 2010). Postnatal oral administration of 20 mg kg-1
xenobiotics such as pyrethroids. For instance oxidase cypermethrin to adolescent male ICR mice increased
cleaves the ester bond of parent pyrethroid for cis-disturbed hepatic activities of antioxidant enzymes but decreased
4. 4 Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(1): 1-9.
transcription levels of key genes in pathways of cells in the testes of pyrethroid exposed mice.
cholesterol synthesis and transport and testosterone Abnormalities in the sperm morphology such as sperm
synthesis. These include including 3-hydroxy, 3-methyl head abnormalities have been documented in various
glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase, steroidogenic animals in dose dependent manner after thier treatment
acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cytochrome P450 with cypermethrin (Bunya & Pati, 1988; Venkateshuwarlu
17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (P450 17α) in the et al., 1997; Kumar et al., 2004; Ahmad et al., 2009). Few
liver and testes (Jin et al., 2011). studies have reported histological alterations in ovaries
The male infertility and pyrethroid pesticide exposure and uteri of pyrethroiod treated animals (Table 3).
have been closely associated in various studies (Perry, An increase in embryonic resorptions (Rustamov and
2008). Reduced sperm counts in semen or Abbasov, 1994) and decrease in mating index,
testicular/epididymal tissues of pyrethroid treated rats implantation sites and foetuses recovered (Elbetieha et al.,
(Elbetieha et al., 2001), humans (Tan et al., 2002), mice 2001) were reported in the dams allowed mating with
(Zhang et al., 2007) and rabbits (Ahmad, 2010) have been male rats which were treated with different pyrethroids.
reported (Table 4). The fecundity/pregnancy rate and Gill et al. (2011) explored toxic effects of cypermethrin
reproduction were tremendously influenced with exposure on bovine CLs in vitro, which included vacuolation,
of adult male animals to the pyrethroid, cypermethrin necrosis and significantly decreased viable cell counts and
(Elbetieha et al., 2001). The pyrethroid cyhalothrin in progesterone concentration. Pyrethroids have been
male rats was reported to had severely impaired the sexual reported to be capable of disrupting endocrine functions
competence without any treatment related effect on and calcium homeostasis in ovary (He et al., 2006).
fertility (Ratnasooriya et al., 2002). Pyrethroid exposure Microscopic studies of uterus revealed atrophy of
in various animals has been reported to decrease testicular endometrial glands in pyrethroid exposed non-pregnant
sperm counts (Alhazza and Bashandy, 1998; Elbetieha et animals (Ahmad, 2010).
al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2007). The findings of sperm Pyrethroids also lead to teratogenecity or
parameters in various pesticide exposed animals and those reproductive toxicity (Table 5). Tesh et al. (1984) in
reported by studies carried out in insecticide sprayers different studies on pregnant female rats found no
(Kamijima et al., 2004; Perry et al., 2007) have been significant teratogenic effects due to cypermethrin
found to be compatible (Table 5). Pyrethroids are harmful administration during gestation. However, Cantalamessa
to integrity of sperm DNA and quality of semen (Ji et al., (1993) and Sheets (2000) reported that baby rats were
2011). The serum testosterone and/or testicular more sensitive to pyrethroids than mature rats. The above
testosterone concentration has been reported to be investigators have expressed that ester hydrolysis was an
decreased in pyrethroid treated rats (Elbetieha et al., important pyrethroid detoxification reaction in the adult
2001), rabbits (Yousef et al., 2003) and mice (Wang et al., rat. Dose dependent and significantly decreased number
2010). Abnormal or dead spermatozoa in mice and rats of foetuses vs. number of CL (embryonic resorption) and
were reported after exposure to various pyrethroids i.e., dose dependently increased foetal mortality (Biernacki et
cypermethrin (Bunya and Pati, 1988), deltamethrin al., 1995; Ullah et al., 2006) along with delayed
(Bunya and Pati 1990) and fenvalerate (Pati and Bunya ossification of bones (Biernacki et al., 1995) have been
1989). Testes in pyrethroid treated animals were reported documented when cypermethrin was administered in
to be atrophied and have islands of haemorrhage at areas female rabbits during gestation. Decrease in the
surrounding seminiferous tubules indicated by the implantation sites, corpora lutea and recovered foetuses
presence of red blood cells in the interstitial tissue from uterine horns and increased incidence of pre- and
(Elbetieha et al., 2001). Reduced or degenerated post-implantation losses and early mortality rate in
seminiferous tubules (Elbetieha et al., 2001; Zhang et al., pyrethroid exposed animals have been reported (Shukla
2007) with fibrosis (Elbetieha et al., 2001; Sakr and Azeb, and Taneja, 2002; Ullah et al., 2006; Ahmad, 2010).
2001) have been documented in testes of pyrethroids Andrade et al. (2002) investigated the effects on
treated animals (Table 2). Alhazza and Bashandy (1998) reproductive endpoints of male offspring after
reported swollen fibrocytes in the testes of rats treated administering deltamethrin (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg.kg-1)
with permethrin. Sakr and Azeb (2001) reported that with orally to female rats (n = 10–12/group) daily from day 1
pyrethroid treatment, seminiferous tubules became of pregnancy to day 21 of lactation. Fertility, sexual
hyalinized and thickened with deformed Leydig cells behavior, organ weights, sperm counts/motility,
during the study. At the end of the study there were large testosterone and histology of testes were examined on
vacuoles between tubules with degenerated or poorly adult male offspring. Testicular and epididymal absolute
developed Leydig cells. Deformed Leydig cells were also weights and the diameter of seminiferous tubules in the
reported by Alhazza and Bashandy (1998) due to the group treated with the highest dose of deltamethrin (4.0
pyrethroid inhalation in rats. Large number of premature mg/kg) were decreased. Izaguirre et al. (2000) observed
spermatids (Elbetieha et al., 2001), degenerated cypermethrin induced apoptosis in the telencephalon of
spermatogenic layers, pyknosis of spermatogonia Physalaemus biligonigerus tadpoles (Anura:
(Alhazza and Bashandy 1998) and exfoliated germ cells Leptodactylidae). Anwar (2003) reported defective
leading to reduction of germ cells (Sakr and Azeb, 2001) physical features in chicks, which were exposed to
have been reported in various animals after treatment with cypermethrin during incubation. Bouwman et al. (2006)
pyrethroids. Sakr and Azeb (2001) narrated that determined different pesticides in 152 milk samples from
exfoliation of germ cells was time-dependent; moreover, breastfeeding women of three towns in South Africa.
it was accompanied by deformed spermatids and Whole milk levels of DDT were highest in primiparae
spermatocytes. Zhang et al. (2007) reported lack of germ (238.23 mg.L-1), but those of pyrethroids were the highest
5. 5 Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(1): 1-9.
in multiparae which included permethrin (14.51 mg.L-1), (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL). About 70 %
cyfluthrin (41.74 mg.L-1), cypermethrin (4.24 mg.L-1) and of cholesterol transport is carried out through LDL
deltamethrin (8.39 mg.L-1). These residue levels of receptoprs (Kumar et al., 2007). In pyrtehroid exposed
pyrethroids in milk samples especially in multiparae rodents LDL-R mRNA levels tended to be decreased
women imply that human infants and neonates are at risk (Zhang et al., 2007; Jin et al., 2011). Figure 2 displays
to pyrethroid exposure. The National Teratology some important events during cholesterol synthesis using
Information Service in the UK had obtained follow up the above enzymes/receptors (Kumar et al., 2007).
data on the outcome of pregnancy in 48 women exposed The reduced sperm counts might be caused by a
to pyrethroids during pregnancy. There were 41 normal direct effect of the pyrethroids on testicular Leydig and
babies, two spontaneous abortions and five children with sertoli cells, causing a decrease in testosterone production
different anomalies (Schaefer, 2001). (Elbetieha et al., 2001). Pyrethroids cause DNA damage,
so there is first increase of sperm head abnormalities and
Pathogenesis: First step in the steroidogenesis in testes is later degeneration and then death of sperms (Ahmad et al.,
removal of cholesterol in lipid deposits from mitochondria 2009). Another possibility leading to low sperm count is
in the Leydig cells. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor that pyrethroids interact competitively with androgen
(PBR) and steroidegenic acute regulatory genes are receptors and sex hormone binding globulins causing
important at outer mitochondrial membrane during this disruption of endocrine system by mimicking the effect of
cholesterol transfer (Zhang et al., 2007). The mRNA female hormone estrogen, leading to low sperm counts
expression levels of PBR as well as those of StAR were (Yousef et al., 2003). The significant reduction in
decreased in animals exposed to various pyrtehoids epididymal sperm counts of treated mammals might be
(Zhang et al., 2007; 2008a; Jin et al., 2011). At the inner important factor for lowered fertility observed in untreated
mitochondrial membranes of Leydig cells cholesterol females allowed mating with pyrethroid exposed males.
changes to pregnenolone with the help of P450scc. The The abnormal testes might be another factor further
protein expression levels of this enzyme were decreased exaggerating the fertility loss. The pyrethroids decrease the
in pyrethroid exposed animals (Zhang et al., 2007). Such levels of P450scc (cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage)
results of studies with pyrethroids in animals have been testicular protein and mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute
speculated to be due to mitochondrial membrane damage. regulatory (StAR) protein in testes (Zhang et al., 2007).
Cholesterol itself can be synthesized in the body for use in Acute regulatory protein of steroidogenic origin and
steroidogenesis, which requires HMG-CoA synthase and enzymes concerned with the biosynthesis of testosterone
HMG-CoA reductase in cytosol of Sertoli and Leydig are essential for smooth functioning of Leydig cells (Wang
cells (Zhang et al., 2007). Both of these enzymes were et al., 2010). Decreased levels of such agents in CY-treated
reduced in studies on animals undergoing pyrethroid animals might be hampering the process of
exposure (Zhang et al., 2007; Jin et al., 2011). Cholesterol spermatogenesis, lowering the level of testosterone and thus
can also be provided by uptake from blood of both high causing loss of fertility.
Table 2: Histological lesions in testes of pyrethroid–exposed non-target species of animals
Treatment Histological Lesions in testes References
Rat; Inhalation of Deformed Leydig cells, pyknosis of spermatogonia, degenerated spermatogenic layers, Alhazza and Bashandy
permethrin swollen fibrocytes (1998)
Rat; CY: 13.15 to 39.66 12 wk treatment produced atrophied testes with interstitial haemorrhages, immature Elbetieha et al. (2001)
mg/ rat/day spermatids and fibrosis
Rat; Inhaled 1 ml 0.2% Connective tissue stroma around the seminiferous tubules became loosely packed (at 2 Sakr and Azab (2001)
tetramethrin spray every wk), hyalinized and thickened (at 4 wk) and highly degenerated (at 6 wk). The germ cells
two days (6 wk) were first exfoliated then markedly reduced and deformed.
Mouse; 0, 35 or 70 A few abnormal seminiferous tubules with vacuoles or lack of germ cells were found in Zhang et al. (2007)
-1
mg.kg cis-per-methrin the testes of exposed mice
for 6 wks
Rat; α-CY @ 5, 10, 25 Defected germinal layers in the testis Muthuvivegnandavel et
and 50 mM in normal al. (2008)
saline intradermally
Goat; CY @ 0, 0.1, 0.4, Degenerative changes and loss of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, Sertoli cells, spermatids, Ahmad et al. (2009)
0.8 or 1.6% (dip on 0, 15 and spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules were dose dependent, connective tissue
d) between seminiferous tubules, impaired spermatogenesis
Rat; 2, 20 and 200ppm Pyknotic nuclei within germ cells, Regressed Leydig cells, Arrested Issam et al. (2009)
for 30, 45 and 60 d spermatogenesis/hypo spermatogenesis with apoptotic figures or cell fragments into
respectively lumina of semineferous tubules, Thickened basement membrane with less interstitial
(subcutaneous) tissue and Leydig cells
CY = cypermethrin; α-CY = alpha cypermethrin; d = day(s); wk = week(s); ppm = parts per million.
Table 3: Histological lesions in ovaries and uteri of pyrethroid–exposed non-target species
Species/Treatment Histological Lesions References
Rat; Fenvalerate @ 31.8 mg.kg-1 b. Expansion of endoplasmic reticulum in corpus luteum cells, vacuolization and He et al. (2006)
wt. p-o (4 wk) cristae loss in mitochondria in corpus luteum cells.
Rabbit; CY @ 25, 50, 75 mg.kg-1 b. Connective tissue proliferation in the cortex of ovaries and glandular atrophy, Ullah et al. (2006)
wt. i-p on 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th d congestion and sloughing of epithelium along with connective tissue proliferation
post-mating in the uterine tissue
CY = cypermethrin; α-CY = alpha cypermethrin; d = day(s); p-o = per oral; wk = week(s).
6. 6 Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(1): 1-9.
Table 4: Fertility/reproduction toxicity of pyrethroid–exposed non-target species of animals
Species/Sex/Treatment Reproductive toxicity References
Mouse; malathion, carbaryl, Significant abnormalities at 1/10th and 1/5th doses of LD50 in the sperm Venkateshuwarlu et al.
cypermethrin morphology (24 h and 7 d) (1997)
Rat; cypermethrin 34 mg.kg-1 Embryonic resorption in dams mated to CY treated males (2 month pre- Rustamov and Abbasov
mating) was 20 % at high dosage (1994)
Rat; cypermethrin: 39.66 Implantations/viable fetuses/ epididymal/testicular sperm counts decreased Elbetieha et al. (2001)
mg/rat/day (12 wk) with pre-mating treatment.
Rat; cyhalothrin: 63/100 mg.kg-1 (7 Impaired sexual competence (libido, sexual motivation and sexual vigor) Ratnasooriya et al. (2002)
d)
Mouse; cypermethrin 80 mg.kg-1 in Reduction in the number of total implants and significant postimplantation Shukla (2002)
corn oil. losses
Human (pesticide workers, office Significantly decreased sperm count in exposed workers than non-exposed Tan et al. (2002)
workers) workers.
Mouse; permethrin @ 35, 70 Caudal epididymal sperm count significantly reduced during 6 weeks Zhang et al. (2007)
mg.kg-1 treatment
Mouse, cypermethrin: 10 mg.kg-1 Delayed pinna detachment/down appearance/eye opening; less development Farag et al. (2007)
p-o (4 wks) of reflexes
Human (male); pesticide sprays The higher exposure group had lower sperm concentration in urine/semen Perry et al. (2007)
Rat; fenvalerate: 40mg.kg-1 in corn Testicular and epididmai sperm counts decreased Arena et al. (2008)
oil (3 d)
Rat;1-64mmol.L-1 fenvalerate Reduced sperm motility in vitro in a time (1/2/4h) and concentration Song et al. (2008)
dependent manner
Rat; Different pyrethroids @ 50 Hershberger assay ranked antiandrogenic activities in as: β- Zhang et al. (2008b)
mg.kg-1 (7 d) cypermethrin<permethrin<β-cyfluthrin<
cypermethrin<cyfluthrin<bifenthrin<flutamide
d = day(s); wk = week(s); ppm = parts per million; i-p = inraperitoneal; p-o = per oral; LD50 = median lethal dose/Lethal Dose, 50%.
The spermatozoa pass through the androgende- pendent Calcium and calcium-calmodulin systems are involved in
organ epididymis for maturation (Mably et al., 1992). the gonadotropic regulation of granulosa cell
Spermatozoal maturation involves an exceedingly steroidogenesis during follicular development (He et al.,
complicated and delicately tuned relationship amid 2006). In this way, pyrethroids might be responsible for
spermatozoa and epididymal epithelium (Moore et al., 1998). disturbed ER and mitochondrial functioning in the ovaries
If the movement of the spermatozoa is accomplished and thus fertility loss.
hurriedly, maturation may not be concluded. The altered The exposure of pregnant animals to pyrethroids
sperm characteristics due to pyrethroid exposure have been decreased fertility and produced foetal mortality (Ahmad,
reported to result in unwholesome fertilized ova (Elbetieha et 2010). Prevention of early implantation and mid-gestation
al., 2001) leading to significantly increased resorption in pregnancy termination has been reported with a
untreated female mammals allowed mating with males progesterone antagonist, which induced foetal expulsion
exposed to pyrethroids (Farag et al., 2007; Ahmad, 2010). despite the high progesterone levels in canines and rabbits
Resorption might be credited to enhanced pre-implantation (Ozalp et al., 2010). The logic behind the use of
losses due to hampered fertilization as pyrethroids induce abortifacients is that a new pregnancy cannot be
DNA damage, which could occur due to free radicals established during an ongoing pregnancy. It means that
generation (Aslam et al., 2010). Decreased number of fetuses administration of estrogen or progesterone (hormones
recovered (Elbetieha et al., 2001; Ahmad, 2010) and naturally produced in pregnant animals) or their
implantation sites in untreated female mammals (Shukla and antagonists will prevent ovulation and implantation
Taneja, 2002; Ahmad, 2010) have been recorded. Dominant (Ozalp et al., 2010). The binding of natural pyrethrins and
lethal mutations induced by mutagenic activity in sperms of pyrethroids to receptors of steroid hormones has been
CY treated animals are responsible for implantation losses documented (Yang et al., 2009). In vivo (Zhang et al.,
(Shukla and Taneja, 2002). 2008b) and in vitro (Gill et al., 2011) effects of
Endometrial glandular atrophy is reported in uteri of pyrethroids on pregnancy hormones have been reported,
pyrethroid exposed animals and in endometrial biopsies so abortifacient role of pyrethroids can not be excluded.
from infertile and repeat breeder animals (Garoussi et al., Another steroid testosterone in blood plasma/serum of
2010). Changes at molecular level have been suggested to pyrethroiod exposed animals was decreased (Elbetieha et
be responsible for decreased number of implantations. al., 2001; Yousef et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2010).
Changes in both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and However, LH levels are increased in such animals. Such
mitochondrion in rat ovarian corpus luteum cells after a trend might be due to normal negative feed back in
four-week fenvalerate exposure have been reported (He et response to the decreased testosterone hormone of the
al., 2006). Increase in serum free calcium concentration hypothalamus-pituitary axis (Zhang e et al., 2007).
was also reported with pyrethroid exposure. ER The reduction in the size of chick head of pyrethroid
accumulates calcium by Ca++ pump, then either inositol exposed embryos reflected the reduction in the size of
1, 4, 5-trisphosphate or cyclic adenosine diphosphate brain that occurred as a result of degenerative changes in
ribose cause release of Ca++. Calcium can mediate neurons, which in turn might have occurred as a result of
various physico-chemical actions (neurotrans- mitter pyrethroid induced apoptosis (Anwar, 2003). Farag et al.
release, steroidogenesis, fertilization, and DNA synthesis). (2007) commented that maternal toxicity could be the
7. 7 Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(1): 1-9.
trigger for the decreased pup weight gain and delayed activity in rams (Rekkas et al., 2000). Such reports
development of physical features in the high dose group suggest that vitamin E could have a protective role in
(50% of the control). The undersized progeny might have pyrethroid induced oxidative stress and reproductive
developed alterations in neuromuscular parameters toxicity in animals (Yousef et al., 2010). However, a
afterwards. It has been quoted that the higher level of negative correlation between vitamin E with steroids and
sensitivity of the neonatal mammals to pyrethroid toxicity their binding proteins has been reported selectively in
might be due to partial ripeness of the enzymes which smokers, which imply that vitamin E may be a risk factor
catalyze the pyrethroids metabolism in the liver of juveniles for prostate cancer in smokers (Mondul et al., 2011). In
(Cantalamessa, 1993; Farag et al., 2007). Moreover, during general vitamin E has a protective effect on Leydig cell
organogenesis fetuses suffered toxicity but pyrethroid steroidogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies on young
treatment during the maturation phase did not significantly adult Brown Norway rats suggested that vitamin E
produce reproductive toxicity (Syed et al., 2010). It might suppress Fe2+/sodium ascorbate-induced lipid peroxide-
be because fetuses which survived up to advanced stage tion in Leydig cells. Thus Leydig cell do not stop
might have recovered from mild lesions developing at steroidogenesis due to production of reactive oxygen
earlier stage. It has been reported that there is rapid DNA species (Chen et al., 2005).
repair in late embryo stages, but early embryo stages are
more likely to develop toxicity (Hook and Lee, 2004). Conclusions
Increased catalase activity and reduced superoxide The pyrethroids lead to reduction in sexual competency,
dismutase, glutathione preoxidase, vitamin E and vitamin reproductive efficiency and fertility in both sexes of non-
C activities in pyrethroid treated animals have been target species of animals. Adverse effects on the earlier
documented to be maintained normal by vitamin E stages of life in terms of teratogenecity and fetotoxicity are
supplementation (Raina et al., 2009; Aslam et al., 2010; also important concern of pyrethroid toxicity. Therefore,
Sharaf et al., 2010; Navayath and Thiyagarajan, 2011). over-dosage of pyrethroids must be avoided at any cost.
Furthermore, α-tocopherol supplementation in the spring Furthermore, vitamin E supplemen- tation might be helpful
season increased the spermatozoal plasminogen activator in reducing pyrethroid induced toxicity.
Table 5: Teratogenic toxicity of pyrethroid–exposed non-target species of animals
Subject/Treatment Teratogenecity produced References
Rat: CY and permethrin used with pretreatment Lethal pyrethroid effects not altered significantly by drug inhibitors Cantalamessa
of piperonyl butoxide (PB), or tri-o-triolyl in the neonatal rats, but in adults, esterase inhibitor (TTP) increased (1993)
phosphate (TTP) pyrethroid toxicity.
-1
Rabbit; CY @ 1000 mg.kg (28 d) Embryonic resorption and foetal mortality along with delayed Biernacki et al.
ossification of bones (1995)
Rat; cismethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin or CY Young rats more sensitive than adults to lethal doses of pyrethroids Sheets (2000)
Chick embryo; cypermethrin 50, 100, 200 and Reduced size of head, brain, eyeballs and crown rump length; Anwar (2003)
400 ppm (single dose) at 0 day of incubation incomplete development of eyes, beak and wing buds; micromelia,
exocardiogenesis on day 7 of incubation
-1
Rabbit; Cypermethrin: 25, 50, 75 mg.kg i-p Dose dependent and significantly decreased number of foetuses vs. Ullah et al. (2006)
5/10/15/20d post-mating number of CL. Dose dependently increased foetal lethality
CY: cypermethrin; CL: corpus luteam/corpora lutea
Fig. 2: Low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the mammalian cells undergoes an array of metabolic pathway and free cholesterol accomplishes various
functions. Arrow (1) indicates that decreased expression of HMG-CoA reductase inhibits the cholesterol synthesis. Arrow (2) indicates that
activation of ACAT leads the excess cholesterol to be stored through esterification. Arrow (3) indicates the down regulation of LDL receptors by
cholesterol to prevent excessive cholesterol accumulation in cell (feedback inhibition). ACAT: Acyl Co-A-cholesterol acyl-transferase; HMG-CoA
reductase: 3-hydroxy, 3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Kumar et al., 2007).
8. 8 Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(1): 1-9.
Acknowledgement Gustafsson JA, K Dahlman-Wright, PE Strömstedt, T Wright and J
Carlstedt-Duke, 1990. Structure-function aspects of the
Financial support of Higher Education Commission, glucocorticoid receptor. Princess Takamatsu Symp, 21: 137-155.
Islamabad, Pakistan under grant MLA 0543318 is highly He J, J-F Chen, R Liu, L Song, HC Chang, and X-R Wang, 2006.
acknowledged. Fenvalerate-induced alterations in calcium homeostasis in rat
ovary. Biomed Environ Sci, 19: 15-20.
Holden JS, 1979. Absorption and metabolism of permethrin aJnd
REFERENCES cypermethrin in the cockroach and the cotton-leafworm larvae.
Pesticide Sci, 10: 295–307.
Ahmad L, 2010. Pathological effects of cypermethrin in rabbits. PhD Hook SE and RF Lee, 2004. Genotoxicant induced DNA damage and
dissertation. Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture repair in early and late developmental stages of the grass shrimp
Faisalabad, Pakistan. Paleomonetes pugio embryo as measured by the comet assay.
Ahmad L, A Khan and MZ Khan, 2011. Cypermethrin induced Aquat Toxicol, 66: 1-14.
biochemical and hepto-renal pathological changes in rabbits. Int J Issam C, H Samir, H Zohra, Z Monia and B C Hassen, 2009. Toxic
Agric Biol, 13: 865-872. responses to deltamethrin (DM) low doses on gonads, sex
Ahmad M, I Hussain, A Khan and Najib-ur-Rehman, 2009. Deleterious hormones and lipoperoxidation in male rats following
effects of cypermethrin on semen characteristics and testes of subcutaneous treatments. J Toxicologic Sci, 34: 663-670.
dwarf goats (Capra hircus). Exp Toxicol Pathol, 61: 339-346. Izaguirre MF, RC Lajmanovich, PM Peltzer, AP Soler and VH Casco,
Alhazza LM and SA Bashandy, 1998. Influence of vitamin C on the 2000. Cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in the telencephalon of
toxicity of Pifpaf (containing permethrin) to gonads of male rats. Physalaemus biligonigerus tadpoles (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Bull
Saudi J Biol Sci, 5: 31-37. Environ Contam Toxicol, 65: 501-507.
Andrade AJ, S Araujo, GM Santana, M Ohi and PR Dalsenter, 2002. Ji G, Y Xia, A Gu, X Shi, Y Long, L Song, S Wang and X Wang, 2011.
Reproductive effects of deltamethrin on male offspring of rats Effects of non-occupational environmental exposure to
exposed during pregnancy and lactation. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol, pyrethroids on semen quality and sperm DNA integrity in Chinese
36: 310-317. men. Reprod Toxicol, 31: 171-176.
Anonymous, 2001. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in Jin Y, L Wang, M Ruan, J Liu, Y Yang, C Zhou, B Xu and Z Fu, 2011.
food: fifty-fourth report of the joint FAO/WHO expert Cypermethrin exposure during puberty induces oxidative stress and
committee on food additives. Food and Agriculture Organization endocrine disruption in male mice. Chemosphere, 84: 124-130.
of the United Nations. Kamijima M, H Hibi, M Gotoh, K Taki, I Saito, H Wang, S Itohara, T
Anwar K, 2003. Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide induces Yamada, G Ichihara, E Shibata, T Nakajima and Y Takeuchi, 2004.
teratological and biochemical changes in young chick embryos. A survey of semen indices in insecticide sprayers. J Occup Health,
Pak J Biol Sci, 6: 1698-1705. 46: 109-118.
Arena AC, CD Fernandez, EM Porto, DZ Bissacot, OC Pereira Khan A, HAM Faridi, M Ali, MZ Khan, M Siddique, I Hussain and M
and WG Kempinas, 2008. Fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, Ahmad, 2009. Effects of cypermethrin on some clinico-haemato-
adversely affects sperm production and storage in male rats. J biochemical and pathological parameters in male dwarf goats
Toxicol Environ Health A, 71: 1550-1558. (Capra hircus). Exp Toxicol Pathol, 61: 151-160.
Aslam F, A Khan, MZ Khan, S Sharaf, ST Gul and M Kashif Saleemi, Kumar S, AK Gautam, KR Agarwal, BA Shah and HN Saiyad, 2004.
2010. Toxico-pathological changes induced by cypermethrin in Demonstration of sperm head shape abnormality and clastogenic
broiler chicks: Their attenuation with Vitamin E and selenium. Exp potential of cypermethrin. J Environ Biol, 25: 187-190.
Toxicol Pathol, 62: 441-450. Kumar V, AK Abbas, N Fausto and RN Mitchell, 2007. Robbins Basic
Biernacki B, B Wlodarczyk, M Minta and T Juszkiewicz, 1995. Influence Pathology. 8th Ed, Thompson Press India Ltd. Haryana, India.
of cypermethrin on pregnancy and fetal development in rabbits. Mably TA, RW Moore and RE Peterson, 1992. In utero and lactational
Med Wet, 51: 31-33. exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Bouwman H, B Sereda and HM Meinhardt, 2006. Simultaneous presence of Toxicol App Pharmacol, 114: 97-107.
DDT and pyrethroid residues in human breast milk from a malaria Madsen C, MH Claesson and C Ropke, 1996. Immuno- toxicity of the
endemic area in South Africa. Environl Pollut, 144: 902-917. pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin and α-cypermetrin.
Brannen KC, JM. Panzica-Kelly, TL Danberry and KA Augustine-Rauch, Toxicology, 107: 219-227.
2010. Development of a zebrafish embryo teratogenicity assay and Martin MT, E Mendez, DG Corum, RS Judson, RJ Kavlock, DM Rotroff
quantitative prediction model. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod and DJ Dix, 2009. Profiling the reproductive toxicity of chemicals
Toxicol, 89: 66-77. from multigeneration studies in the toxicity reference database.
Bunya SP and PC Pati, 1988. Genotoxic effects of synthetic pyrthroid Toxicol Sci, 110: 181–190.
insecticide, cypermethrin, in mice in vivo. Toxicol Lett, 41: 223-230. McClusky LM, 2008. Cadmium accumulation and binding characteristics
Bunya SP and PC Pati, 1990. Effects of deltamethrin, a synthetic in intact Sertoli/germ cell units, and associated effects on stage-
pyrthroid, on the induction of chromosome aberrations, specific functions in vitro: insights from a shark testis model. J
micronuclei and sperm abnormalities in mice. Mutagenesis, Appl Toxicol, 28: 112-121.
5: 229-232. Mondul AM, S Rohrmann, AMenke, M Feinleib, WG Nelson, FAPlatz
Cantalamessa F, 1993. Acute toxicity of two pyrethroids, permethrin, and and D Albanes, 2011. Association of serum α-tocopherol with sex
cypermethrin in neonatal and adult rats. Institute of Pharmacology, steroid hormones and interactions with smoking: implications for
University of Camerino, Italy. Archiv Toxicol, 67: 510-513. prostate cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control, 22: 827-836.
Chen H, J Liu, L Luo, MU Baig, JM Kim, BR Zirkin, 2005. Vitamin E, aging Moore HD, Samayawardhena LA, Brewis IA, 1998. Sperm maturation in
and Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Exp Gerontol, 40: 728-736. vitro: co-culture of spermatozoa and epididymal epithelium. J
Du G, O Shen, H Sun, J Fei, C Lu, L Song,Y Xia, S Wang and X Wang, Reprod Fertil Suppl, 53: 23-31.
2010. Assessing hormone receptor activities of pyrethroid Muthuviveganandavel, V, P Muthuraman, S Muthu and K Srikumar, 2008.
insecticides and their metabolites in reporter gene assays. Toxicol A study on low dose cypermethrin induced histopathology, lipid
Sci, 116: 58-66. peroxidation and marker enzyme changes in male rat. Pestic
Elbetieha A, SI Da'as, W Khamas and H Darmani, 2001. Evaluation of Biochem Physiol, 91: 12-16.
the toxic potentials of cypermethrin pesticide on some Navayath S and D Thiyagarajan, 2011. Fenugreek supplementation
reproductive and fertility parameters in the male rats. Environ imparts erythrocyte resistance to cypermethrin induced oxidative
Contam Toxicol, 41: 522-528. changes in vivo. J Complement Integr Med, 8: 1436-1438.
Farag AT, NF Goda, NA Shaaban and AH Mansee, 2007. Effects of oral Ozalp GR, C Calıskan, K Seyrek-Intas and A Wehrend, 2010. Effects of
exposure of synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin on the behavior the progesterone receptor antagonist aglepristone on
of F1-progeny in mice. Reprod Toxicol, 23: 560–567. implantation administered on days 6 and 7 after mating in rabbits.
Garoussi MT, F Sasani and P Hovareshti, 2010. The Histopathological Reprod Dom Anim, 45: 505-508.
survey of uterine tissue in Holstein dairy cows with or without Pati PC and SP Bunya, 1989. Cytogenetic effects of fenvalerate in
recorded reproductive disorders. Iran J Vet Sc Technol, 2: 101-108. mammalian in vivo test system. Mutat Res, 222: 149-154.
Gill SA, F Rizvi, MZ Khan and A Khan, 2011. Toxic effects of Perry MJ, 2008. Effects of environmental and occupational pesticide
cypermethrin and methamidophos on bovine corpus luteal cells exposure on human sperm: a systematic review. Hum Reprod
and progesterone production. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 63: 131-135. Update, 14: 233-242.
9. 9 Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(1): 1-9.
Perry MJ, SA Venners, DB Barr and X Xu, 2007. Environmental from Salvia cilicica and their antileishmanial activities.
pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticide exposures and Phytochemistry, 61: 881-884.
sperm concentration. Reprod Toxicol, 23: 113-118. Tesh JM, FW Ross, and TJ Wightman, 1984. WL 43467: Effects of oral
Raina R, PK Verma, NK Pankaj and V Kant, 2009. Ameliorative effects administration upon pregnancy in the rabbit. 2. Main study.
of α-tocopherol on cypermethrin induced oxidative stress and Unpublished test report No. 84/SHL004/043 from Life Science
lipid peroxidation in Wistar rats. Int J Med Med Sci, 1: 396-399. Research.
Ratnasooriya WD, SS Ratnayake and YN Jayatunga, 2002. Effects of Truss M and M Beato, 1993. Steroid hormone receptors: Interaction
pyrethroid insecticide ICON (lambda cyhalothrin) on reproductive with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors. Endocrine
competence of male rats. Asian J Androl, 4: 35-41. Rev, 14: 459-479.
Rekkas C, N Kokolis, S Belibasaki, M Tsantarliotou and A Smokovitis, Ullah MS, M Ahmad, N Ahmad, MZ Khan and I Ahmad, 2006. Toxic
2000. Effect of α-tocopherol on plasma testosterone and effects of cypermethrin in female rabbits. Pak Vet J, 26: 193-196.
plasminogen activator activity or inhibition in ram spermatozoa. Venkateshuwarlu P, BJR Sharma, KB Kala, KS Reddy and KP Ravi, 1997.
Theriogenology, 53: 751-760. Comparative evaluation of toxicity of carbaryl, cypermethrin and
Rustamov YM and TG Abbasov, 1994. Gonadotoxic action of cypermethrin malathion on testes in mice. Indian J Toxicol, 4: 33-37.
in rats given multiple doses. Probl-Vet Sanit, 94: 88-95. Wang H, Q Wang, XF Zhao, P Liu, XH Meng, T Yu, YL Ji, H Zhang, C
Sakr SA, and AE Azab, 2001. Effects of pyrethroid inhalation on testes Zhang, Y Zhang and DX Xu, 2010. Cypermethrin exposure during
of albino rats. Pak J Biol Sci, 4: 498-500. puberty disrupts testosterone synthesis via downregulating StAR
Santoni G, F Cantalamessa, L Mazzucca, S Romagnoli and M Piccoli, in mouse testes. Archiv Toxicol, 84: 53-61.
1997. Prenatal exposure to cypermethrin modulates rat NK cell Yang D, X Wang, YT Chen, R Deng and B Yan, 2009. Pyrethroid
cytotoxic functions. Toxicology, 120: 231-242. insecticides: isoform-dependent hydrolysis, induction of
Schaefer C, 2001. Drugs during pregnancy and lactation. In: Handbook cytochrome P450 3A4 and evidence on the involvement of the
of Prescription, Drugs and Comparative Risk Assessment. Elsevier, pregnane X receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 237: 49-58.
The Netherlands, pp: 233.
Yashmashito M, J Tanka and Y Ando, 1997. Human mortality in
Shafer TJ, DA Meyer and KM Crofton, 2005. Developmental
organophosphate poisonings. Vet Hum Toxicol, 39: 84-85.
neurotoxicity of pyrethroids: Critical review and future research
Yousef MI, 2010. Vitamin E modulates reproductive toxicity of
needs. Environ Health Perspect, 113: 123-136.
pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin in male rabbits. Food Chem
Sharaf S, A Khan, MZ Khan, F Aslam, MK Saleemi, F Mahmood, 2010.
Toxicol, 48: 1152-1159.
Clinico-haematological and micronuclear changes induced by
Yousef MI, FM El-Demerdash and KS Al-Salhen, 2003. Protective role
cypermethrin in broiler chicks: Their attenuation with vitamin E
of isoflavones against the toxic effect of cypermethrin on semen
and selenium. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 62: 333-341.
Shashikumar S and PS Rajini, 2010. Cypermethrin-induced alterations in quality and testosterone levels of rabbits (Anglais, abstract in
vital physiological parameters and oxidative balance in English). J Environ Sc Health B, 38: 463-478.
caenorhabditis elegans. Pestic Bioch Physiol, 97: 235-242. Zenzes MT, 2000. Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human
Sheets LP, 2000. A consideration of age-dependent differences in gametes and embryos. Hum Reprod Update, 6: 122-131.
susceptibility to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides. Zhang H-Y, J Ueyama, Y Ito, Y Yanagiba, A Okamura, M Kamijima and T
Neurotoxicology, 21: 57-63. Nakajima, 2008a. Permethrin may induce adult male mouse
Shukla Y and P Taneja, 2002. Mutagenic potential of cypermethrin in mouse reproductive toxicity due to cis isomer not trans isomer.
dominant lethal assay. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 21: 259-265. Toxicology, 27: 136-141.
Song L, Y-B Wang, H Sun, C Yuan, X Hong, J-H Qu, J-W Zhou and X-R Zhang J, W Zhu, Y Zheng, J Yang and X Zhu, 2008b. The
Wang, 2008. Effects of fenvalerate and cypermethrin on rat antiandrogenic activity of pyrethroid pesticides cyfluthrin and beta-
sperm motility patterns in vitro as measured by computer-assisted cyfluthrin. Reprod Toxicol, 25: 491-496.
sperm analysis. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 71: 325-332. Zhang SY, Y Ito, O Yamanoshita, Y Yanagiba, M Kobayashi, K Taya, CM
Sun S, XL Xu, LC Xu, L Song, X Hong, JF Chen, LB Cui and XR Wang, Li, A Okamura, M Miyata, J Ueyama, CH Lee, M Kamijima and T
2007. Antiandrogenic activity of pyrethroid pesticides and their Nakajima, 2007. Permethrin may disrupt testosterone biosynthesis
metabolite in reporter gene assay. Chemosphere, 66: 474-479. via mitochondrial membrane damage of Leydig cells in adult male
Syed F, I Soni, PJ John and P Bhatnagar, 2010. Evaluation of teratogenic mouse. Endocrinology, 148: 3941-3949.
potential of cyfluthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid in Swiss albino mice. Zhang X, W Zhao, R Jing, K Wheeler, GA Smith, L Stallones and H
Toxicol Ind Health, 26: 105-111. Xiang, 2011. Work-related pesticide poisoning among farmers in
Tan N, M Kaloga, OA Radtke, AF Kiderlen, S Oksuz, A Ulubelen and H two villages of Southern China: a cross-sectional survey. BMC
Kolodziej, 2002. Abietane diterpenoids and triterpenoic acids Public Health, 11: 429.