This document provides information about protozoa, helminths, and parthenogenesis. It discusses the characteristics, morphology, nutrition, reproduction, diseases caused by, and treatments for protozoa. It also covers the classification, characteristics, diseases caused by, and treatments for helminths. Finally, it defines and describes different types of parthenogenesis such as natural vs artificial and apomictic vs automictic parthenogenesis. It notes some organisms that commonly exhibit parthenogenesis and the significance of this reproductive strategy.
This document defines key terminology used in fish parasitology. It discusses different types of parasites like monoxenous, oligoxenous, and polyxenous parasites which differ based on host specificity. It also describes parasites based on life cycles like stenoxenous, heteroxenous, diheteroxenous, and triheteroxenous parasites. Parasites are also defined based on where they live in the host body, like ectoparasites, endoparasites, and haemoparasites. Other terminology discussed includes host, definitive host, intermediate host, reservoir host, paratenic host, vectors, antigen, antibody, pathogen, and various parasite larvae.
This document provides an outline and overview of key topics about fungi. It discusses the evolutionary relationships of fungi, their cellular structure and feeding methods, and both asexual and sexual reproduction. Important sections also cover the roles of fungi in ecology, as pathogens and in beneficial relationships, as well as their applications in biotechnology. The document contains learning objectives, detailed descriptions, diagrams and images to support the key concepts about the kingdom Fungi.
1. The document discusses several groups of medically important protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa. It provides examples of pathogenic species within each group and where in the human body they typically cause infection.
2. Key aspects of protozoan infections are described such as transmission, which can occur through fecal-oral or insect routes, and pathogenesis, where protozoa attach to tissues and release toxic products to evade the immune system.
3. Classification of medically relevant protozoa is outlined based on morphology and locomotion. Genera are also grouped by the body sites typically infected such as the intestinal tract, urogenital tract,
This article includes Basics classification like binomial nomenclature, Taxa hierarchic, Five kingdoms of Robert H. Whittaker, Levels of Organization, and Classificationa and features of Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that carry out all life activities within a single plasma membrane. They exhibit diverse shapes and sizes, ranging from flagellated Euglena and Paramecium to amoeboid Amoeba. Many protozoa are symbiotic or pathogenic to plants and animals, including humans, with some causing diseases like giardiasis. They display a wide range of symmetries, forms of locomotion, and means of nutrition, including autotrophy, heterotrophy, and saprozoism.
Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic and lack chlorophyll. They range in size from 1-150 micrometers and can be naked or covered by a pellicle. Locomotion is via pseudopodia, cilia, or none. Nutrition is holophytic, holozytic, saprophytic or parasitic. Reproduction can be sexual via conjugation or asexual via binary fission. Protozoa are classified into Sporozoa, Ciliophora, Rhizopoda, and Zoomastigophora. They can be beneficial by providing food, controlling insects, and purifying water, or harmful by poll
This document provides an introduction to medical protozoology. It discusses parasites and medical parasitology, the types of hosts and parasites, and the relationships between hosts and parasites. It describes how parasites enter the human body and their various life cycles. It also provides an overview of the classification of protozoan parasites, discussing the four main groups - amoebae, flagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexa - and examples of parasites from each group.
This document defines key terminology used in fish parasitology. It discusses different types of parasites like monoxenous, oligoxenous, and polyxenous parasites which differ based on host specificity. It also describes parasites based on life cycles like stenoxenous, heteroxenous, diheteroxenous, and triheteroxenous parasites. Parasites are also defined based on where they live in the host body, like ectoparasites, endoparasites, and haemoparasites. Other terminology discussed includes host, definitive host, intermediate host, reservoir host, paratenic host, vectors, antigen, antibody, pathogen, and various parasite larvae.
This document provides an outline and overview of key topics about fungi. It discusses the evolutionary relationships of fungi, their cellular structure and feeding methods, and both asexual and sexual reproduction. Important sections also cover the roles of fungi in ecology, as pathogens and in beneficial relationships, as well as their applications in biotechnology. The document contains learning objectives, detailed descriptions, diagrams and images to support the key concepts about the kingdom Fungi.
1. The document discusses several groups of medically important protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa. It provides examples of pathogenic species within each group and where in the human body they typically cause infection.
2. Key aspects of protozoan infections are described such as transmission, which can occur through fecal-oral or insect routes, and pathogenesis, where protozoa attach to tissues and release toxic products to evade the immune system.
3. Classification of medically relevant protozoa is outlined based on morphology and locomotion. Genera are also grouped by the body sites typically infected such as the intestinal tract, urogenital tract,
This article includes Basics classification like binomial nomenclature, Taxa hierarchic, Five kingdoms of Robert H. Whittaker, Levels of Organization, and Classificationa and features of Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that carry out all life activities within a single plasma membrane. They exhibit diverse shapes and sizes, ranging from flagellated Euglena and Paramecium to amoeboid Amoeba. Many protozoa are symbiotic or pathogenic to plants and animals, including humans, with some causing diseases like giardiasis. They display a wide range of symmetries, forms of locomotion, and means of nutrition, including autotrophy, heterotrophy, and saprozoism.
Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic and lack chlorophyll. They range in size from 1-150 micrometers and can be naked or covered by a pellicle. Locomotion is via pseudopodia, cilia, or none. Nutrition is holophytic, holozytic, saprophytic or parasitic. Reproduction can be sexual via conjugation or asexual via binary fission. Protozoa are classified into Sporozoa, Ciliophora, Rhizopoda, and Zoomastigophora. They can be beneficial by providing food, controlling insects, and purifying water, or harmful by poll
This document provides an introduction to medical protozoology. It discusses parasites and medical parasitology, the types of hosts and parasites, and the relationships between hosts and parasites. It describes how parasites enter the human body and their various life cycles. It also provides an overview of the classification of protozoan parasites, discussing the four main groups - amoebae, flagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexa - and examples of parasites from each group.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how Carolus Linnaeus established the scientific naming system using genus and species names. Microorganisms are classified into three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - based on characteristics like cell structure and nucleic acid. Within these domains, microbes are further classified into six kingdoms and grouped according to their features. The document also describes key characteristics of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and multicellular parasites.
Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that were coined in 1818. They are eukaryotic with a nucleus and organelles, rely on their environment for nutrition, and do not have chlorophyll. Protozoa include flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae that move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods respectively. As components of micro and meiofauna, protozoa are an important food source and play a role in transferring production between trophic levels as both herbivores and consumers. Examples of protozoa discussed include the amoeba, trypanosoma, plasmodium, paramecium, and
This document provides a taxonomy of protozoa, which are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that reproduce through binary fission. It outlines that protozoa are classified into 7 phyla based on their characteristics and structures. Each phylum contains subclasses and examples of genera. The largest phyla is Ciliophora, which contains over 8,000 species of protozoa that use cilia as locomotory structures, including genera like Paramecium, Stentor, and Tetrahymena. The document categorizes protozoa in a hierarchical manner from the subkingdom level down to examples of different genera for each phylum.
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their structure, classification, life cycles, reproduction, and nutrition. Some key points:
- Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic. Many cause asymptomatic or mild infections in humans.
- They have complex internal structures like organelles and can move using flagella, cilia or pseudopodia. Major groups include Sarcomastigophora and Apicomplexa.
- Life cycles include active feeding trophozoite stages and protective cyst stages. Reproduction is mainly asexual binary fission but some have sexual cycles.
- All protozoa eat preformed organic materials through
Protists are eukaryotic, one- or many-celled organisms that live in aquatic environments. They can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. Protists reproduce both sexually and asexually. Major groups of protists include algae, which use photosynthesis, protozoa which are single-celled animal-like protists, and ciliates which use cilia for movement. Fungi are many-celled organisms that feed on dead and decaying matter and reproduce via spores. Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria.
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be motile and use pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella for movement. There are two main types - parasitic protozoans that live in or on other organisms, and free-living protozoans that live in environments like freshwater, soil, or decaying organic matter. Some examples of free-living protozoans described in the document include Paramecium, Didinium, Vorticella, Amoeba proteus, Euglena, and Peranema. Radiolarians, Foraminifera, and their species Lamprocyclas, Stylosphaera, Thecosphaera, Elphidium william
There are various Protozoans found on this planet most are harmful, while a few has great economic importance. This slide presents about the economic importance of few Protozoans.
The document discusses the Kingdom Protista, which includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms like protozoa and protophyta. Protozoa are animal-like and include amoebas and paramecium, while protophyta are plant-like algae such as euglena. Various characteristics and examples of protists are described, including their roles in food chains and diseases like malaria caused by sporozoan Plasmodium.
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
Classification of veterinary protozoansihtisham114
This document classifies and describes various veterinary protozoans. It divides protozoans into four phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora, Sporozoa, and Microspora. Sarcomastigophora includes amoeboid protozoans like Entamoeba histolytica and flagellated protozoans like Trypanosoma. Ciliophora contains protozoans like Balantidium coli that use cilia for movement. Sporozoa, also called Apicomplexa, are obligate intracellular parasites with complex life cycles, including genera that cause diseases in animals. Microspora are small parasites of fish and some mammals like Encephal
1. Protozoa are a diverse assemblage of unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and have at least one motile life stage. They include free-living, mutualistic, commensal, and parasitic forms that reproduce asexually through mitosis or sexually through conjugation/syngamy.
2. Important protozoan phyla include Euglenozoa, which includes the disease-causing trypanosomes, and Axostylata, which have a stiffening rod. Sarcodina, including the amoeba Amoeba proteus, move using pseudopods and feed through phagocytosis. Foraminifera and radiolarians have shells and have
The document discusses protozoan parasites and their life cycles. It provides information on:
- The definitive host, where sexual reproduction occurs
- The intermediate host(s), where asexual reproduction occurs
- Transmission between host species, which can involve vectors like insects
- The cell types parasites infect and their major developmental stages within hosts
The Toxoplasma life cycle is used as an example, with cats as the definitive host and warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts where rapid asexual replication can initially occur following infection.
Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that inhabit water and soil and feed on organic matter. They display various modes of motility including pseudopods, cilia, and flagella. Many protozoa have complex life cycles with trophozoite and cyst stages and require multiple hosts to complete their life cycles. Some pathogenic protozoa cause diseases in humans through fecal-oral or insect transmission, infecting the gut or blood and potentially spreading to other organs. Common diseases include malaria, African sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, and amoebic dysentery.
This document defines parasites and summarizes different types of parasites and their life cycles. It discusses ectoparasites that live on the outer surface of hosts, and endoparasites that live within hosts. Obligate parasites cannot exist without a host, while facultative parasites can live with or without a host. Accidental parasites may infect unusual hosts. The document also examines different types of hosts and relationships between parasites and hosts.
Fungi structure Reproduction Classification, Life cycles Bot coaching mater...Nagaraj Deshaboina
This document provides an overview of fungi, including their general characteristics, structures, modes of nutrition, reproduction, and classification. Some key points:
- Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce both asexually and sexually.
- Their filamentous structure is called hyphae, which come together to form a mycelium. Cell walls contain chitin.
- Fungi obtain nutrients as saprophytes, parasites, or symbiotically. Saprophytes feed on dead organic matter, parasites live on or in living hosts, symbionts have mutualistic relationships like lichens or my
The document discusses several key points about protozoa:
1. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They display a wide diversity of shapes and methods of nutrition, locomotion, and reproduction.
2. The earliest protozoa evolved over 1.5 billion years ago from ancient archaea. They are divided into multiple phyla based on features like nucleus type and locomotion.
3. Important protozoan groups include the SAR supergroup, apicomplexans, ciliates, and dinoflagellates. Many protozoa are free-living but some are parasitic and can cause serious diseases in humans and other
The document discusses various groups of protists:
- Protists exhibit diversity and complexity as unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes, including autotrophs and heterotrophs found in aquatic environments.
- They reproduce asexually and sexually, forming spores and cysts during stressful environmental conditions.
- Major groups discussed include green algae, red algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, zooflagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans.
Slime molds can have both fungal and amoebal characteristics, existing in two forms - cellular and plasmodial. Cellular slime molds resemble amoebas and ingest bacteria through phagocytosis, while plasmodial slime molds consist of a multi-nucleated mass that engulfs debris and bacteria as it moves. Parasitic worms that live in humans include flatworms like flukes and tapeworms, and roundworms like nematodes. Arthropods such as ticks and insects can carry diseases as vectors, and vector-borne diseases are most effectively controlled by eliminating the vector.
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motility is provided by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. They ingest food and can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding or sexually through conjugation or gamete fusion. Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it evades the immune system by hiding in the liver and red blood cells, where it consumes hemoglobin and reproduces asexually.
1. Protozoa is a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that includes free-living, parasitic and mutualistic forms. They exhibit different modes of nutrition and locomotion.
2. Historically, protozoa included many disparate groups but is now defined as unicellular organisms with sometimes colonial or multicellular stages. They lack specialized tissues and organs.
3. Major protozoan groups include the SAR supergroup containing amoebas, flagellates and foraminifera, as well as ciliates, apicomplexans, microsporidians and others. Many are important as parasites, in nutrient cycling or in forming structures like coral reefs
1. Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause important diseases in animals. Trypanosomes, babesia, and coccidia are protozoan parasites that infect livestock and cause significant economic losses.
2. Trypanosomes are transmitted between animals by tsetse flies or other biting flies. They multiply in the bloodstream and cause trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, in cattle. Control relies on chemotherapy, insecticides, and trypanotolerant breeds.
3. Coccidia are intracellular parasites with direct or indirect life cycles. Eimeria species infect the intestinal epithelium of many animal hosts and cause coccidiosis
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how Carolus Linnaeus established the scientific naming system using genus and species names. Microorganisms are classified into three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - based on characteristics like cell structure and nucleic acid. Within these domains, microbes are further classified into six kingdoms and grouped according to their features. The document also describes key characteristics of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and multicellular parasites.
Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that were coined in 1818. They are eukaryotic with a nucleus and organelles, rely on their environment for nutrition, and do not have chlorophyll. Protozoa include flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae that move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods respectively. As components of micro and meiofauna, protozoa are an important food source and play a role in transferring production between trophic levels as both herbivores and consumers. Examples of protozoa discussed include the amoeba, trypanosoma, plasmodium, paramecium, and
This document provides a taxonomy of protozoa, which are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that reproduce through binary fission. It outlines that protozoa are classified into 7 phyla based on their characteristics and structures. Each phylum contains subclasses and examples of genera. The largest phyla is Ciliophora, which contains over 8,000 species of protozoa that use cilia as locomotory structures, including genera like Paramecium, Stentor, and Tetrahymena. The document categorizes protozoa in a hierarchical manner from the subkingdom level down to examples of different genera for each phylum.
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their structure, classification, life cycles, reproduction, and nutrition. Some key points:
- Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic. Many cause asymptomatic or mild infections in humans.
- They have complex internal structures like organelles and can move using flagella, cilia or pseudopodia. Major groups include Sarcomastigophora and Apicomplexa.
- Life cycles include active feeding trophozoite stages and protective cyst stages. Reproduction is mainly asexual binary fission but some have sexual cycles.
- All protozoa eat preformed organic materials through
Protists are eukaryotic, one- or many-celled organisms that live in aquatic environments. They can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. Protists reproduce both sexually and asexually. Major groups of protists include algae, which use photosynthesis, protozoa which are single-celled animal-like protists, and ciliates which use cilia for movement. Fungi are many-celled organisms that feed on dead and decaying matter and reproduce via spores. Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria.
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be motile and use pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella for movement. There are two main types - parasitic protozoans that live in or on other organisms, and free-living protozoans that live in environments like freshwater, soil, or decaying organic matter. Some examples of free-living protozoans described in the document include Paramecium, Didinium, Vorticella, Amoeba proteus, Euglena, and Peranema. Radiolarians, Foraminifera, and their species Lamprocyclas, Stylosphaera, Thecosphaera, Elphidium william
There are various Protozoans found on this planet most are harmful, while a few has great economic importance. This slide presents about the economic importance of few Protozoans.
The document discusses the Kingdom Protista, which includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms like protozoa and protophyta. Protozoa are animal-like and include amoebas and paramecium, while protophyta are plant-like algae such as euglena. Various characteristics and examples of protists are described, including their roles in food chains and diseases like malaria caused by sporozoan Plasmodium.
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
Classification of veterinary protozoansihtisham114
This document classifies and describes various veterinary protozoans. It divides protozoans into four phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora, Sporozoa, and Microspora. Sarcomastigophora includes amoeboid protozoans like Entamoeba histolytica and flagellated protozoans like Trypanosoma. Ciliophora contains protozoans like Balantidium coli that use cilia for movement. Sporozoa, also called Apicomplexa, are obligate intracellular parasites with complex life cycles, including genera that cause diseases in animals. Microspora are small parasites of fish and some mammals like Encephal
1. Protozoa are a diverse assemblage of unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and have at least one motile life stage. They include free-living, mutualistic, commensal, and parasitic forms that reproduce asexually through mitosis or sexually through conjugation/syngamy.
2. Important protozoan phyla include Euglenozoa, which includes the disease-causing trypanosomes, and Axostylata, which have a stiffening rod. Sarcodina, including the amoeba Amoeba proteus, move using pseudopods and feed through phagocytosis. Foraminifera and radiolarians have shells and have
The document discusses protozoan parasites and their life cycles. It provides information on:
- The definitive host, where sexual reproduction occurs
- The intermediate host(s), where asexual reproduction occurs
- Transmission between host species, which can involve vectors like insects
- The cell types parasites infect and their major developmental stages within hosts
The Toxoplasma life cycle is used as an example, with cats as the definitive host and warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts where rapid asexual replication can initially occur following infection.
Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that inhabit water and soil and feed on organic matter. They display various modes of motility including pseudopods, cilia, and flagella. Many protozoa have complex life cycles with trophozoite and cyst stages and require multiple hosts to complete their life cycles. Some pathogenic protozoa cause diseases in humans through fecal-oral or insect transmission, infecting the gut or blood and potentially spreading to other organs. Common diseases include malaria, African sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, and amoebic dysentery.
This document defines parasites and summarizes different types of parasites and their life cycles. It discusses ectoparasites that live on the outer surface of hosts, and endoparasites that live within hosts. Obligate parasites cannot exist without a host, while facultative parasites can live with or without a host. Accidental parasites may infect unusual hosts. The document also examines different types of hosts and relationships between parasites and hosts.
Fungi structure Reproduction Classification, Life cycles Bot coaching mater...Nagaraj Deshaboina
This document provides an overview of fungi, including their general characteristics, structures, modes of nutrition, reproduction, and classification. Some key points:
- Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce both asexually and sexually.
- Their filamentous structure is called hyphae, which come together to form a mycelium. Cell walls contain chitin.
- Fungi obtain nutrients as saprophytes, parasites, or symbiotically. Saprophytes feed on dead organic matter, parasites live on or in living hosts, symbionts have mutualistic relationships like lichens or my
The document discusses several key points about protozoa:
1. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They display a wide diversity of shapes and methods of nutrition, locomotion, and reproduction.
2. The earliest protozoa evolved over 1.5 billion years ago from ancient archaea. They are divided into multiple phyla based on features like nucleus type and locomotion.
3. Important protozoan groups include the SAR supergroup, apicomplexans, ciliates, and dinoflagellates. Many protozoa are free-living but some are parasitic and can cause serious diseases in humans and other
The document discusses various groups of protists:
- Protists exhibit diversity and complexity as unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes, including autotrophs and heterotrophs found in aquatic environments.
- They reproduce asexually and sexually, forming spores and cysts during stressful environmental conditions.
- Major groups discussed include green algae, red algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, zooflagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans.
Slime molds can have both fungal and amoebal characteristics, existing in two forms - cellular and plasmodial. Cellular slime molds resemble amoebas and ingest bacteria through phagocytosis, while plasmodial slime molds consist of a multi-nucleated mass that engulfs debris and bacteria as it moves. Parasitic worms that live in humans include flatworms like flukes and tapeworms, and roundworms like nematodes. Arthropods such as ticks and insects can carry diseases as vectors, and vector-borne diseases are most effectively controlled by eliminating the vector.
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motility is provided by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. They ingest food and can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding or sexually through conjugation or gamete fusion. Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it evades the immune system by hiding in the liver and red blood cells, where it consumes hemoglobin and reproduces asexually.
1. Protozoa is a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that includes free-living, parasitic and mutualistic forms. They exhibit different modes of nutrition and locomotion.
2. Historically, protozoa included many disparate groups but is now defined as unicellular organisms with sometimes colonial or multicellular stages. They lack specialized tissues and organs.
3. Major protozoan groups include the SAR supergroup containing amoebas, flagellates and foraminifera, as well as ciliates, apicomplexans, microsporidians and others. Many are important as parasites, in nutrient cycling or in forming structures like coral reefs
1. Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause important diseases in animals. Trypanosomes, babesia, and coccidia are protozoan parasites that infect livestock and cause significant economic losses.
2. Trypanosomes are transmitted between animals by tsetse flies or other biting flies. They multiply in the bloodstream and cause trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, in cattle. Control relies on chemotherapy, insecticides, and trypanotolerant breeds.
3. Coccidia are intracellular parasites with direct or indirect life cycles. Eimeria species infect the intestinal epithelium of many animal hosts and cause coccidiosis
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their characteristics, morphology, types, reproduction methods, diseases they cause, and drugs used to treat protozoa infections. It defines protozoa as unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and describes their ectoplasm and endoplasm layers. The document classifies protozoa into four main types - flagellates, ciliates, sarcodina, and sporozoates - and provides examples of diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan species, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis. It also lists some common antiprotozoal drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, and metronid
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342360535
DISASTER MANAGEMENT Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
BY
DR. BENARD LANGO
Benard.lango@gmail.com
Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Disaster Management – Compiled Lecture Notes: Dr. Benard Lango 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................4
1. 0 Common Terminologies.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Characteristics of Disasters.................................................................................................................5
1.3 Types of Disasters...............................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Natural Disasters..........................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Human-Made Disasters................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Incidences of Mass Trauma..........................................................................................................7
1.4 Differences between Emergencies and Disasters...............................................................................7
1.5 Disaster Management Life Cycle.........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2:RISKS AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT........................................................................10
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Hazards and Hazard Assessment ......................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Common Types of Hazards ........................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Hazard Control ...........................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Hazard Classification ...............................................................
This document provides information about protozoa. It defines protozoa as unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and discusses their characteristics, morphology, types, reproduction methods, and diseases caused. The key types discussed are flagellates, ciliates, sarcodina, and sporozoates. Several pathogenic protozoa are mentioned, including those that cause malaria, giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and toxoplasmosis. Common antiprotozoal drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, and metronidazole are also outlined.
1. Protozoa are single-celled microscopic organisms found worldwide in most habitats. While most species are free-living, all higher animals are infected by one or more protozoan species.
2. Protozoa are classified into four main types: amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and parasitic sporozoans. They move using pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.
3. Several protozoan species are human parasites that can cause diseases like malaria, amoebiasis, and others. Symptoms vary depending on the species and strain. Laboratory diagnosis uses examinations of body fluids and tissues. Treatment involves antiprotozoal drugs.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
This document provides an overview of the Module of Microbiology I course. The course covers Medical Parasitology, Medical Entomology, and Medical Mycology. It includes 5 units of study: Medical Parasitology, Medical Entomology, Medical Mycology, General Parasitology. The learning objectives, indicative content, and introduction sections provide details on the content that will be covered, including the relationship between parasites and hosts, classification of parasites, and key concepts in parasitology.
1. Parasitology is the study of parasites, including intestinal and blood parasites. Trematodes, also known as flukes, are leaf-shaped parasites that can live in the intestines, liver, lungs and other organs.
2. The document discusses several intestinal and liver flukes, including Fasciolopsis buski and Fasciola hepatica. It provides details on their morphology, life cycles, hosts, symptoms, and diagnoses.
3. Trematodes have complex life cycles involving both intermediate and definitive hosts. People can become infected by ingesting metacercariae on plants like watercress that have been contaminated with fluke eggs from infected animal hosts.
This document provides an introduction to protozoology, the study of protozoa. It discusses the key characteristics of protozoa including their morphology, occurrence in different habitats, modes of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, life cycles, classification, medical importance as pathogens, mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis, and approaches to treatment with antiprotozoal agents. The document serves as an overview of protozoa with a focus on those that are medically relevant.
The document provides an overview of protozoology, which is the study of protozoa. It defines protozoa as microscopic, unicellular eukaryotic organisms that may be free-living or parasitic. The document outlines several general characteristics of protozoa, including their means of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, and response to environmental conditions. It also discusses classification of protozoa and examples of important protozoan parasites that infect humans, such as Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum.
Here are short notes on the life cycle of a parasite:
(a) Life cycle of parasite:
The life cycle of a parasite refers to the series of changes and stages it passes through from egg/cyst/spore to adult form. There are two main types of life cycles:
1. Direct life cycle: Requires only one host. Eggs/cysts are passed in feces and ingested by the same or another host, where they develop into adults.
2. Indirect life cycle: Requires two or more hosts. Eggs/cysts are passed and ingested by an intermediate host. Larvae develop and infect another definitive host, where they mature into adults. The adults reproduce
The document discusses protists, which are single-celled microscopic organisms that can have traits of plants, animals, or both. It describes how different protists move, feed, and reproduce. Some protists are animal-like and use pseudopods or cilia for movement, while plantlike protists can use chloroplasts to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Most protists reproduce through a process called fission, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
404414_INTESTINAL AND LUMINAL PROTOZOA.pptTofikMohammed3
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This document provides an introduction to medical parasitology and defines key terms. It discusses how parasites differ from hosts in size, generation rate, life spans, abundance, and dependence. It classifies parasites based on their anatomical position in the host as intestinal, hemoparasites, or tissue parasites. It also defines definitive and intermediate hosts. Finally, it provides an overview of important protozoan parasites, discussing their locomotion organs and stages of cysts and trophozoites.
This document defines key terminology used in fish parasitology. It discusses parasitology as the study of parasite-host relationships and fish parasitology as focusing on parasites of fish. Parasites are defined as organisms that live on or inside a host for food and shelter. They are classified based on host specificity (monoxenous, oligoxenous, polyxenous), number of hosts in their lifecycle (stenoxenous, heteroxenous), and location on the host (ecto, endo, haemal). The document also defines related terms like host, definitive host, intermediate host, reservoir host, vectors, and more.
This document discusses biorational insecticides, which are pesticides derived from biological or natural origins that have limited adverse environmental effects. It defines biorational pesticides and provides examples of their benefits over conventional insecticides. The main types of biorational pesticides are then summarized, including those from plants, animals, microorganisms, insect growth regulators, and semiochemicals. Specific examples like neem, pyrethrum, Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are then discussed in more detail regarding their origin, active ingredients, and mode of action.
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2. Index
1. Protozoa
Characteris
tics and
Morpholog
y of
protozoa
Other
Morpholog
ical
Character
Nutrition
Classificati
on of
Protozoa
Reproducti
on of
Protozoa
Diseases
Caused by
Protozoa
Antiprotoz
oal Drug
2. Helminths
Some
other
classes
Taxonmical
Classificati
on of
Helminthes
Characteris
tics of
Helminthes
Diseases
caused by
Helminthes
Antihelmint
ics Drugs
Classificati
on of
Anthelminti
cs Drugs
1.Parthenogenesis
Other features
Classification of parthenogenesis
Natural parthenogenesis
Natural occurrence
Artificial Parthenogenesis
Apomictic and Automictic parthenogenesis
Some other types
Only single way of reproduction
Significance of parthenogenesis
3. Protozoa
Protozoan, organism, usually single-celled and
heterotrophic (using organic carbon as a source of energy),
belonging to any of the major lineages of protists and, like
most protists, typically microscopic. All protozoans
are eukaryotes and therefore possess a “true,” or
membrane-bound, nucleus. They also are nonfilamentous
(in contrast to organisms such as molds, a group of fungi,
which have filaments called hyphae) and are confined to
moist or aquatic habitats, being ubiquitous in
such environments worldwide, from the South Pole to
the North Pole. Many are symbionts of other organisms,
and some species are parasites.
4. Characteristics and Morphology of Protozoa
Characteristics
Mostly unicellular organism with fully
functional cell.
Protozoa is mainly chemo-hetrotophs.
Live freely, may be symbiotic or parasitic.
They are motile having locomotive organelles
e.g., flagella and cillia, etc.
Morphology
Protozoa are Eukaryotic resemble to animal cell,
contain major cell organelle (including Nucleus
and Mitochondria).
There organelle are highly organized for feeding,
reproduction and movement.
The cytoplasm of protozoa are divided into an
outer layer ectoplasm and inner layer endoplasm
respectively.
Freshwater protozoa have Contractile vacuoles
To pump out excess water.
5. Other Morphological Character
• The size of protozoa is range between 3 to 300 micrometer.
• Few cilliate and Amoeba are large enough to be seen with
naked eyes (4-5 mm in size).
• Ectoplasm help in movement, feeding and protection.
• Endoplasm houses Nucleus, Mitochondira and Food.
• Their shape remain constant (specially in Cilliate) and change
constantly (Amoeba).
• Except Sporozoates, all type of protozoa are motile either
flagella, cillia and pseudopodia.
• Some have eyespot that can detect change in light.
6. Nutrition
Mostly protozoa feed on dead plants and
animal debris while some trophozoites
feed on Bacteria and Algae.
Parasitic protozoa feed on the fluid and
tissue of their hosties e.g., Plasma and
Blood cells.
Some protozoa live in Symbiotic
relationship with other plant and animals.
7. Classification of Protozoa
Protozoa are classified information the basis of
motility and it’s method of reproduction. There are
four main types –
1. Flagellate
2. Cilliate
3. Sarcodina
4. Sporozoate
8. Reproduction in Protozoa
Protozoa reproduce by both asexual and sexual means, though sexual reproduction is less common and
occurs in certain groups. Most protozoa reproduce asexually by cell division producing two equal or
sometimes unequal cells.
Asexual methods of reproduction are:
1. Budding
2. Binary Fission
3. Multiple Fission or Schizogony
Sexual methods of reproduction are:
1. Conjugation
2. Gametogony
11. Antiprotozoal Drug
Antiprotozoal drug: Something that destroys protozoa or inhibits their growth and
ability to reproduce.
A few of the protozoa of medical importance include Plasmodium (the cause
of malaria); Entamoeba histolytica (the cause of amebiasis, amebic dysentery) and
Trichomonas vaginalis (a cause of vaginal infection); and Pneumocystis carinii (a
common cause of pneumonia [PCP] in immunodeficient persons).
Some antiprotozoal drugs include the antimalarials Aralen (chloroquine),
Daraprim(Pyrimethamine), Lariam (Mefloquine), and Plaquenil
(hydroxychloroquine), Flagyl (Metronidazole) which is active against. Entamoeba
histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis; and Mepron (atovaquone) for Pneumocystis
carinii.
13. Helminths
Helminths are worm-like parasites that survive by feeding
on a living host to gain nourishment and protection,
sometimes resulting in illness of the host. There are a
variety of different helminths from the very large to the
microscopic.
Their motile movement is accomplished by wriggling
movement. The helminths of medical importance belong to
three classes:
1. Nematoda
2. Termatoda
3. Cestoda
Study of parasitic worm and their effect on host is termed
as Helminthology.
14. Some Other Classes
Geohelminths: The helminths which complete their life cycle not requiring
the process of the development of intermediate host.
They have only one host and simple life cycle such as ascarid, hookworm,
pinworm, etc.
Biohelminths: It refers to those, who undergoes into the development in
intermediate host to complete their life cycle, such as filaria, liver fluke, pork
tapeworm, etc.
17. Mode of entry
Parasitic mode of entry
1. Ingestion
2. Arthropod Bites
3. Direct pentration of intact skin or mucous membrane
Spread and Tropisms
Some parasite must migrate to certain location within the host in order to complete their
life cycle.
Non-human parasite, in humans, often fails to migrate properly and become “dead-
end-infection”.
19. Anthelmintics Drugs
Anthelmintics are drugs that are used to treat infections with parasitic worms. This
includes both flat worms, e.g., flukes and tapeworms and round worms, i.e., nematodes.
They are of huge importance for human tropical medicine and for veterinary medicine.
The World Health Organization estimates that a staggering 2 billion people harbour
parasitic worm infections.
Parasitic worms also infect livestock and crops, affecting food production with a resultant
economic impact. Also of importance is the infection of domestic pets.
20. Anthelmintics Drugs
Classification of Anthelmintics Drugs: Anthelmintics
are separated into classes on the basis of similar
chemical structure and mode of action.
1. Piperazine
2. Benzimidazoles
3. Levamisole, pyrantel and morantel
4. Paraherquamide
5. Ivermectin (macrocylic lactones and milbemycins)
6. Emodepside (cyclodepsipeptides, PF1022A)
7. Nitazoxanide
22. Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is a form of
reproduction in which an egg
can develop into an embryo
without being fertilized by a
sperm. Parthenogenesis is
derived from the Greek words
for “virgin birth,” and several
insect species including
aphids, bees, and ants are
known to reproduce
by parthenogenesis.
23. Other features
Parthenogenetic reproduction requires a
mechanism to circumvent the normal halving
of ploidy that results from gametogenesis. In
insects, many mechanisms for the preservation
or restoration of diploidy have evolved. Either
meiosis is eliminated (apomixis) or diploidy is
restored (automixis) during or after meiosis.
The study of parthenogenesis can illuminate
one of the central problems in biology, that of
explaining the ubiquity of sex and
recombination, and the adaptive significance
of the laws of genetics, by revealing when and
where in nature the laws of genetics are
suspended or overthrown.
24. Classification of
Parthenogenesis
On the basis of occurrence: There are
two types of parthenogenesis on the
basis of occurrence:
1. Natural Parthenogenesis
2. Artificial Parthenogenesis
On the basis of method of division:
There are two types of parthenogenesis
on the basis of method of division:
1. Apomictic Parthenogenesis
2. Automictic Parthenogenesis
25. Natural Parthenogenesis
In some animals, parthenogenesis occurs naturally in their life cycles. This is known as natural
parthenogenesis.
Natural parthenogenesis can be further divided into:
1. Complete Parthenogenesis: A few insects have no males and no sexual phase. Such organisms
depend upon self-reproduction. This is known as complete parthenogenesis.
2. Incomplete Parthenogenesis: The life cycle of a few insects involves two generations:
Sexual generation
Parthenogenesis generation
In this, the unfertilised eggs produce males and the diploid eggs produce females. This type of
parthenogenesis is called partial or incomplete parthenogenesis.
26. Natural occurrence
Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally
in aphids, Daphnia, rotifers, nematodes and some
other invertebrates, as well as in many plants.
Among vertebrates, strict parthenogenesis is only
known to occur in lizards, snakes,birds and
sharks, with fish, amphibians and reptiles
exhibiting various forms of gynogenesis and
hybridogenesis (an incomplete form of
parthenogenesis.
Some sexual species may occasionally
reproduce parthenogenetically; the Komodo
dragon and hammerhead and blacktip
sharks are recent additions to the known list
of spontaneous parthenogenetic vertebrates.
27. Artificial
Parthenogenesis
Physical Means
1. Temperature induces parthenogenesis in eggs. For eg.,
parthenogenesis is induced if an egg is transferred from -30 to
-10°C.
2. Parthenogenesis is caused by ultraviolet light.
3. Electrical shocks cause parthenogenesis.
4. When an egg is pricked by a needle, the development occurs
parthenogenetically.
Chemical Means: The chemicals that are responsible for the
parthenogenesis of eggs are:
1. Chloroform
2. Urea and Sucrose
3. Strychnine
4. Fat solvents
5. Acids
6. Chlorides
The fertilised eggs might
sometimes develop
parthenogenetically by
various chemical and
physical means. This is
known as artificial
parthenogenesis.
28. Apomictic and Automictic Parthenogenesis
Apomictic Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis can occur without meiosis through
mitotic oogenesis. This is called apomictic
parthenogenesis. Mature egg cells are produced by
mitotic divisions, and these cells directly develop
into embryos. In flowering plants, cells of
the gametophyte can undergo this process. The
offspring produced by apomictic parthenogenesis
are full clones of their mother. Examples include
aphids.
Automictic Parthenogenesis
automictic parthenogenesis) is a
postmeiotic process in which a haploid
cell may either duplicate its
chromosomes or join with another
haploid cell. In both cases, diploid
zygotes develop and grow into diploid
adults. Such organisms are not true
clones of the mother
29. Some Other Types
1. Facultative parthenogenesis: It is the term for when a female can produce offspring either sexually or
via asexual reproduction. Facultative parthenogenesis is extremely rare in nature. Facultative
parthenogenesis is often used to describe cases of spontaneous parthenogenesis in normally sexual
animals. many cases of spontaneous parthenogenesis in sharks, some snakes, Komodo dragons and a
variety of domesticated birds were widely attributed to facultative parthenogenesis.
2. Obligate parthenogenesis: It is the process in which organisms exclusively reproduce through asexual
means. Many species have been shown to transition to obligate parthenogenesis over evolutionary time.
Well documented transitions to obligate parthenogenesis have been found in numerous metazoan taxa,
albeit through highly diverse mechanisms. These transitions often occur as a result of inbreeding or
mutation within large populations.
30. Parthenogenesis has become almost a single way of reproduction
In some species parthenogenesis have played
a main role in maintaining their biological
race generation to generation, which are:
1. Oomycetes
2. Velvet worm
3. Rotifer
4. Flatworms
5. Snail
31. Significance of Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is important for the few crucial reasons,
which are:
1. Parthenogenesis helps in determining the sex of an
individual in honey bees, wasps, etc.
2. It supports the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
3. Variations from populations are eliminated by
parthenogenesis.
4. It is the simplest, most stable and easy process of
reproduction.
5. Polyploidy in organisms is caused by parthenogenesis.
6. It helps in the development of advantageous mutant
characters.
7. Non-adaptive combination of genes is controlled.
8. There are no sterile races.
However, the organisms produced by parthenogenesis
cannot survive for long due to no recombination of
genetic material.