This document summarizes the research literature on values and character education. It discusses key theories of moral and character development, such as those proposed by Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan. Different approaches to teaching values are outlined, including inculcation, moral development, analysis, values clarification, and action learning. Effective character education programs involve students, parents, teachers and the community, and address cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions. Overall, the literature supports comprehensive, holistic approaches to character education that create a caring community and positive school climate.
Learn about educational philosophies and take the movie quiz here - http://community.eflclassroom.com/profiles/blogs/what-is-your-philosophy-of-education
The Sport Values in Every Classroom Toolkit was developed by six International Organisations including UNESCO, the Agitos Foundation (of the International Paralympic Committee), the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE/CIEPSS), the International Fair Play Committee (IFPC), the Olympic Foundation for Cultural Heritage (OFCH), and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), forming an Education Partnership aiming at embedding sports values across educational programmes and at supporting the development of #healthycitizens who participate fairly in society and in sport.
Learn about educational philosophies and take the movie quiz here - http://community.eflclassroom.com/profiles/blogs/what-is-your-philosophy-of-education
The Sport Values in Every Classroom Toolkit was developed by six International Organisations including UNESCO, the Agitos Foundation (of the International Paralympic Committee), the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE/CIEPSS), the International Fair Play Committee (IFPC), the Olympic Foundation for Cultural Heritage (OFCH), and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), forming an Education Partnership aiming at embedding sports values across educational programmes and at supporting the development of #healthycitizens who participate fairly in society and in sport.
Learn about educational philosophies and take the movie quiz here - http://community.eflclassroom.com/profiles/blogs/what-is-your-philosophy-of-education
A webinar on ' sociology of education' organised by Department of Education,
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Tirunelveli.
Invited Resource Person
T. Sahaya Mary
Research Scholar
Dept. of Education
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli
Learn about educational philosophies and take the movie quiz here - http://community.eflclassroom.com/profiles/blogs/what-is-your-philosophy-of-education
A webinar on ' sociology of education' organised by Department of Education,
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Tirunelveli.
Invited Resource Person
T. Sahaya Mary
Research Scholar
Dept. of Education
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli
This Curriculum Design is an example of what a 21st Century Curriculum Design should be. The type of Curriculum (called Lesson Plan in the past) that is a Higher Order Intellectual Quality in nature. An Authentic Task that is also assessed using Authentic Assessment.
This material is from Filipino Values & Moral Development published by the Economic Development Foundations in November, 1992 The study was sponsored by the Philippine Senate and was headed by Senator Leticia Shahani. It was conducted by a task force headed by Dr. Patricia Licuanan. The findings were based on bibliographic surveys and interviews and consultations with researchers and practitioners in the behavioral and social sciences, education and social welfare, journalists and social analysts; a nationwide survey of 2000 respondents; and, focus group discussions among residents of an urban poor resettlement area in Bagong Bayan, Dasmariñas, Cavite. From the study was developed “A Moral Recovery Program – Building a People, Building a Nation” Submitted to the Philippine Senate.
This worksheet will enable teachers to self assess in order to remain relevant and in line with the goal of transforming education into the 21st cenury. This worksheet was developed by the DepEd. I am making it available in my site with the sole goal of spreading information to the farthest corners of the nation.
Detailed Lesson Plan (ENGLISH, MATH, SCIENCE, FILIPINO)Junnie Salud
Thanks everybody! The lesson plans presented were actually outdated and can still be improved. I was also a college student when I did these. There were minor errors but the important thing is, the structure and flow of activities (for an hour-long class) are included here. I appreciate all of your comments! Please like my fan page on facebook search for JUNNIE SALUD.
*The detailed LP for English is from Ms. Juliana Patricia Tenzasas. I just revised it a little.
For questions about education-related matters, you can directly email me at mr_junniesalud@yahoo.com
MATH Lesson Plan sample for demo teaching preyaleandrina
This is my first made lesson plan ...
i thought before that its hard to make lesson plan but being just resourceful and with the help of different methods and strategies in teaching we can have our guide for highly and better teaching instruction:)..
Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. (Vygotsky, 1978, p.57)
“the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers.”
NRF Posthumanism Project Seminar II 'Finding Child Beyond Child' Karin MurrisJakob Pedersen
These slides were presented by Dr. Karin Murris on 17 March 2016 as a part of Seminar II for NRF Posthumanism Project - All work in this presentation is created by Dr. Karin Murris
Relationship between Education and Philosophy.SANA FATIMA
”Education without philosophy is blind, philosophy without education is lame” comment.
EDUCATION:
PHILOSOPHY:
Metaphysics:
Epistemology:
Ethics:
Logic:
Relationship between philosophy and education:
a] Determining the aims of education:
b] Harmonizing old and new traditions in the field of education
c] Providing the educational planners, administrators, and educators with the progressive vision to achieve educational development:-
d] Preparing the young generation to face the challenges of the modern time:-
REFERENCES:
PAGE 2ACADEMIC GOALS FOR THE CLASSRunning head THE ACADE.docxgerardkortney
PAGE
2
ACADEMIC GOALS FOR THE CLASS
Running head: THE ACADEMIC GOALS FOR THE SEMESTER
The Academic Philosophy and Goals for Our Course:
A First Inquiry
Steven Christopher Ippolito
Monroe College
Abstract
The work of Larry Arnn, president of Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI has attracted considerable attention, as of late, in the area of higher education. Its focus on the value-laden timelessness of the liberal arts education represents the essence of conservative values in classical teaching and culture. Traditionally, the goal of the liberal arts education is to stress what is highest and best in life and learning. Thus, education, from the Latin, e ducere (to lead out; to draw out) signifies, in Dr. Arnn’s conceptualization, the junction of the empirical and the sensible (that which comes from outside a person) and the rational (the intellectual center of a person’s being), the logos, or the soul. The liberal arts education re-creates the human being; it envisions the intellect, not as an epiphenomenon of the brain and nervous system, but something that is more in the Medieval construction, something where the intellect is one of the three main powers of the soul, the other two being memory (memoria); and the other, the will (voluntas). Moroever, the liberal arts education teaches the intellectual and moral virtues, something that is sorely lacking from the contemporary classroom, onsite or virtual. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to reference and advocate the academic views of Larry Arnn and the fundamental meaning of the liberal arts education, past and present, for all students, in order to draw our or lead out of them from their most profound center of being (soul; logos), and engender the work of intellectual and personal transformation in both the classroom and in all of life.
Keywords: logos, learning, soul, will, memory, intellect, liberal arts education, virtues
The Academic Philosophy and Goals for Our Course:
A First Inquiry
One of the great educators in the United States, Dr. Larry P. Arnn (2012), President of Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI, has set forth what one might call, the Hillsdale Way, that is, a view to what is best in teaching and learning. With these views, I wholeheartedly agree, primarily because they are predicated on sound teaching experience, and a basic common sense that never seems to go out of fashion. The purpose of this brief paper – actually it is an introduction to all my Monroe students – is to reference these views, the core of the Hillsdale Way, for they will be the basis of how this class, indeed, all my classes, will proceed throughout the semester.
The Liberal Arts Education
The word education is derived from two Latin words, e ducere, meaning “to draw out,” or “to lead forth”. Education, then, is an attempt by a teacher to draw forth the best from the center of a student’s existential Self, by introducing the student to that which is best from the world of ideas, and.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Making the case_for_values_character_education
1. Making the Case for Values/Character Education:
A Brief Review of the Literature
Introduction
“Rooted in the Greek word ‘Charakter’, the term character has come to mean the constellation of
strengths and weaknesses that form and reveal who we are.... Assessing our character means
taking an inventory of our dominant thoughts and actions.ʺ
(Templeton Foundation, 1999).
How do character and values develop?
Do our values develop in stages like some experts have thought?
Can school experiences facilitate the development of values?
What is the relationship between values and behavior?
Why is it important to teach values?
What approaches are used to teach values? How effective are they?
These are some of the research questions that psychologists and educators have sought
to answer during the past century. This paper highlights relevant theory and research
that form the bases for teaching values.
It looks at some of the concepts (aspects about behavior or mental processes) and
principles (relationships between concepts) that support the need for values education1.
The summary chart at the end of this paper lists major research questions that
educational psychologists and teaching practitioners have sought to answer, along with
summaries and relevant findings.
Although Character Education is “broad in scope and difficult to define” (Otten, 2000),
character education is as old as education itself. The two broad purposes of education
in virtually every society are to “help people become smart, and to help them become
1
For example, Intelligence is a concept, while the idea that students with high intelligence tend to achieve
more is a principle that expresses the relationship between intelligence and achievement.
1
2. good” (Lickona, 1993). From the earliest days of Western civilization, character
education took the form of stories and mentorship. Plato learned from Socrates not
only through their engaging conversations, but also by traveling and living with
Socrates and embracing the qualities he observed in his teacher. Previously, stories
have formed the bases for transmitting culture and history, as well as providing
examples of positive traits and moral lessons (for example, Aesop’s fables, and a variety
of fairy tales). Today, while stories are still powerful vehicles for character education,
the process is intensified in schools, where the majority of children spend the greater
part of their days.
Knowledge Base for Values/Character Education
The modern roots of character education in the USA can be traced to the works of
educational philosophers such as John Dewey and Alfred North Whitehead, and
psychologist E. L. Thorndike. In the early part of the 20th Century, both Dewey and
Whitehead argued for the education of the “whole person” (Dewey, 1916), and for
education to be useful (Whitehead, 1929). Thorndike, a behaviorist, presented the
classic Stimulus-Response framework. He noted that learning results from the
associations formed between stimuli and responses. In 1926, Thorndike conducted a
five-year character education inquiry to evaluate moral education and construct an
inventory of useful values.
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1932/1965) is most notable for posing cognitive,
intellectual, and moral development in stages. Moreover, he believed that “schema”
were necessary for cognitive development, and that those structures changed over time
through the processes of assimilation (i.e. interpreting events in light of existing
schema) and accommodation (constructing new schema to make sense of the
environment). Kohlberg’s (1969/1984) theory of moral development also posed stages
through which children must pass in order to move to a “higher stage” of development
(See Appendix A). He also popularized the use of “moral dilemmas” as one method for
fostering increasingly higher levels of moral development. Carol Gilligan (1982), a
student of Kohlberg, noted that the generally accepted stage theories of moral
development were derived solely from research on men. She proposed that men and
women have different orientations toward moral development (See Appendix B). For
women, morality is concerned with caring and responsibility, while men have a “justice
orientation” (i.e. determining what is/is not allowable). For example, when boys have a
disagreement on the playground, they are apt to resolve it based upon the rules that
have been established, while girls will often quit playing in order to preserve the
relationships.
Living Values Activities promote cycles of empowerment and excellence, through a
2
3. values-based atmosphere, which allow students to move to increasingly higher levels of
moral development. Using values stimuli (reflection, games and stories, as well as
content lessons), even young children can exhibit the highest levels of development
described by both Kohlberg and Gilligan: i.e. Kohlberg’s idea of a “principled
conscience” and Gilligan’s principle of a nonviolent “responsibility orientation”.
Current theory and recent research has led to new understandings about moral
development, knowledge, and learning, and their relation to the teaching of
values/character education. Stage theories of development have yielded to theories that
acknowledge the multifaceted nature of human development and learning. Howard
Gardner and Robert Sternberg have gained notoriety with their notions of multiple
inteligences and the triarchic nature of the mind respectively. Gardner’s work identifies
several distinct forms of intelligence, including “inter-personal” (social skills) and
“intra-personal” (insight, metacognition) intelligence, both of which are central aspects
of values/character education. Sternberg’s work brings to light several information
processing sub-processes which interact to determine behavior, particularly the ability
to adapt to and shape the present environment, an important consideration for creating
a values-based atmosphere in a school.
Vigotsky highlighted the importance of social interaction in learning. According to
Vigotsky (1978), “every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first
on the social level, and later, on the individual level.” His notion of the “zone of
proximal learning” is another of his contributions, explaining the importance of a
certain time span during which learning can occur. The social skills children need to
function effectively are often developed and refined within the context of a character
education program.
Subject Matter that Matters
The conventional way of viewing the problem school subject matter goes like this: There is a
huge and growing mountain of things to know. Therefore they must select what is most
important to learn and what will provide the best foundation for going on and learning more.
Everything beyond that is pedagogy--the art of ensuring that students master and retain what
has been presented. (Bereiter, 2002).
The idea of helping students understand their world is a generally accepted aim of
education. However, this has a different meaning depending on the part of the world
one comes from. Cultural differences exist in the purposes of education and in the
importance of values/character education. In many societies, especially Eastern
societies, the moral dimension of education is the top priority. This may be traced to
those societies’ emphases on the collective vs. the individual, “…one may even say that
3
4. the social or moral dimension is the primary aim of Chinese and Japanese education.
Cognitive knowledge is respected only when it serves the moral aim.” (Cheng, 1998).
This is in dramatic contrast to the pre-occupation with individual rights and freedoms
seen in the USA. Examples of this can be seen throughout Western systems of
education: Individual Education Plans (IEPs) for special needs students in the USA;
small class sizes predicated upon the notion that smaller classes mean that teachers can
give individual students more attention, and discipline as a classroom management tool
to control unwieldy students, as opposed to a trait to be cultivated for its own sake.
Increasingly, teachers in both the East and West are feeling the pressure to instill in
students large amounts of information, leaving less time for values/character education.
Bereiter (2002) notes however, that “what we call knowledge is only belief that has
gained acceptance…..there is no value-free knowledge.”
Another cultural distinction which makes values/character education seem to be less
important among Western, industrialized nations is the emphasis on the external
physical world (best represented by science and abstract knowledge) as opposed to the
social world (which emphasizes the internal, moral domain).
“For example, Western culture places a great deal of importance on explicit knowledge
about the physical world, and indeed this knowledge is central to much of the
educational system…..However, at the same time, in such cultures as Japan and India,
knowledge about the social world and how one negotiates one’s way within it is valued
much more and harnesses far more energy than does knowledge about the physical
world.” (Gardner, 1984)
Even when values/character education is deemed important in Western school systems,
it is often mistakenly thought of as just enabling students to better understand and
function in their immediate surroundings: school, home, family, society. It is deeper
than that according to Bereiter: ʺThe progression is not from the home out into a wider
and wider world. It starts with the whole world and the progression is to deeper levels
of understandingʺ (Bereiter, 2002). It is in this respect that values/character education,
when done well, fosters both higher order cognitive skills and deeper intra-personal
and emotional intelligence.
In a landmark study of American undergraduate education, Ernest Boyer (1987) sums
up the need for values/character education:
“Education for what purpose? Competence to what end? At a time in life when values should be
shaped and personal priorities sharply probed, what a tragedy it would be if the most deeply felt
issues, the most haunting questions, the most creative moments were pushed to the fringes....ʺ
4
5. Approaches to Values/Character Education
Rather than values/character education being something “added to the plate” of teachers,
values/character education may be the plate itself, supporting everything else.
Most psychologists, educators, and policy-makers, concur with the general public that a
universal set of values must exist, although differences are expressed as to the origin of
those values – coming either from the natural or spiritual realm. Thus, various
approaches to teaching values have been developed, depending upon the cultural view
of the aims of education, and assumptions about the source of values, as well as how
people learn.
Superka, Ahrens and Hedstrom (1976) outlined five basic approaches to teaching
values:
1. Inculcation (having students incorporate the standards and norms of his/her
referent group or society primarily through modeling, rewards, and
sanctions)
2. Moral Development (having students move through the stages of moral
reasoning based on higher sets of values, using primarily discussions of
“moral dilemmas”)
3. Analysis (helping students use a rational, scientific investigation to decide
issues of values and ethics, often using case studies)
4. Values Clarification (helping students identify their own and others’ values,
often with role playing, games or simulations as well as discussions and self-
analysis)
5. Action Learning (using values clarification and/or other approaches,
providing students with opportunities to put values into practice with social
action)
According to Thomas Lickona (1993), all of these approaches are necessary, but none is
sufficient, to instill lifelong adherence to high principles. Good values/character
education must draw from each of the approaches above: “Schools must help children
understand core values, adopt or commit to them, and then act upon them in their own
lives.”
Each of the three aspects of values/character education (understand, adopt and act)
requires specific qualities that must be present for values/character education to be
effective:
1. Attention to the emotional side (self-respect, empathy, self-control, humility,
etc.), what Lickona (1993) describes as the “bridge between judgment and
5
6. action.”
2. Competence in skills such as listening and communicating.
3. Will (i.e. mobilizing the judgment and energy to act).
4. Habit (a reliable inner disposition to respond to situations in a good way).
Therefore, a comprehensive, holistic approach to values/character education is
recommended, based upon the assumption that everything that goes on in and around
students affects their values/character.
Many examples of values/character education programs exist. Most promote a
comprehensive framework that involves students, parents, teachers, administrators,
and the community2. Lemming (1993) found that the most effective programs were
those that involved the widest range of adults.
Lickona, Schaps, and Lewis (1996) have outlined “Eleven Principles of Effective
Character Education” which can be used either to plan or assess a values/character
education program (See Appendix C). These principles address the cognitive, affective
and behavioral dimensions of values/character development, and also emphasize the
importance of a “caring community” in the school. Leming (1993) also found
significant gains in student achievement where there was a positive climate for
learning.
Silva and Gimbert (2001) reported the results of a two-year investigation of teachers’
and interns’ sensemaking of character education using the process of Teacher Inquiry
(Hubbard and Power, 1993). They found that teachers’ natural inquiries fell into four
categories: 1) inquiry into self as teacher, 2) inquiry into curriculum/instructional
strategies, 3) inquiry into context, 4) inquiry into children’s thinking3.
Teachers posed questions such as:
“How do the beliefs of a teacher impact the way he or she engages children in class
meetings?”
“How can I implement a social studies curriculum to build friendships and a stronger
classroom community?”
“What instructional strategies and/or curriculum concepts would help third graders
2
For example, see The Character Education Partnership, Character Counts, The Giraffe Project, The Center for the
4th and 5th Rs, and Living Values: An Educational Program.
3
Training programs which focus on these natural inquiries of teachers will likely better prepare teachers to
successfully implement the program in their classrooms.
6
7. develop respect for others and a sense of social justice?”
“How can I help a particular student gain self-esteem?”
Williams (2000) inadvertently provides these teachers with helpful methods for
addressing their concerns by summarizing the suggestions from five major theorists
writing for the National Commission on Character Education. All agreed that:
1. Educators must serve as role models.
2. School and classroom climates must be caring, collaborative, and civil.
3. Teachers must establish an interpersonal atmosphere where respect is continually
practiced.
The Commission went on to emphasize the following teaching strategies in delivering
values/character education:
1. Consensus building
2. Cooperative learning
3. Literature
4. Conflict resolution
5. Discussing and engaging in moral reasoning
6. Service learning
Parker Palmer (1998) has warned however, against reducing conversations about
teaching to mere technique. “Our tendency to reduce teaching to questions of
technique is one reason we lack a collegial conversation of much duration or depth.
Though technique-talk promises the ‘practical’ solutions that we think we want and
need, the conversation is stunted when technique is the only topic: the human issues in
teaching get ignored, so the human beings who teach feel ignored as well. When
teaching is reduced to technique, we shrink teachers as well as their craft--and people
do not willingly return to a conversation that diminishes them.”
Beyond the Classroom
Finally, values/character education, done well, can facilitate much needed school and
system-wide reforms. Nothing has sparked more attention to school reform in the USA
than passage of the “No Child Left Behind Act” (2001). This Act marked a significant
shift in federal education policy, providing funding for programs designed to “close the
achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left
behind”. An increasing number of public and private schools in the USA have chosen
values to define purpose, priorities and outcomes. Schools such as Hyde School in
Bath, Maine, also exhort parents: “If you want your children to be people of character,
you need to be working on your own character on a regular basis” (Gauld & Gauld,
7
8. 2002).
Whether the goal is improved achievement, greater accountability, fewer discipline
problems, or a better public image, values/character education provides the skills
necessary to address issues in a systemic way. Values/character education embodies
the disciplines of a Learning Organization (Senge, 2000). Senge and others have shown
the value of sustainable educational communities and their importance in societal
change.
Summary
This paper discusses the knowledge base for values/character education in the USA.
Important educational and psychological theories addressing the cognitive and moral
development of children and adults have formed the foundation for most
values/character education programs or initiatives. Programs that are comprehensive
and holistic, involving multiple partners, show evidence of being more effective than
either short-term or piecemeal approaches. Teachers in particular, have needs to
understand themselves as teachers, as well as to understand the context in which they
teach, and methods and strategies for effectively delivering instruction.
Values/character education also has important implications for larger societal changes,
by creating schools as learning communities.
By Kathleen Shea, Ph.D.
July 2003
8
10. List of References
Bereiter, C. (2002). Education and Mind in the Knowledge Age. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Berliner, D.C. And Calefee, R.C. (Eds.) (1996). Handbook of Educational Psychology.
New York,NY: Simon and Schuster.
Boyer, E. (1987). College: the Undergraduate Experience in America. NY: The
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Cheng, K. (1998). “Looking into Cultural Differences.” Peabody Journal of
Education 73(92).
Dewey,J. (1916/1944). Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan.
Gage,N.L and Berliner, D.C. (1991). Educational Psychology (Fifth ed.). Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind: the Theory of Multiple Intelligences (10th Ed.).
NY: Basic Books.
Gauld, L. & Gauld, M. (2002). The Biggest Job We’ll Ever Have: The Hyde School
Programs for Character-Based Education and Parenting. New Jersey: Simon and Shuster.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Hubbard, R.S. and Power, B.M. (1993). The Art of Classroom Inquiry: A Handbook
for Teacher-Researchers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Kohlberg, L. (1984). The Psychology of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA:
Harper & Row.
Lickona, T. (1992). Educating for Character. How Our Schools Can Teach Respect and
Responsibility. NY: Bantam Doubleday.
10
11. Lickona, T. (Ed.) (1992). Character Development in Schools and Beyond (2nd Ed.).
NY: Council for Research in Values & Philosophy.
Lickona, T. (1993). “The Return of Character Education”. Educational Leadership
51(3). Available online: www.ascd.org/readingroom/edlead/9311/lickona.html.
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L No. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002).
Otten, C. H. (2000). Character Education. ERIC Digest. Bloomington, IN: ERIC
Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education.
Palmer, P. (1993). To Know as We are Known: Education as a Spiritual Journey. San
Francisco: Harper.
Palmer, P. (1998). The Courage to Teach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Piaget,J. (1932/1965). The Moral Development of the Child. New York: Collier.
Reynolds, C.R. And Gutkin, T.B.(1999). Handbook of School Psychology. New
York, NY: John Wiley.
Senge, P. (Ed.) (2000). Schools that Learn: A Fifth Discipline Fieldbook for Educators,
Parents, and Everyone Who Cares About Education. NY: Doubleday.
Silva, D.Y., and Gimbert, B.G. (2001). “Character education and teacher inquiry:
a promising partnership for enhancing children’s classrooms.“ International Journal of
Social Education, 16(1), 18-33.
Sternberg, R. (1988). The Triarchic Mind: A New Theory of Human Intelligence.
NY: Viking Press.
Superka, D., Ahrens, C. and Hedstrom, J. (1976). The Values Education Sourcebook.
Boulder, CO: Social Science Education Consortium.
Tillman, D. (2000). Living Values Activities for Children Ages 8–14. Deerfield, FL:
HCI.
Tillman, D. (2000). Living Values Activities for Young Adults. Deerfield, FL: HCI.
Tillman, D. and Hsu, D. (2000). Living Values Activities for Children Ages 3–7.
Deerfield, FL: HCI.
11
12. The John Templeton Foundation (Eds.). (1999). Colleges that Encourage Character
Development. Radnor, PA: The John Templeton Foundation.
Vygotsky, L., (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Whitehead, A.N. (1929). The Aims of Education and Other Essays. New York, NY:
Macmillan. Available online: www.plato.stanford.edu.
Williams, M.M. (2000). Models of character education. Journal of Humanistic
Counseling, Education and Development, 39(1), 32-40.
12
13. Appendix A
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
LEVEL STAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF STAGE/LEVEL
Stage 1 Punishment - Obedience Orientation
Preconventional
Instrumental Relativist Orientation
Stage 2
(Satisfying one’s own needs)
Interpersonal Concordance
Stage 3 “Good Girl – Nice Boy” Orientation
(Behaviour that pleases others; “he means well”)
Conventional
“Law and Order” Orientation
Stage 4 (Authority and rules)
Social – Contract Legalistic Orientation (Individual
Stage 5
rights and societal standards)
Post-Conventional
Autonomous, or
Principled Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
Stage 6
(Conscience and self-chosen principles)
Source: Kohlberg, (1984) The Stages of Moral Development
13
14. Appendix B
Gilligan’s Stages of Women’s Moral Development
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3
Orientation To Self Morality of Care Morality of Nonviolence
(Reference is to (Reference is to others; (Reference is to self and
self-interest and focus on social others; focus on
individual survival) participation, self- independent arbitration of
sacrifice, and conflicts)
responsibility for
protection of the
dependent and unequal)
Source: Gilligan (1982), In a Different Voice.
14
15. Appendix C
Eleven Principles of Quality Character Education
1. Character education promotes core ethical values as the basis of good character.
2. Character is comprehensively defined to include thinking, feeling, and behavior.
3. Effective character education requires an intentional, proactive, and comprehensive
approach that promotes the core values in all phases of school life.
4. The school is a caring community.
5. To develop character, the school provides students opportunities for moral action.
6. Effective character education includes a meaningful and challenging academic
curriculum that respects all learners and helps them succeed.
7. Character education should strive to develop students’ intrinsic motivation for
developing good character.
8. The school staff is a learning and moral community in which all share
responsibility for character education and attempt to adhere to the same core values
that guide the education of students.
9. Staff and students demonstrate moral leadership.
10. The school recruits parents and community members as full partners in the
character-building effort.
11. Evaluation of character education assesses the character of the school; the school
staff’s functioning as character educators, and the extent to which students
manifest good character.
Source: Character Education Partnership http://www.character.org
15