This document presents a literature survey and planning for a major project to control the speed of a universal motor through IoT. The project was submitted by students Ritesh Solanki and Utkarsh Chaubey to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya to fulfill their Bachelor of Engineering degree requirements. The project proposes monitoring and controlling an industrial universal motor remotely using sensors, a microcontroller, WiFi, and a web or mobile interface to allow for predictive maintenance and reduce downtime. It discusses the hardware, software, and communication components that will be used and provides block diagrams of the proposed system design and workflow.
The document describes a smart car parking system using IoT. The system uses sensors like IR sensors and a wifi module connected to an Arduino board to detect available parking spots. This information is sent to a mobile app to guide drivers to empty spots, reducing congestion and emissions. The system's advantages include shorter wait times, fuel savings, and directing users to open spaces. It has applications in malls, restaurants, and theaters to more efficiently manage parking.
With increased competitiveness in power generation industries, more resources are directed in optimizing plant operation, including fault detection and diagnosis.
The document discusses the use of artificial intelligence techniques in power systems. It describes how AI can help address challenges from the complex, large amounts of data in power systems. The major AI techniques that can be applied include expert systems, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy logic. These techniques have advantages like consistent processing speed but also disadvantages like inability to learn new problems. The document provides examples of applications for fault diagnosis, load forecasting, stability analysis and more. It concludes that AI can improve reliability and reduce costs but more research is still needed to realize its full benefits.
Airtificial Intelligence in Power SystemPratik Doshi
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used to monitor and control infrastructure like power grids, water treatment plants, and oil and gas pipelines. A typical SCADA system includes remote terminal units that collect data from sensors and control equipment in the field, a communication system to transmit data to a central control room, and human-machine interfaces that allow operators to monitor and manage the infrastructure. SCADA systems improve efficiency by automating monitoring and control functions while also enhancing reliability through features like remote access, data logging, and alarm notifications.
This document summarizes an IoT-based flood detection system. The system uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors, temperature and humidity sensors connected to an Arduino board to detect water levels and environmental conditions. When flooding is detected, a WiFi module relays the sensor data to the cloud for analysis and alerts. The document discusses the motivation for such a system due to widespread flooding in India. It provides examples of past floods and damage. It then outlines the objectives, methodology, block diagram and components of the proposed IoT system for automatic flood detection and notification.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
The document describes a smart car parking system using IoT. The system uses sensors like IR sensors and a wifi module connected to an Arduino board to detect available parking spots. This information is sent to a mobile app to guide drivers to empty spots, reducing congestion and emissions. The system's advantages include shorter wait times, fuel savings, and directing users to open spaces. It has applications in malls, restaurants, and theaters to more efficiently manage parking.
With increased competitiveness in power generation industries, more resources are directed in optimizing plant operation, including fault detection and diagnosis.
The document discusses the use of artificial intelligence techniques in power systems. It describes how AI can help address challenges from the complex, large amounts of data in power systems. The major AI techniques that can be applied include expert systems, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy logic. These techniques have advantages like consistent processing speed but also disadvantages like inability to learn new problems. The document provides examples of applications for fault diagnosis, load forecasting, stability analysis and more. It concludes that AI can improve reliability and reduce costs but more research is still needed to realize its full benefits.
Airtificial Intelligence in Power SystemPratik Doshi
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used to monitor and control infrastructure like power grids, water treatment plants, and oil and gas pipelines. A typical SCADA system includes remote terminal units that collect data from sensors and control equipment in the field, a communication system to transmit data to a central control room, and human-machine interfaces that allow operators to monitor and manage the infrastructure. SCADA systems improve efficiency by automating monitoring and control functions while also enhancing reliability through features like remote access, data logging, and alarm notifications.
This document summarizes an IoT-based flood detection system. The system uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors, temperature and humidity sensors connected to an Arduino board to detect water levels and environmental conditions. When flooding is detected, a WiFi module relays the sensor data to the cloud for analysis and alerts. The document discusses the motivation for such a system due to widespread flooding in India. It provides examples of past floods and damage. It then outlines the objectives, methodology, block diagram and components of the proposed IoT system for automatic flood detection and notification.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins with introductions to WSNs, describing them as networks of spatially distributed sensors that monitor conditions like temperature, sound or pollution. It then covers the architecture of WSNs, including special addressing requirements, the architecture of sensor nodes, and differences between WSNs and mobile ad hoc networks. The document discusses applications, design challenges, advantages and disadvantages of WSNs. It concludes by discussing the future potential of WSNs in applications like smart homes and offices.
Seminar on Home Automation Using Raspberry PiBittu Kumar
This is the seminar on "Home automation using raspberry pi" which is helpful for the final year college going student. I have covered the basic under standing about the components and working of the home automation.
Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly in decades, various applications came out from academia and industry. IoT is an amazing future to the Internet, but there remain some challenges to IoT for human have never dealt with so many devices and so much amount of data. Machine Learning (ML) is the technique that allows computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. Generally, the aim is to make predictions after learning and the process operates by building a model from the given (training) data and then makes predictions based on that model. Machine learning is closely related to artificial intelligence, pattern recognition and computational statistics and has strong relationship with mathematical optimization. In this talk, we focus on ML applications to IoT. Specially, we focus on the existing ML techniques that are suitable for IoT. We also consider the issues and challenges for solving the IoT problems using ML techniques.
The document discusses current trends in the Internet of Things (IoT). It describes how technologies like cheap sensors, bandwidth, processing, and wireless coverage have enabled the growth of IoT. The IoT market is large and growing, with billions of connected devices expected by 2020. The document outlines several industry sectors that are being impacted by IoT, such as manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, healthcare, and more. It also discusses challenges around managing large volumes of data from IoT devices and extracting useful insights and value from that data. Finally, the document discusses the potential for IoT to help build smarter cities by crowdsourcing input from citizens through mobile apps.
Smart irrigation system using Internet Of ThingsBasavaraj Galagi
This document describes a smart irrigation system project conducted by four students at SDM College of Engineering and Technology in Dharwad, India. The project aims to develop a smart irrigation system using Internet of Things technology. It was conducted during the 2015-2016 academic year under the guidance of a professor in the Electronics and Communication Engineering department. The report documents the system developed and results obtained from the project.
This document provides details on a home automation project using Arduino. The project aims to design a kit that can control AC loads like lights and fans from an Android phone using an Arduino microcontroller. It discusses the components required like a step-down transformer, Arduino, relays, Bluetooth module, and loads. The circuit diagram and Arduino code for controlling relays on button press from a Bluetooth-connected Android app are also provided. The conclusion states that the system provides a flexible and attractive user interface for home automation compared to other systems.
This presentation gives brief description of Wi-Fi Technolgy, standards, applications,topologies, how Wi-Fi network works, security,advantages and innovations.
1) The document discusses a proposed solution to build out electric vehicle charging infrastructure in India to support the country's goals of increasing EV adoption and reducing emissions.
2) A proposed app using IoT would connect users to charging stations, allow online payment and booking, and integrate with maps to locate stations.
3) Challenges include the initial high cost of installations and increasing load on the power grid, but the system aims to eventually recover costs and support India's clean energy goals.
This document discusses monitoring in smart power grids using phasor measurement units (PMUs). It describes how PMUs provide real-time measurements that allow monitoring of key phenomena like islanding detection, line thermal monitoring, power system stability, and out-of-step stability. Monitoring is important for power assurance, visibility, efficiency and planning. PMU data supports applications like real-time monitoring, protection, and control and allows detection of oscillations and instability that could lead to blackouts. The conclusion emphasizes that modern monitoring delivers confidence in power system performance and ability to predict and prevent problems.
This document discusses applications of artificial intelligence in power plants. It describes three major types of power plants - thermal, hydal, and nuclear - and focuses on how AI is used in thermal plants. Mobile monitoring robots are used to safely control and maintain thermal plants from a distance using sensors. The document also discusses how line scout robots with robotic arms can perform dangerous maintenance on high-voltage transmission lines. Snake-arm robots can navigate tight spaces and perform inspections and maintenance in hazardous nuclear plants. AI and robots are playing an increasing role in safely monitoring and maintaining power systems.
The document outlines a syllabus for an Internet of Things Technology course. It includes 5 modules that will be covered over the semester. Evaluation will consist of 3 internal assessments weighted at 30%, 40%, and 30% respectively, covering different portions of the syllabus. Students must attain a minimum of 85% attendance and assignments will be due before each internal assessment. The class website and online testing platform are also indicated.
Automatic speed controller in real time vehicles.Jinto George
One third of the number of fatal or serious accidents are associated with excessive or inappropriate speed, as well as changes in the roadway. So to overcome this problem we are introducing a automatic speed controller in vehicles at schools, hospitals and danger zones. In this zones, the vehicles are not possible to move above the predefined speed limit. It is basically a Mechatronics system. Ie it is a combination of both mechanical and electronics system.
This document discusses home automation through an Android mobile device. It describes a system where a Bluetooth module and relays are used to allow an Android phone to remotely control home appliances. The phone acts as the host controller, communicating with client modules attached to devices via Bluetooth. The system allows users to control lights, temperature and other electronics from their mobile device.
In this presentation we are going to learn about the basic concepts of wireless sensor Networks and how the sensor are helpful for human beings in their daily life and what are the different approaches to make effectiveness of the sensor working and their future scope.
In today's era of advanced technology, Artificial Intelligence has been proven as a boon for various fields. Utilization of AI in power system is the need of upcoming future.
The document discusses key aspects of Internet of Things (IoT) architectures. It begins by explaining the differences between traditional IT systems and IoT, noting that IoT is focused on data generated by sensors. It then outlines the core functional stack of IoT including the things layer of physical devices, communication networks, and application/analytics layers. The document also describes two standardized IoT architectures from oneM2M and IoTWorld Forum. Finally, it discusses IoT data management using fog computing to distribute data processing close to the edge for reduced latency and network traffic.
1) The document discusses machine learning and the Internet of Things. It defines the Internet of Things as physical objects embedded with electronics, software, and sensors that can exchange data to provide added value and services.
2) It describes how machine learning, a key tool in artificial intelligence, uses algorithms that improve at tasks through experience with data. Deep learning uses multiple layers of neurons to learn complex representations from data.
3) The document outlines an end-to-end machine learning workflow for IoT applications, including data acquisition, annotation, model training/validation/deployment, and monitoring model performance over time using new data.
This document discusses various domain-specific Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It outlines IoT applications for homes, cities, the environment, energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture, and health and lifestyle. It then provides more details on specific IoT applications for homes (smart lighting, smart appliances, intrusion detection, smoke/gas detectors), cities (smart parking, smart road lighting, smart roads, structural health monitoring, surveillance, emergency response) and the environment (weather monitoring, air pollution monitoring, noise pollution monitoring, forest fire detection, river flood detection).
Applications of IOT (internet of things)Vinesh Gowda
Smart homes are a top Internet of Things application, with over $2.5 billion in funding for startups creating connected home devices. Wearable devices are also popular, including smart watches and glasses that can be worn on the wrist or head. Smart cities use Internet of Things sensors to manage infrastructure like traffic and utilities more efficiently. The smart grid uses automated sensors and analytics to deliver power more reliably and reduce costs and emissions. Industrial Internet of Things aims to improve business operations through connected machinery and analytics.
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
IRJET- IoT based Energy Efficient Ceiling Fan with BLDC Motor for Home Automa...IRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop an energy efficient ceiling fan that can be controlled by smartphone using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. It uses a brushless DC motor powered by a switching power supply via a closed loop controller. An ESP8266 WiFi module is incorporated to allow control via a smartphone app. Brushless DC motors offer advantages over brushed DC motors like higher efficiency and reliability. The methodology involves using a microcontroller in the ESP module to generate control signals for motor speed and direction. An Android app is developed for the user interface. This allows remote control of the ceiling fan speed and provides home automation capabilities while saving energy.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins with introductions to WSNs, describing them as networks of spatially distributed sensors that monitor conditions like temperature, sound or pollution. It then covers the architecture of WSNs, including special addressing requirements, the architecture of sensor nodes, and differences between WSNs and mobile ad hoc networks. The document discusses applications, design challenges, advantages and disadvantages of WSNs. It concludes by discussing the future potential of WSNs in applications like smart homes and offices.
Seminar on Home Automation Using Raspberry PiBittu Kumar
This is the seminar on "Home automation using raspberry pi" which is helpful for the final year college going student. I have covered the basic under standing about the components and working of the home automation.
Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly in decades, various applications came out from academia and industry. IoT is an amazing future to the Internet, but there remain some challenges to IoT for human have never dealt with so many devices and so much amount of data. Machine Learning (ML) is the technique that allows computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. Generally, the aim is to make predictions after learning and the process operates by building a model from the given (training) data and then makes predictions based on that model. Machine learning is closely related to artificial intelligence, pattern recognition and computational statistics and has strong relationship with mathematical optimization. In this talk, we focus on ML applications to IoT. Specially, we focus on the existing ML techniques that are suitable for IoT. We also consider the issues and challenges for solving the IoT problems using ML techniques.
The document discusses current trends in the Internet of Things (IoT). It describes how technologies like cheap sensors, bandwidth, processing, and wireless coverage have enabled the growth of IoT. The IoT market is large and growing, with billions of connected devices expected by 2020. The document outlines several industry sectors that are being impacted by IoT, such as manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, healthcare, and more. It also discusses challenges around managing large volumes of data from IoT devices and extracting useful insights and value from that data. Finally, the document discusses the potential for IoT to help build smarter cities by crowdsourcing input from citizens through mobile apps.
Smart irrigation system using Internet Of ThingsBasavaraj Galagi
This document describes a smart irrigation system project conducted by four students at SDM College of Engineering and Technology in Dharwad, India. The project aims to develop a smart irrigation system using Internet of Things technology. It was conducted during the 2015-2016 academic year under the guidance of a professor in the Electronics and Communication Engineering department. The report documents the system developed and results obtained from the project.
This document provides details on a home automation project using Arduino. The project aims to design a kit that can control AC loads like lights and fans from an Android phone using an Arduino microcontroller. It discusses the components required like a step-down transformer, Arduino, relays, Bluetooth module, and loads. The circuit diagram and Arduino code for controlling relays on button press from a Bluetooth-connected Android app are also provided. The conclusion states that the system provides a flexible and attractive user interface for home automation compared to other systems.
This presentation gives brief description of Wi-Fi Technolgy, standards, applications,topologies, how Wi-Fi network works, security,advantages and innovations.
1) The document discusses a proposed solution to build out electric vehicle charging infrastructure in India to support the country's goals of increasing EV adoption and reducing emissions.
2) A proposed app using IoT would connect users to charging stations, allow online payment and booking, and integrate with maps to locate stations.
3) Challenges include the initial high cost of installations and increasing load on the power grid, but the system aims to eventually recover costs and support India's clean energy goals.
This document discusses monitoring in smart power grids using phasor measurement units (PMUs). It describes how PMUs provide real-time measurements that allow monitoring of key phenomena like islanding detection, line thermal monitoring, power system stability, and out-of-step stability. Monitoring is important for power assurance, visibility, efficiency and planning. PMU data supports applications like real-time monitoring, protection, and control and allows detection of oscillations and instability that could lead to blackouts. The conclusion emphasizes that modern monitoring delivers confidence in power system performance and ability to predict and prevent problems.
This document discusses applications of artificial intelligence in power plants. It describes three major types of power plants - thermal, hydal, and nuclear - and focuses on how AI is used in thermal plants. Mobile monitoring robots are used to safely control and maintain thermal plants from a distance using sensors. The document also discusses how line scout robots with robotic arms can perform dangerous maintenance on high-voltage transmission lines. Snake-arm robots can navigate tight spaces and perform inspections and maintenance in hazardous nuclear plants. AI and robots are playing an increasing role in safely monitoring and maintaining power systems.
The document outlines a syllabus for an Internet of Things Technology course. It includes 5 modules that will be covered over the semester. Evaluation will consist of 3 internal assessments weighted at 30%, 40%, and 30% respectively, covering different portions of the syllabus. Students must attain a minimum of 85% attendance and assignments will be due before each internal assessment. The class website and online testing platform are also indicated.
Automatic speed controller in real time vehicles.Jinto George
One third of the number of fatal or serious accidents are associated with excessive or inappropriate speed, as well as changes in the roadway. So to overcome this problem we are introducing a automatic speed controller in vehicles at schools, hospitals and danger zones. In this zones, the vehicles are not possible to move above the predefined speed limit. It is basically a Mechatronics system. Ie it is a combination of both mechanical and electronics system.
This document discusses home automation through an Android mobile device. It describes a system where a Bluetooth module and relays are used to allow an Android phone to remotely control home appliances. The phone acts as the host controller, communicating with client modules attached to devices via Bluetooth. The system allows users to control lights, temperature and other electronics from their mobile device.
In this presentation we are going to learn about the basic concepts of wireless sensor Networks and how the sensor are helpful for human beings in their daily life and what are the different approaches to make effectiveness of the sensor working and their future scope.
In today's era of advanced technology, Artificial Intelligence has been proven as a boon for various fields. Utilization of AI in power system is the need of upcoming future.
The document discusses key aspects of Internet of Things (IoT) architectures. It begins by explaining the differences between traditional IT systems and IoT, noting that IoT is focused on data generated by sensors. It then outlines the core functional stack of IoT including the things layer of physical devices, communication networks, and application/analytics layers. The document also describes two standardized IoT architectures from oneM2M and IoTWorld Forum. Finally, it discusses IoT data management using fog computing to distribute data processing close to the edge for reduced latency and network traffic.
1) The document discusses machine learning and the Internet of Things. It defines the Internet of Things as physical objects embedded with electronics, software, and sensors that can exchange data to provide added value and services.
2) It describes how machine learning, a key tool in artificial intelligence, uses algorithms that improve at tasks through experience with data. Deep learning uses multiple layers of neurons to learn complex representations from data.
3) The document outlines an end-to-end machine learning workflow for IoT applications, including data acquisition, annotation, model training/validation/deployment, and monitoring model performance over time using new data.
This document discusses various domain-specific Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It outlines IoT applications for homes, cities, the environment, energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture, and health and lifestyle. It then provides more details on specific IoT applications for homes (smart lighting, smart appliances, intrusion detection, smoke/gas detectors), cities (smart parking, smart road lighting, smart roads, structural health monitoring, surveillance, emergency response) and the environment (weather monitoring, air pollution monitoring, noise pollution monitoring, forest fire detection, river flood detection).
Applications of IOT (internet of things)Vinesh Gowda
Smart homes are a top Internet of Things application, with over $2.5 billion in funding for startups creating connected home devices. Wearable devices are also popular, including smart watches and glasses that can be worn on the wrist or head. Smart cities use Internet of Things sensors to manage infrastructure like traffic and utilities more efficiently. The smart grid uses automated sensors and analytics to deliver power more reliably and reduce costs and emissions. Industrial Internet of Things aims to improve business operations through connected machinery and analytics.
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
IRJET- IoT based Energy Efficient Ceiling Fan with BLDC Motor for Home Automa...IRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop an energy efficient ceiling fan that can be controlled by smartphone using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. It uses a brushless DC motor powered by a switching power supply via a closed loop controller. An ESP8266 WiFi module is incorporated to allow control via a smartphone app. Brushless DC motors offer advantages over brushed DC motors like higher efficiency and reliability. The methodology involves using a microcontroller in the ESP module to generate control signals for motor speed and direction. An Android app is developed for the user interface. This allows remote control of the ceiling fan speed and provides home automation capabilities while saving energy.
Monitoring and Controlling of BLDC motor using IOTvivatechijri
Brushless Direct Current motors are synchronous motors which operates on DC current. These motors have various advantages over Brushed DC motors such as low cost, high speed torque characteristics, noise less operation. Speed controlling is Very important. Speed of the motor is controlled by (ESC) electronic speed controlled. The parameters like Speed, Current, Power, Temperature and Voltage are Monitored on from remote access through the configured electronic gadgets by using the Internet Of things. the purpose of this project is to control and monitor the of Brushless DC (BLDC) motor by using IOT. The Internet of Things (IOT) has led to huge development in digital world. IOT is interface that helps communication between objects Brushless DC Motor (BLDCM) has various features like high efficiency, reliability, high weight to torque ratio. Hence these motors have major significances in the industries. By utilizing this IOT, controlling and monitoring of a system is done to obtain desired output.
IRJET- Development of the Spark Gap Adjustment using PLCIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of an automated system for adjusting the spark gap in spark plugs using a Siemens S7-300 PLC. The spark gap is the distance between electrodes in a spark plug and must be precisely maintained for proper engine performance. Sensors like proximity sensors and LVDT sensors are used to monitor the process. The PLC controls shearing and bending mechanisms to adjust the electrodes. The process is programmed using ladder logic and monitored through Siemens' Totally Integrated Automation software. This automation system aims to precisely control spark gap adjustment during spark plug manufacturing.
IRJET- Induction Motor Condition Monitoring and Controlling based on IoTIRJET Journal
This document presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system for remote monitoring and controlling of induction motors used in industrial applications. Sensors are used to monitor parameters like temperature, vibration, voltage, current and RPM of the induction motor. An Arduino microcontroller collects data from the sensors and transmits it to the cloud for remote monitoring via a gateway module. The system allows automatic or manual start/stop control of the motor to prevent failures based on the monitored parameters. The objectives are to increase reliability of industrial motors through continuous monitoring and easy remote control capabilities. This provides benefits like preventative maintenance, reduced downtime, increased productivity and protection of expensive motor equipment.
A microsystem design for controlling a DC motor by pulse width modulation us...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microsystem based on the field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) electronic board. The preliminary objective is to manipulate a programming language to achieve a control part capable of controlling the speed of electric actuators, such as direct current (DC) motors. The method proposed in this work is to control the speed of the DC motor by a purely embedded architecture within the FPGA in order to reduce the space occupied by the circuit to a minimum and to ensure the reliability of the system. The implementation of this system allows the embedded MicroBlaze processor to be installed side by side with its memory blocks provided by Xilinx very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL), Embedded C. The control signal of digital pulse-width modulation pulses is generated by an embedded block managed by the same processor. This potential application is demonstrated by experimental simulation on the Vertix5 FPGA chip.
IRJET - IoT based Speed Control of DC Motor using PWM TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based system to control the speed of a DC motor using PWM technique. An android application is developed to send control signals over the internet to a microcontroller connected to the motor. The microcontroller uses PWM waves generated by an ATMEGA328 chip to control the duty cycle and voltage supplied to the motor from a driver IC, regulating its speed. Key components include a voltage regulator, LCD display, and WiFi module to interface the microcontroller with the cloud and mobile application for remote monitoring and control of the DC motor speed.
AUTOMATIC SWITCHING TECHNIQUE IN VEHICLE CHARGING STATION USING IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic switching technique for electric vehicle charging stations using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses two power sources - solar panels and the main power supply. A microcontroller automatically switches between the two sources based on availability, with solar given priority when available. Sensors monitor charging levels and the microcontroller stops charging once the battery is fully charged to prevent overcharging. Users can view the current power source and station status on an LCD display. The switching system and control functions are simulated using Proteus 8 Professional software. The goal is to provide consistent power for EV charging utilizing multiple sources and real-time monitoring through IoT connectivity.
Design and Construction of DC Motor Speed Controller Using Android.pptEEESrproject
Rapid progress in microelectronics and microcontrollers in recent years has made it possible to apply modern control technology to control efficient and reliable operation of many applications such as the engine, anti-lock braking system (ABS), cruise, steering, and vehicle traction. Many of these operations including DC motor and therefore there is a need for implementing effective control strategies with digital control of these motors. The speed of DC motor is directly proportional to armature voltage and inversely proportional to field flux and adjustable speed drives can be operated over a wide range by controlling armature or field excitation. Development of various solid state switching devices such as diode, transistor and thyristor along with various analog/digital chips used in firing/controlling circuits, have made dc drives more handy for control in numerous areas of applications. For DC motor speed control, closed-loop PWM technique is widely used and well known . In this technique, the regulation of motor’s speed is realized by changing the voltage of motor which is adjusted by the duty ratio of PWM. In order to improve the performance of motor’s speed regulation and to reduce the steady-state error of the rotational speed of motor, a high- performance microcontroller can be used.In this work, an arduino microcontroller is used for implementation.
Induction motor is rotating type of electro-mechanical device. Induction motor convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Induction motor is highly reliable, require less maintenance and have high efficiency. Induction motor are wide in range of operation and it used in many application because its construction is simple and robust. In past induction motor can be protected by manual operation of component such as timer, contactor, electromagnetic switch, voltage and current transformer. Protection of an induction motor against problem such as short circuit, temperature rise, single phasing and motor vibration occurring in the operation is very important. Manual operation of protection system are very slow and is not accurate. Looking to this issues, in this paper PLC based protection method is used. Which operated automatically, provide higher accuracy and quick response.
IRJET - Speed Control of DC Motor by using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to control the speed of a DC motor using IoT (Internet of Things). The system uses an Arduino microcontroller, WiFi module, temperature sensor, IR sensor, and relay to monitor and control the motor remotely. It protects the motor from overcurrent and overheating. The system allows observing parameters like temperature, current, and voltage of the motor. Commands sent from a website through the WiFi module control the motor speed and direction. The system provides a way to remotely protect, monitor, and control a DC motor using IoT technology.
This project proposes an IoT-based system to automate industrial appliances using an Arduino UNO. Currently, industrial appliances require on-site manual control which is time-consuming and expensive. The proposed system uses a NodeMCU as a server connected to the cloud to allow remote control of industrial appliances interfaced with an Arduino from any location via the internet. The system aims to reduce costs by eliminating the need for on-site control and increase efficiency by allowing immediate access and control of appliances anywhere.
IRJET- AC Motor Fault Analyser by Characteristic AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document presents a portable motor fault analyzer system that can test motors in place. It uses variable frequency drives and servo drives to analyze induction motors and servo motors. Characteristic waveforms from the motors are displayed on a human-machine interface to detect and analyze common faults like overcurrent, overvoltage, and positional errors. The system is comprised of an AC or servo motor, appropriate drive, programmable logic controller to connect the drive and HMI, and an HMI to display the motor waveforms for fault analysis. This allows on-site motor testing without dismantling equipment.
PROTOTYPE OF IOT BASED DC MICROGRID AUTOMATIONIRJET Journal
This document describes a prototype of an IoT-based DC microgrid automation system. The system monitors the performance of a DC microgrid and automatically isolates loads during overvoltage or undervoltage conditions. It uses renewable energy sources like solar panels and a DC motor to generate power. Sensors monitor the supply and load voltages, which are displayed on a Blynk mobile application. The system aims to improve energy efficiency and reliability by selecting power sources and isolating loads during faults. When voltage thresholds are exceeded, the microcontroller switches loads to different power sources using relays. This ensures safe and automated operation of the microgrid.
IRJET- Internet of Things (IoT) based Smart GridIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using Internet of Things (IoT) technology to create a smart grid system that can automatically reroute power from one grid station to another if there is a fault, preventing power outages.
2) It describes how sensors would be used in the smart grid system for monitoring grid stations and transformers as well as preventing electricity theft.
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Major Project Synopsis Report on IoT based DC Motor Through a Web-site
1. SPEED CONTROL OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR THROUGH IoT
MAJOR PROJECT
(Planning and Literature Survey)
Submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya
towards Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
GUIDED BY
Dr. Yogendra Singh Dohare
SUBMITTED BY
Ritesh Solanki
Utkarsh Chaubey
IPS ACADEMY INDORE
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
2019-20
2. IPS ACADEMY INDORE
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that the major project (Planning and Literature Survey) entitled “SPEED
CONTROL OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR THROUGH IoT” submitted by following students
may be accepted.
.
Ritesh Solanki Roll no.0808EX111044
Utkarsh Chaubey Roll no.0808EX141074
GUIDE HOD
(Dr. Yogendra Singh Dohare) (Prof. Manish Sahajwani)
3. IPS ACADEMY INDORE
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
We are pleased to certify that the major project (Planning and Literature Survey) entitled
“SPEED CONTROL OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR THROUGH IoT” submitted by following
is accepted.
Ritesh Solanki Roll no.0808EX111044
Utkarsh Chaubey Roll no.0808EX141074
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Date: Date:
4. A C K N OW L E D G E M E N T
It is our great pleasure to express our profound gratitude to our esteemed guide Dr. Yogendra
Singh Dohare, Electrical and Electronics Engg. Deptt., IES, IPS Academy Indore for their
valuable inspiration, able guidance and untiring help, which enabled us to carry out and complete
this work.
We are grateful to Mr. Manish Sahajwani, Professor & Head-Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering IES, IPS Academy Indore, for his keenness towards this work and
efforts put in, and also for sharing his valuable time to our problems and providing useful
solutions.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Archana Keerti Chowdhary, Principal, IES, IPS
Academy, Indore for extending all the facilities during the course of study.
At this juncture we also take this opportunity to express our deep gratitude to all the faculties of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, for their appreciation and moral support.
We are also thankful to all our friends who helped us directly or indirectly to bring the
dissertation work to the present shape.
Date: Name of Student
Ritesh Solanki
Utkarsh Chaubey
5. Abstract
The project proposes an efficient implementation for IoT (Internet of Things) used for
monitoring and controlling the Industrial Machines via World Wide Web. Industries system uses
verity of devices as a user interface. They can communicate with automation network through an
Internet gateway, by means of low power communication protocols like Zigbee, Wi-Fi etc. This
project aims at controlling industrial machines via Smartphone using Wi-Fi as communication
protocol and arduino as server system. The user here will move directly with the system through
a web-based interface over the web, whereas machines are remotely controlled through easy
website. In this study, a factory induction motor (IM) was monitored with wireless TCP/IP
protocol in order to detect and predict deviations from normal operating parameters before the
occurrence of motor failure. In this way, the production process is not impeded and the required
maintenance or replacement can be performed with the least possible disruption. In this study,
the motor cycle, the current drawn by the motor and the motor voltage were read by the Hall-
effect current sensor and the required power consumption was calculated. With this aim, the
designed architecture read the accepted parameters of the Motor and reported them to the central
management software. The central management software operating in real time was then able to
assemble these parameters and form predictive maintenance models.
6. TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE NO.
CHAPTER-1 1
Introduction 1
CHAPTER-2 4
2.1 Proposed System and Block diagram 4
2.2 System Design 4
CHAPTER-3 6
Hardware and Software Configuration 6
CHAPTER-4 14
Cloud Storage and Software 14
CHAPTER-5 16
Motor Control 16
CHAPTER-6 18
PCB Design Process 18
CHAPTER-7 21
Conclusion 21
References 22
7. LIST OF FIGURE
TITLE PAGE NO.
Chapter-1 1
1.1 Universal Motor Structure 1
1.2 Block Diagram of Project 2
Chapter-2 4
2.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System 4
2.2 Flow Chart of Proposed System 5
Chapter-3 6
3.1 Image of Aurdino 6
3.2 Image of Node MCU 7
3.3 Triggering Mode Quadrants 8
3.4 TRIAC Semiconductor Construction 9
3.5 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier 10
3.6 LM35 Temperature Sensor 11
3.7 Speed Sensor Circuit 12
3.8 LCD Module 12
Chapter-4 14
4.1 Image of Firebase 14
Chapter-5 16
1.1 Phase Angle Control of Universal Motor 16
1.2 PWM Chopper Control of Universal Motor 17
Chapter-6 18
1.3 PCB Etching 19
1.4 PCB Drilling 19
1.5 Conductor Plating 20
1.6 PCB Testing 20
8. Page- 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION:
A universal motor is a special type of motor which is designed to run either on DC or single
phase AC supply. Universal Motors are so named because they can run both on AC as well as
DC. A universal motor has a high starting torque and variable speed characteristics. Such motor
runs at dangerously high speeds during no load [3].
Fig.1.1 Universal motor structure
The universal motor is basically a series DC motor which is specially designed to operate on AC
as well as on DC. A standard DC series motor has very poor characteristics when operated on
AC, mainly due to two reasons:
The high reactance of both the armature and field windings limits AC current to a much
lower value than DC current for the same line voltage.
If solid steel is used for the stator frame, AC flux will produce large eddy currents in the
frame with consequent heating.
To insure satisfactory operation of the universal motor from an AC power source, some
modifications are necessary. The reactance of the series field and armature windings must be
reduced as much as practicable. The reactance of the series field winding can be somewhat
9. Page- 2
reduced by using fewer turns of heavier wire. However, it would not be practical to eliminate the
reactance voltage drop due to the series field since that would also eliminate the magnetic field.
The reactance voltage drop due to the armature winding can be practically eliminated by use of a
compensating winding. The compensating winding is connected in series with the armature
winding (conductive compensation) and arranged such that the ampere-turns of the
compensating winding oppose and neutralize the ampere-turns of the armature. To realize this
compensation, the compensating winding is displaced by 90 electrical degrees from the field
winding.
The reactance of the armature winding can be lowered by placing a compensating winding on the
stator so that the fluxes oppose or “cancel” each other. This same compensating winding can be
connected in series with the armature winding. In this case, the motor is said to be conductively
compensated. Under these conditions, the universal motor will have similar operating
characteristics whether on AC or DC power.
The compensating winding may be simply shorted upon itself, so that it behaves like a short
circuited secondary of a transformer (the armature winding acting as the primary). The induced
AC current in the compensating winding again opposes the armature current and the motor is
said to be inductively compensated. The reactance of the field winding can be kept low by
limiting the number of turns [1].
Fig.1.2 Block diagram of project
10. Page- 3
Recent advances in processing technology the availability of fast-processing, stable and sensitive
products provided particular benefits in industrial automation. As a result of the recent
developments in Communication technologies, systems are no longer monitored and controlled
by manually using classic methods, but automatically by computer controlled or remote-
controlled devices. The future generation industries will be Technological developments have
enabled to be taken classic systems place by Automatic and advanced systems definitely more
advanced and automatic as compared with existing ones. This brings on a new terminology of
“Smart Industries” in this new era of Monitoring as well as controlling of various Industrial
applications. As an emerging technology in modern wireless telecommunication, Internet of
Things (IoT) has got a lot of attention and is expected to bring benefits to many applications. The
concept of “Internet of Things” (IOT) is providing a best way for Industrial automation through
remote access. In IOT each device or devices constituting a system will be able to communicate
with the other devices. Hence this leads to exchange of relevant data, statistics, logs and various
other parameters information among various devices to improve their performance, which will
help industries to have better productivity, management and increased throughput. Here in the
proposed work the IoT is used for monitoring and controlling the AC induction motor to avoid
the system failures [1].
11. Page- 4
CHAPTER 2
2.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM AND BLOCK DIAGRAM:
The proposed system consists of Wi-Fi enabled microcontroller, temperature sensor, moisture
sensor, Infra-red sensor, current and voltage measurement circuits and AC induction motor. Here
we monitor and control the motor through webpage or Android application using IoT. The block
diagram of proposed system is as shown in the figure.
Fig.2.1 Block diagram of proposed system
2.2 SYSTEM DESIGN:
The Figure below shows overall model of proposed project, and following steps present its flow
of working.
Once we switch on the system, Regulated power supply unit supplies required electrical
energy for all the equipment in proposed system.
Sensor unit senses the corresponding motor parameters and feed to the arduio. Then
sends the sensor information to LCD and network gateway through Wi-Fi. In Parallel
arduino reads the commands from internet and provides control signals to the motor drive
(TRIAC), which will control the induction motor.
The display unit provides the visual representation of sensor information.
12. Page- 5
In automatic mode Induction motor is controlled based on the measured parameters and
in manual mode it is controlled based on commands received from web.
Fig.2.2 Flow chart of proposed system
13. Page- 6
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION:
A. Hardware Components
For induction motor parameter monitoring we are using light weighted and easily configurable
sensors like piezoelectric sensor (accelerometer) for vibration, DH11 sensor for temperature and
humidity, infrared sensor for speed, ACS712 for current measurement and voltage divider for
voltage measurement. Microcontroller usage is best for acquiring data. arduino board has been
used for this research which has the ability to acquire sensor data, communicate with other
devices, store information in local, cloud server and alert the user when fault is detected. Fig. 3
shows block diagram of the hardware connections [2].
Component description:
1. Arduino is open-source hardware and software company, project and user community
that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for
building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the
physical and digital world. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General
Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the
manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are
available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits. Arduino
board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers.
Fig.3.1 Image of AURDINO [2]
The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may
be interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB)
on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
14. Page- 7
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler tool chains,
the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on
the Processing language project.
2. Node MCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espress if Systems, and hardware which is based on the
ESP-12 module. The term "Node MCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the
development kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua
project, and built on the Espress if Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source
projects, such as lua-cjson, and spiffs.
Fig.3.2 Image of Node MCU
3. TRIAC, from triode for alternating current, is a generic trademark for a three
terminal electronic component that conducts current in either direction when triggered. Its
formal name is bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor. A thyristor is
analogous to a relay in that a small voltage and current can control a much larger voltage
and current. The illustration on the right shows the circuit symbol for a TRIAC where A1
is Anode 1, A2 is Anode 2, and G is Gate. Anode 1 and Anode 2 are normally termed
Main Terminal 1 (MT1) and Main Terminal 2 (MT2) respectively.
TRIACs are a subset of thyristors and are related to silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs).
TRIACs differ from SCRs in that they allow current flow in both directions, whereas an
SCR can only conduct current in a single direction. Most TRIACs can be triggered by
applying either a positive or negative voltage to the gate (an SCR requires a positive
voltage). Once triggered, SCRs and TRIACs continue to conduct, even if the gate current
ceases, until the main current drops below a certain level called the holding current.
Gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs) are similar to TRIACs but provide more control by
turning off when the gate signal ceases. TRIACs bi-directionality makes them convenient
switches for alternating-current (AC). In addition, applying a trigger at a controlled phase
15. Page- 8
angle of the AC in the main circuit allows control of the average current flowing into a
load (phase control). This is commonly used for controlling the speed of induction
motors, dimming lamps, and controlling electric heaters.
Operation:
16. Page- 9
Figure 3.3: Triggering modes. Quadrants, 1 (top right), 2 (top left), 3 (bottom left), 4 (bottom right)
Figure 3.4: TRIAC semiconductor construction
Understand how TRIACs work, consider the triggering in each of the four quadrants. The
four quadrants are illustrated in Figure 1, and depend on the gate and MT2 voltages with
respect to MT1. Main Terminal 1 (MT1) and Main Terminal (MT2) are also referred to
as Anode 1 (A1) and Anode 2 (A2) respectively. The relative sensitivity depends on the
physical structure of a particular triac, but as a rule, quadrant I is the most sensitive (least
gate current required), and quadrant 4 is the least sensitive (most gate current required).
In quadrants 1 and 2, MT2 is positive, and current flows from MT2 to MT1 through P, N,
P and N layers. The N region attached to MT2 does not participate significantly. In
quadrants 3 and 4, MT2 is negative, and current flows from MT1 to MT2, also through P,
N, P and N layers. The N region attached to MT2 is active, but the N region attached to
MT1 only participates in the initial triggering, not the bulk current flow.
In most applications, the gate current comes from MT2, so quadrants 1 and 3 are the only
operating modes (both gate and MT2 positive or negative against MT1). Other
applications with single polarity triggering from an IC or digital drive circuit operate in
quadrants 2 and 3, than MT1 is usually connected to positive voltage (e.g. +5V) and gate
is pulled down to 0V (ground).
4. Power supply: is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.
The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the
correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate
17. Page- 10
standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they
power. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices. Other functions that power supplies may
perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the
current in the event of an electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic
noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the load, power-factor correction, and
storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the event of a temporary
interruption in the source power (uninterruptible power supply).
All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the form of
electric current from a source, and one or more power output connections that deliver
current to the load. The source power may come from the electric power grid, such as
an electrical outlet, energy storage devices such as batteries or fuel
cells, generators or alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply. The
input and output are usually hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies
employ wireless energy transfer to power their loads without wired connections. Some
power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as
external monitoring and control.
AC-to-DC supply:
Schematic of basic AC-to-DC power supply, showing (from L-R) transformer, full-wave
bridge rectifier, filter capacitor and resistor load. DC power supplies use AC mains
electricity as an energy source. Such power supplies will employ a transformer to convert
the input voltage to a higher or lower AC voltage. A rectifier is used to convert the
transformer output voltage to a varying DC voltage, which in turn is passed through
an electronic filter to convert it to an unregulated DC voltage.
Fig.3.5 Full wave bridge rectifier
18. Page- 11
The filter removes most, but not all of the AC voltage variations; the remaining AC
voltage is known as ripple. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum
amount of filtering that must be provided by a power supply. In some applications, high
ripple is tolerated and therefore no filtering is required. For example, in some battery
charging applications it is possible to implement a mains-powered DC power supply with
nothing more than a transformer and a single rectifier diode, with a resistor in series with
the output to limit charging current.
5. LM35 Temperature sensor: The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit
temperature devices with an output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade
temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from
the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require
any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room
temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low-output impedance, linear
output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout
or control circuitry especially easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or
with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35 device draws only 60 µA from the supply, it
has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to
operate over a −55°C to 150°C temperature range, while the LM35C device is rated for a
−40°C to 110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35-series devices are
available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and
LM35D devices are available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D device
is available in an 8-lead surface-mount small-outline package and a plastic TO-220
package.
Fig.3.6LM35 Temperature sensor
19. Page- 12
6. Speed sensor: The Hall Effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage)
across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an
applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current. It was discovered by Edwin Hall in
1879.For clarity, the original effect is sometimes called the ordinary Hall Effect to
distinguish it from other "Hall effects" which have different physical mechanisms. The
Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the product of the
current density and the applied magnetic field. It is a characteristic of the material from
which the conductor is made, since its value depends on the type, number, and properties
of the charge carriers that constitute the current.
Fig.3.7 Speed sensor circuit
7. LCD Module: Windstar 16x2 Character LCD Display WH1602W is having two pin-out
interfaces on upper and bottom sides of the LCD module. This 16x2 lcd display has the
outline size of 80.0 x 36.0 mm and VA size of 66.0 x 16.0 mm and the maximum
thickness is 13.2 mm. WH1602W 16x2 LCD Displays are built-in controller ST7066 or
equivalent. It is optional for + 5.0 V or + 3.0 V power supply. The LEDs can be driven by
pin 1, pin 2, or pin 15 pin 16 or A/K. This type of module can be operating at
temperatures from -20º to +70º; its storage temperatures range from -30º to +80º.
Fig.3.8 LCD Module
20. Page- 13
There are different interface options for WH1602W series, details as below:
1) WH1602W :6800 interface (ST7066 IC)
2) WH1602W1: 6800 interface (ST7066 IC)
3) WH1602W2: SPI interface (RW1063 IC)
4) WH1602W2: I2C interface (RW1063 IC)
21. Page- 14
CHAPTER 4
Cloud Storage & SOFTWARE:
Data that is obtained from the sensors are transferred wirelessly to the local and cloud server for
analysis. Once the data is received, a system has been devised that analyzes the raw data. The
program has been set to process real-time data and store it to the cloud with Thing speak cloud
computing platform. This saved data is accessible from anywhere via internet. Here we are going
to use firebase as the data store cloud resource please a quick look over the firebase:
FIREBASE: Firebase is a mobile and web app development platform that provides developers
with a plethora of tools and services to help them develop high-quality apps, grow their user
base, and earn more profit. [2]
Firebase Services:
Firebase Services can be divided into two groups:
Fig.4.1 Image of firebase
Develop & test your app
Real-time Database
Auth
Test Lab
Crash-lytics
Cloud Functions
Fire-store
22. Page- 15
Cloud Storage
Performance Monitoring
Crash Reporting
Hosting
Grow &Engage your audience
Firebase Analytics
Invites
Cloud Messaging
Predictions
Ad-Mob
Dynamic Links
Adwords
Remote Configure
App Indexing
Real-time Database
The Firebase Real-time Database is a cloud-hosted No SQL database that lets you store and sync
between your users in real-time. The real-time Database is really just one big JSON object that
the developers can manage in real-time.
23. Page- 16
CHAPTER 5
MOTOR CONTROL
Universal DC Motor Control Algorithms
Speed control of Universal Motors typically employs two schemes:
1. Phase angle Control
2. PWM Chopper control
Phase Angle Control: It is the simplest method to control the speed of a universal motor.
Speed control is achieved by the varying the firing angle for the TRIAC. Phase angle control is
very cost effective solution but not very efficient and prone to EMI.
Fig.5.1 Phase Angle Control of a Universal Motor
Figure above shows the Phase Angle Control mechanism typically employed for speed control of
the TRIAC. A phase shift of the TRIAC gate's pulses allows the effective voltage, seen by the
motor to be varied and hence the speed of the motor. A Zero Crossing Detection circuit is used to
establish a timing reference for delaying the firing of the gate pulses.
24. Page- 17
PWM Chopper Control: PWM control is a more advanced solution for controlling the speed of
a universal motor. In this method rectified AC line voltage is switched at a high frequency by a
Power MOFSET or IGBT device to generate time varying voltage for the motor.
Fig.5.2 PWM Chopper Control of a Universal Motor
The switching frequency is usually in the range of 10 to 20 KHz so as to eliminate acoustic
noise. This method of universal motor control can achieve better current control, better EMI
behavior and hence more efficient.
25. Page- 18
CHAPTER 6
PCB DEIGN PROCESS:
A printed circuit board (PCB )mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated
onto a non-conductive substrate .Components –capacitors, resistors or active devices –are
generally soldered on the PCB .Advanced PCBs may contain components embedded in the
substrate.PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer, )double sided ( two copper layers )or Multi-
layer( outer and inner layers .)Conductors on different layers are connected with via Multi-layer
PCBs allow for much higher component density .Printed circuit boards are used in all but the
simplest electronic products .Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point
construction .PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing
and assembly can be automated .Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with
other wiring methods as components are mounted and wired with one single part.A minimal PCB
with a single component used for easier modeling is called breakout board .[2]
For PCB fabrication, some basic steps have to be followed:
PCB Etching process
PCB Drilling
Conductor plating
Solder resist
PCB Testing
PCB Assembling
PCB Etching Process: All PCB’s are made by bounding a layer of copper over the entire
substrate, sometimes on both sides .Etching process has to be done to remove unnecessary
copper after applying a temporary mask, leaving only the desired copper traces.
Though there are many methods available for etching, the most common method used by
electronics hobbyists is etching using fecl3 or ferric chloride both are abundant and cheap.
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Fig.6.1: PCB Etching
PCB Drilling: The components that have to be attached to the PCB can be done only by VIAS
drilling .That is, a pated-through hole is drilled in the shape of angular rings .Small drill bits that
are made out of tungsten carbide is used for the drilling .A dreamed drill press is normally used
to punch the holes .Usually, a drill of 0.035 inch.
Fig.6.2 PCB Drilling
Conductor plating- The outer layer of the PCB contains copper connection( part where the
components are placed )which does not allow solder ability of the components .To make it solder
able, the surface of the material has to be plated with gold, tin, nickel.
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Fig.6.3 Conductor Plating
Solder Resist - The outer areas which are not to be solder able are to be covered with a solder
resist material .It is basically polymer coating that prevents the solder from bringing traces and
possibly creating shortcuts to nearby component leads.
PCB Testing - In industrial applications, PCB’s are tested by different methods such as bed of
nails test, rigid needle adaptor, CT scanning test and so on .The basic of all tests include a
computer program which will instruct the electrical test unit to apply a small voltage to each
contact point, and verify that a certain voltage appears at the appropriate contact points.
Fig.6.4 PCB Testing
PCB Assembling -
PCB assembling includes the assembling of electronics components on the respective holes in
the PCB .This can be done by through whole construction or surface mount construction .In the
former method, the component leads are inserted into the holes drilled in the PCB .In the latter
method, a pad having the legs similar to the PCB designing is inserted and IC’s are placed or
fixed on top of them .The common aspects in both the methods are that the components leads are
electrically and mechanically fixed to the board with a molten metal solder.
28. Page- 21
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
This paper presents the concept of Internet of Things for early detection and monitoring of motor
system failures remotely. The system has been designed to combine various parameter
measurements in real-time, improving the delectability of different faults. The monitoring of the
motor system presents the measurement of different parameters namely temperature, speed,
moisture and consumption.
Thus, compared to conventional methods that relies solely on vibrations or temperature, this
design has more information sources which can enable an alarm. The concept of IoT is presented
here for remote monitoring and controlling the motor. The data received by the coordinator node
is stored and graphically presented in real-time by means of a application developed in visual
basics. The proposed system can be easily upgraded to add other sensors on the sensing node for
the measurement of other parameters if required. The system has a high autonomy, easy
installation and low maintenance costs. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of the
implementation of the system.