WORLD AIDS DAY IS CELEBRATED ALL OVER THE WORLD .
IT'S CELEBRATED IN DECEMBER 1st EVERY YEAR .IT IS CELEBRATED BECAUSE TO MAKE SOME AWARNESS ABOUT "AIDS".
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IT'S CELEBRATED IN DECEMBER 1st EVERY YEAR .IT IS CELEBRATED BECAUSE TO MAKE SOME AWARNESS ABOUT "AIDS".
Presentation on HIV/AIDS, public health concern- include cause, symptoms, prevention and appropriate interventions. Also it include the Epidemiological Triangle link between agent, host and environment, Status of the disease in Nepal and in world.
http://www.options-trading-education.com/24444/how-much-can-you-make-trading-options/
How Much Can You Make Trading Options?
Options offer several benefits to traders. Options are a good way to leverage your trading capital and options are a good way to hedge trading risk. If you are a speculator you trade options to make a profit. How much can you make trading options? There is an interesting article published on Quora.com about how much money on an average you can make trading options. The author is a professional trader and speaks from experience. He speaks from the perspective of a “smaller account” namely $5 million or less as this size of account will not generate trades that move market prices very much.
With mostly non-directional short option trades with just enough directional trades to be slightly short to neutral on volatility, it is not uncommon to earn 1.5-3.5%/month. The returns can vary dramatically month-to-month (depends upon how many separate positions you are taking and how much risk you are taking on.
Among a handful of other option traders (all using income strategies) I speak to regularly who I consider to be successful career traders (and including my own returns), 15-35%/year seems to be an average range. Personally, for the years I have considered myself a professional trader, my returns have been in the 20-25% range.
Professional traders use options trading strategies in which they mix calls and puts and selling and buying. When a trader sells a put or call he can use the premium gained to pay for the purchases of a call or put. Many times the trader finds a situation in which the market is not efficient and offers him a sure profit simply for buying and selling the right combination of calls and puts. Professionals typically engage in non-directional options trading in order to routinely secure a profit no matter where the market is going. How much can you make trading options in this manner? This pro says that making 20-25% per year on trading capital is his experience. How about directional trading?
Presentation on HIV/AIDS, public health concern- include cause, symptoms, prevention and appropriate interventions. Also it include the Epidemiological Triangle link between agent, host and environment, Status of the disease in Nepal and in world.
http://www.options-trading-education.com/24444/how-much-can-you-make-trading-options/
How Much Can You Make Trading Options?
Options offer several benefits to traders. Options are a good way to leverage your trading capital and options are a good way to hedge trading risk. If you are a speculator you trade options to make a profit. How much can you make trading options? There is an interesting article published on Quora.com about how much money on an average you can make trading options. The author is a professional trader and speaks from experience. He speaks from the perspective of a “smaller account” namely $5 million or less as this size of account will not generate trades that move market prices very much.
With mostly non-directional short option trades with just enough directional trades to be slightly short to neutral on volatility, it is not uncommon to earn 1.5-3.5%/month. The returns can vary dramatically month-to-month (depends upon how many separate positions you are taking and how much risk you are taking on.
Among a handful of other option traders (all using income strategies) I speak to regularly who I consider to be successful career traders (and including my own returns), 15-35%/year seems to be an average range. Personally, for the years I have considered myself a professional trader, my returns have been in the 20-25% range.
Professional traders use options trading strategies in which they mix calls and puts and selling and buying. When a trader sells a put or call he can use the premium gained to pay for the purchases of a call or put. Many times the trader finds a situation in which the market is not efficient and offers him a sure profit simply for buying and selling the right combination of calls and puts. Professionals typically engage in non-directional options trading in order to routinely secure a profit no matter where the market is going. How much can you make trading options in this manner? This pro says that making 20-25% per year on trading capital is his experience. How about directional trading?
Trade12 forex broker. Company was founded in 2015, owned and operated by Exo Capital Markets Ltd, a company incorporated in the Marshall Islands with Registration Number 68798, processing services provided by Global Fin Services Ltd, 1 Straits Parade, Bristol, England, BS16 2LA.
Introduction about Monte Carlo Methods, lecture given at Technical University of Kaiserslautern 2014.
There are many situations where Monte Carlo Methods are useful to solve data science problems
Options are excellent tools for both position trading and risk management, but finding the right strategy is key to using these tools to your advantage. This presentation helps you understand what options are and how they work
Describes what derivatives are and explains the differences between over-the-counter and exchange traded derivatives, Identifies types of underlying assets on which derivatives are based, describes participants in and uses of derivative trading, describe what options are and how they are traded, evaluates call and put option strategies for
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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects cells of the immune system and destroys or impairs their function.
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AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection and a collection of signs and symptoms caused by more than 20 opportunistic infections or related cancers.
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
Describe the HIV AIDS introduction, epidemiology of HIV AIDS, diagnosis of HIV AIDS, treatment of HIV AIDS and prevention control of HIV AIDS.
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The more i study and search about HIV and AIDS, the more deep its becomes. I discovered that HIV and AIDS is the highest killing machine of our time. silently reducing world population. many countries don't want to talk about HIV, some religious countries felt that HIV is a taboo and should not be talked about in any case. so they ignore the myths and the truth about HIV and is killing their citizen gradually, spreading drastically. HIV/ AIDS IS REAL AND THAT IS THE TRUTH.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
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STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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HIV AIDS
1. HIV/AIDS: Basic Concept
and Prevention
Dr. Rahat Iqbal Chowdhury
Medical Officer
Civil Surgeon Office, Sylhet.
2.
3. WHAT IS HIVWHAT IS HIV
H-Human
I- Immuno Deficiency
V-Virus
Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
4. What is AIDSWhat is AIDS
AIDSAIDS
A - AcquiredA - Acquired
I - ImmunoI - Immuno
D - DeficiencyD - Deficiency
S - SyndromeS - Syndrome
5. HIV/AIDS: Basic Concept
Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome is a
fatal disease caused by the human immuno-
deficiency virus (a retro virus)
Sometimes it is called Slim disease
Termed as modern pandemic
No effective treatment & vaccine is available
To combat HIV/AIDS is a MDG (MDG-6)
Regarded as social & developmental problem
8. History of HIV/AIDS
1981: First case of AIDS identified in Los
Angeles but was named as AIDS in 1984.
1982-85: Rapid spread in western Europe and
Australia.
1983: Virus identified at Pasteur institute but
named HIV in 1986.
1984: Antibody detection test discovered.
1984: First HIV positive in Asia identified.
1985: Blood screening for HIV begins.
1986: First HIV positive in India & Myanmar
1989: First HIV positive case in Bangladesh.
10. Injecting drug use
Unprotected heterosexual act
Unprotected penetrative sex between men
Unsafe blood transfusion & injection
Vertical transmission
Modes of HIV Transmission
11. Promiscuity: Through unprotected Sex with
HIV infected
Per-enteral: Through infected Blood/blood
products (tissues and organs transplantation)
Per-enteral: Through contaminated needles,
syringes, medical utensils and other piercing
instruments
Peri-natal: From Mother-to-child (During
pregnancy, delivery & lactation)
Modes of Transmission: 3 ‘P’s
16. Materials Can Transmit HIV
Blood
Semen
Vaginal fluid
Breast milk
Saliva
Sweat
Stool
Urine
Tear
17. HIV in Body Fluids
Semen
11,000 Vaginal
Fluid
7,000
Blood
18,000
Amniotic
Fluid
4,000 Saliva
1
Average number of HIV particles in 1 ml of these body fluids
19. Window Period
This is the period of time after becoming
infected when an HIV test is negative.
90 percent of cases test positive within
three months of exposure.
10 percent of cases test positive within
three to six months of exposure.
20. HIV DOES NOT SPREAD BY -
Social Gathering, hand shaking & hugging
Eating & drinking together (Using same
plate, glass)
Cough & sneezing, bathing together
Using same latrine, same bed
Playing together, attending same class
Work in same office
Insect bite (Mosquito, Fly)
21. I/V drug users
CSWs and their clients
MSM
Truckers
Rickshaw pullers
Migrants (both external & internal)
Women & foetus
Youth of the society
High Risk Groups
22. STI and HIV
STI HIV Transmission
SyphilisSyphilis ++++++
ChancroidChancroid ++++++
ChlamydiaChlamydia ++++
GonorrheaGonorrhea ++++
Herpes simplexHerpes simplex ++
Presence of STI can considerably
increase the risk of HIV transmission
23. Magnitude of HIV/AIDS
Global Scenario:
Recognized as an emerging disease in 1980
First AIDS case was detected in USA in 1981
Epidemic occurred in mid 1990s in Africa
1 in 12 African adults is having the disease
Age group 20-40 years is the main victim
About 50% cases are women
Women tend to die at an earlier age
24. Total 33.2 million [30.6 –
36.1million] Adults 30.8 million [28.2 –
33.6million] Women 15.4 million [13.9 –
16.6million] Children under 15 years
2.5 million [2.2 – 2.6
million]Total 2.5 million [1.8 – 4.1
million]
Adults 2.1 million [1.4 – 3.6 million]
Children under 15 years 420 000 [350 000 – 540000]
Total 2.1 million [1.9 – 2.4
million]
Adults 1.7 million [1.6 – 2.1 million]
Children under 15 years 330 000 [310 000 – 380000]
Number of people
living with HIV in 2009
People newly
infected
with HIV in 2009
AIDS deaths
in 2009
Global AIDS Epidemic, December 2009
25. Global Scenario Continued
More than 60 million peoples are the
victims of HIV/AIDS globally.
Around 33.2 million people are living with
HIV.
Over 25 millions have died & about 41
millions are alive.
Africa is home to 2/3rd of world’s peoples
living with HIV/AIDS.
Around 4.5 million new infection in 2009.
Over 7000/day new cases occurred in 2008.
26. Total: 33.2 (30.6 – 36.1) million
Western &
Central Europe
760 000760 000
Middle East & North
Africa
380 000380 000
]]
Sub-Saharan Africa
22.5 million22.5 million
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
1.6 million1.6 million
South & South-East
Asia
4.0 million4.0 million
Oceania
75 00075 000
North America
1.3 million
Latin America
1.6 million1.6 million
East Asia
800 000800 000
Caribbean
230 000
]
Adults and Children estimated to be
living with HIV
27. Estimated number of Adults and Children
newly infected with HIV
Western &
Central Europe
31 00031 000
Middle East & North
Africa
35 00035 000
Sub-Saharan Africa
1.7 million1.7 million
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
150 000150 000
South & South-East
Asia
340 000340 000
Oceania
14 00014 000
North America
46 000
Latin America
100 000100 000
East Asia
92 00092 000
Caribbean
17 000]
Total: 2.5 (1.8 – 4.1) million
28. Projected annual expenditure requirements
for HIV/AIDS care and support by region
Sub-Saharan Africa:
US$3,070M (69.14%)
Total: US$4,440 million
South and Southeast
Asia: US$670M (15.09%)
East Asia, Pacific:
US$80M (1.80%)
Latin America, Caribbean:
US$550M (12.39%)
Eastern Europe, Central
Asia: US$20M (0.45%)
North Africa, Middle East:
US$50M (1.13%)
29. HIV/AIDS : Regional Situation
India : 2.5 million
Myanmar : 2,40,000
Thailand: 6,10,000
Nepal : 70,000
30. Epidemic Trend in Asia
Generalized HIV epidemic:
– Cambodia, parts of India, Myanmar, and Thailand
Concentrated HIV epidemic:
– Parts of China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal and
Vietnam
Low HIV epidemic:
– Bangladesh, Bhutan, Laos, Maldives, Philippines,
– Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka
31. Regional Scenario
1984: First AIDS case was reported in Thailand.
About 8.5 million have been HIV infected & 5
million alive in Asia region.
O.4 millions have died in 2008 in Asia.
1.7 million newly HIV infected in 2008.
20% more new HIV infection in 2008 in East
Asia than in 2001.
HIV prevalence is highest in SEAR.
India is next to South Africa by number of HIV
infected peoples.
32. Regional Scenario Contd..
About 5.5 million peoples are HIV infected in
India.
HIV infection is more common among IDUs
About 50% pregnant women found HIV infected
during ANC in Monipur of India.
Around 3.5% of adult population in Thailand are
HIV infected.
1 in 30 pregnant mothers, 1 in 16 soldiers, 1 in 2
CSWs found HIV infected in Combodia.
0.4% of CSWs, 60% of IDUs and 2.2% pregnant
women found HIV infected in Thailand
33. Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh is a low prevalent but high risk
country
First HIV infection was detected in 1989
Total HIV infected-3241, Total AIDS
patients-1299,Total death-472 (NASP 2013)
According to UNAIDS, it is >13000
370 new HIV infection, 95 newAIDS
patients & 82 deaths in 2013 (NASP 2013)
34. HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh (2013)
Identified Cases : 2013 Total
• HIV+ Cases 370 3241
• AIDS Cases 95 1299
• AIDS Death 82 472
Source: NASP Publication, 1 December 2013Source: NASP Publication, 1 December 2013
36. Geographic proximity to highly prevalent
neighboring countries like India, Thailand &
Myanmar and air and water routes with the world
High prevalence of STDs
High levels of unprotected sex by CSWs
High rate of needle sharing among IDUs
Limited correct knowledge on HIV/AIDS
Large number of STD cases
Unsafe blood transfusion service
High rate of poverty, illiteracy and ignorance
Factors Making Bangladesh a
High Risk Country
37. Low condom use among the MARP and the
bridging population.
Low level of voluntary blood donation.
External and internal migration.
Subordinate status of women.
Violence against women.
Unequal access to health care services.
Legal laws and human rights.
Factors Making Bangladesh a
High Risk Country
38. Symptoms of AIDS
Major Symptoms:
Loss of weight by more than 10% during last 6 months
Fever (continuous or intermittent) for more than 1 month
Diarrhea for more than 1 month that is not cured by any
medicine
Common Symptoms:
Cough, skin rash (bluish) that does not disappear
White layered thrush in oral cavity and throat
Swelling of body lymph Nodes
Herpes zoster and Herpes simplex infection
Skin infection with itching.
39. A two months old infant born to a mother with AIDS. The child
developed pneumonia and oral candidiasis
40. The child was first seen
at the age of 9 months for
recurrent diarrhoea, otitis
media and failure to
thrive. He was marasmic
and had generalised
lymphadenopathy, and
hepatosplenomegaly.
Chest x-ray showed
evidence of pulmonary
tuberculosis. HIV tests in
mother, baby and the
father were positive.
41. WOMEN ARE ESPECIALLY
VULNERABLE TO HIV/AIDS
Biologically vulnerable
to infection
Sexual exploitation
including trafficking
Inability to refuse sex /
negotiate safer sex
Violence against women
Migration
Poverty
42. Young people and HIV
Sexual experimentation
(40% male adolescents go to CSWs and
80% of them do not use condom)
Many are Drug users
Low awareness level on HIV
prevention
Vulnerability in the workplace
Street children (Forced sex)
Nearly half of new HIV infections occur
to young people below the age of 24
43. Key National Responses of GOB…
1985: National AIDS Committee(NAC) was
formed.
Formation of TC of NAC & 2 sub-committees:
Monitoring sub-committee (MSC) & Motivation
cum Publicity sub-Committee (MPSC).
1987: GOB started AIDS Prevention activities.
1988: 5 HIV diagnostic laboratory established.
1989: 3-year Medium Term Plan was formulated.
1990: HIV Prevention activities were carried out.
44. 1994-1996: UNDP supported the HIV/AIDS
Intervention.
1997: The National Policy on HIV/AIDS and
STD Related Issues was approved by the
cabinet.
1997: A five-year National Strategy (1997-
2002) adopted in NAC for effective launching
of HIV/AIDS Interventions.
1998-2005: Six Behavioral and Serological
Surveillance BSS on HIV and Syphilis was
completed.
Key National Responses of GOB…
45. 1998:NASP management structure outlined,
activities being carried out by three main
functionaries : the NAC, MOHFW &
DGHS.
1998-2000: UNDP supported Multi-sectoral
AIDS Prevention Project (MAPP).
2002: Laws on blood safety passed by the
parliament (98 blood screening centers
established; screening HIV, Syphilis,
Malaria, HBV & HCV).
2004-2010: A National Strategic Plan on
HIV/AIDS formulated & implemented.
Key National Responses of GOB…
46. NASP has developed
National ART guideline.
National STI management Guideline.
National harm reduction strategy for IDUs.
Safer sex promotion strategy in work place.
Guideline for clinical management.
Safe blood transfusion program.
National Sero & Behavioral Surveillance.
Mutisectoral involvement of NGOs, Donor, Civil society.
Human Rights issues for PLWHA.
Stigma & discrimination prevention.
Contribution of NASP
47. Levels of Prevention of HIV/AIDS
It needs all levels of prevention
Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
50. Primary Prevention..
4 ‘S’ should be followed
Safe sex to practice (ABC)
Safe blood to transfuse
Safe injection to use
Safe Pregnancy to ensure
51. Vaccination
First clinical trial of Phase I of HIV
vaccination took place in 1987 in USA.
Phase II trial took place in Africa.
One large scale of Phase III trial is
currently undergoing in Thailand.
Scientists all over the world are trying
very hard for it.
53. Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
Diagnosis is done by:
History
Clinical feature (major & minor) and
Specific laboratory investigations
HIV enzyme immunoassay
Western blot assay, detect HIV
antibodies in serum, plasma, oral fluid,
dried blood spot or urine of patient
54. Treatment
Antiretrovirals are not a permanent cure,
but it reduces the viral load and extends
the life of people living with HIV.
UNAIDS declared the lack of treatment
in low and middle income countries is a
global public health emergency.
55. Management of HIV/AIDS
Clinical Stage-1 (Asymptomatic): HIV is not
categorized as AIDS.
Clinical Stage-2 (Mild disease): Includes minor
mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent
upper respiratory tract infections.
Clinical Stage-3 (Moderate disease): Includes
unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a
month, severe bacterial infections and pulmonary
tuberculosis.
Clinical Stage-4 (Severe disease): Includes
toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the
esophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and Kaposi's
sarcoma; these diseases are indicators of AIDS.
56. General Management Measures
Bed Rest
Ensure adequate nutrition and fluid & electrolyte
balance
Provide proper nursing care and counseling
Maintain personal & oral hygiene
Symptomatic management of fever, pain, itching etc
O2 inhalation SOS
Catheterization SOS
Changing posture & oropharyngeal suctions SOS
Supplementation of vitamins and minerals
60. World AIDS Campaign
Brings diverse global voices on HIV/AIDS
together through a collaborative approach.
Holds world leaders & governments to
account for their promises on AIDS.
Share global actions and awareness on
HIV/AIDS.
“Stop AIDS Keep The Promise” (2006).
Universal Access and Human Rights (2010).
61.
62. Why Leadership?
All our efforts are not delivering at the
speed & scale required.
Promises are not being kept due to
Lack of leadership at all level.
Despite efforts to hold leaders
accountable, progress in halting HIV is
still falling far short of targets.
63. Why Leadership?
It acts as a vehicle for uniting efforts within a
common global message.
To maximize national, regional and
international visibility of global campaigning
efforts on AIDS.
It can promote a wide range of AIDS issues
globally.
It brings media, governments, businesses and
a range of institutions locally and globally to
embrace common issues on HIV/AIDS.
64. Message for All
ABCD – 4 Basic rules of HIV Prevention
D-No to drugs
C-Use condom
B- Be faithful /Transfuse safe blood
A- Abstinence
65. Recommendations
Prevention of sexual transmission
Prevention of mother-to child transmission
Prevention of transmission through injecting
drug use, including harm-reduction measures
Ensure safety of blood supply
Prevention of transmission in health facilities
Promote greater access to voluntary HIV
counseling and testing while principles of
confidentiality and consent are followed
66. Integrate HIV prevention and AIDS
treatment into existing healthcare services.
Focus on HIV prevention among young
people
Provide HIV related IEC to enable
individuals to protect themselves from
infection.
Confront and mitigate HIV related stigma
and discrimination.
Prepare for access and use of vaccines and
microbicides
Recommendations
67. Firstly, Formulating the national
HIV/AIDS communication strategy.
Secondly, concentrating on groups
most vulnerable to the infection.
Thirdly, working with the general
population (community mobilization
and community participation).
Fourthly, care and support to those
already infected and affected by
HIV/AIDS (voluntary counseling).
Recommendations
68. Ray of Hopes…
Epidemics of HIV/AIDS is declining
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS has
decreases by 20% in last 20 years
Death rate due to HIV/AIDS has
reduced by 20% by last 5 years
(Report: UNDIDS, 22nd
Anniversary,
World AIDS Day, 2010)
69. Ensure Universal access and human rights
in terms of prevention, promotion, health
care, access to opportunities, employment
and social affairs.
Use effective leadership at all levels both
nationally and globally to make Bangladesh
HIV/AIDS free.
Conclusion