This document discusses various topics related to women's reproductive health, including menstruation, contraception, and reproductive cancers. It provides information on:
1. The menstrual cycle process, hormones involved, and common symptoms.
2. Various family planning methods including natural, artificial, and surgical options.
3. The three most common reproductive cancers - cervical cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer - including their risk factors and prevention and screening methods.
A complete Menstrual Hygiene guide for the clinicians and health care practitioners to create awareness among young girls.Main motive is to educate girls and prevent absence to the schools,work places,daily activities, manage menstrual symptoms,precautions to dispose sanitary napkins, prevent ill effects on humans as well the environment .
A complete Menstrual Hygiene guide for the clinicians and health care practitioners to create awareness among young girls.Main motive is to educate girls and prevent absence to the schools,work places,daily activities, manage menstrual symptoms,precautions to dispose sanitary napkins, prevent ill effects on humans as well the environment .
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Menstrual waste refers to blood, bodily tissues, and used menstrual absorbents, including cloth, disposable sanitary napkins and other materials used to capture or absorb blood during menstruation. Government and NGOs need to find a way to discover proper emthods to dispose this waste as it can cause various diseases and infections to people coming in contact. See More: https://www.wateraidindia.in/
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We are one of the best Sanitary Napkin manufacturer in India. We believe that in many rural areas of India; women are facing many challenges like they bath in open ponds, wells, and this leads to numerous diseases. Women also have to go in open fields for toilet; they don’t have the proper means to dispose a pad.
As per new guidelines of ministry of health and family welfare and national health mission guidelines and protocols to prevent infections in labour room were discussed briefly in this ppt. Current protocols following in Aiims mangalagiri labour room were discussed in detail
family planning content with recent advances ..family planning is for everyone ...content can be used for educational purposes ....by sharanjit kaur jhajj
Menstrual waste refers to blood, bodily tissues, and used menstrual absorbents, including cloth, disposable sanitary napkins and other materials used to capture or absorb blood during menstruation. Government and NGOs need to find a way to discover proper emthods to dispose this waste as it can cause various diseases and infections to people coming in contact. See More: https://www.wateraidindia.in/
Glo Life Care Feminine Hygiene products, Sanitary Napkin Vending Machines and Incinerators, created for women on the GO for an anxiety/stress free life – guaranteeing a clean India.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
5. Incineration can help to reduce the waste.
5
Social, cultural, and religious restrictions
Girls are not prepared and aware about menstruation
Difficulties and challenges at home,institute, and work places.
Very less or no knowledge about reproductive tract infections
Do not have access to sanitary products
Unable to afford such products due to high cost.
Environmental pollution & health hazards due to menstrual wastage
7. Regular natural
change that occurs
in the female
reproductive
system that makes
pregnancy possible.
Required for the
production of egg, and
for the preparation of
the uterus for
pregnancy
The egg is released
from an ovary
around day fourteen
in the cycle
If pregnancy does not
occur, the lining is
released in what is
known as menstruation
9. First period -12 and 15 years of age(menarche)
Length -24 to 38 days (an average of 28 days)
Amount-20 to 80ml/cycle
Duration-2 to 8 days
Stops after menopause (45 and 55 years)
9
21. How to deal with menstrual flow ?
Disposable sanitary pads: single use
Reusable cloth pads: washed, dried and reused.
Select that prevents flow from spoiling cloths
21
23. ● No need to feel overwhelmed or feel dirty , it,s a natural
process , just like yawning, sneezing, hunger or thirst, etc.
● The only thing you need to do is take special care of your
body’s hygiene and avoid unwanted infections during this
time.
23
24. What can happen if hygiene is not maintained?
During the periods, the area around the
genitals is moist - there is a possibility of
several types of infections if the area remains
damp for too long.
That cause itching and irritation in the vagina
Due to this dampness, rashes in the along the
line of innerwear area are also common.
24
25. 25
Why to Maintain hygiene during menstrual cycle?
Ensure your everyday life does not get interrupted
Prevention of possible Urinary tract Infections
Ensures embarrassment free life which makes you feel confident
about yourself and your body.
26. How to Maintain hygiene during menstrual cycle?
Staying healthy and active
A balanced diet
26
27. How to Maintain hygiene during menstrual cycle?
Record your period dates
Carry a pad on nearing your period
Wear a Inner wares with liner a few
days before your periods
27
28. How to Maintain hygiene during menstrual cycle?
General Hygiene:
1. Bath/day
2.Wash genital area every time you use toilet
3.Using clean undergarments and change regularly
4.Preferably a cotton undergarment
5.Change pads regularly
28
29. Things Everyone Should Know About Menstrual Hygiene
1.Choose The Right Sanitation Method- Stick to single brand and a
single method for some time to see if it suits your need.
2.Change Every 4 To 6 Hours
●Women with heavy bleeding should change it more frequently.
29
30. Things Everyone Should Know About Menstrual Hygiene
.Trust Water
●Washing properly with a right technique - from up (vagina) to down (anus) and
do not do the inverse else the bacteria from the anus might cling to your vagina
and wouldn’t get washed-off increasing chances of infection.
.Disinfect Your Inner wear In Case Of A Stain
30
31. Things Everyone Should Know About Menstrual Hygiene
5.Disposing Off Your Pads Properly
●It may cause infection and create foul smell.
●Do not flush the pads down the sewer as it can clog
the toilets.
● Wrap the used pads safely in a piece of paper
before throwing it into the bin.
●Do not forget to wash your hands once you have
disposed off the pad
31
35. What are the Menstrual Waste Disposal Techniques Used by Women?
1. Appropriate disposal of used menstrual material – lacking.
2. Toilet facilities- lack bins for the disposal of sanitary pads and
hand washing facilities for menstruating women.
2. In rural areas, mostly women use reusable and non-commercial
sanitary materials like reusable pads or cloths.
3. In urban areas, sanitary pad disposed by flushing in toilets and
throwing in dustbins or through solid waste management.
35
36. 36
What are the Menstrual Waste Disposal Techniques Used by Women?
• In academy , due to lack of sanitary facilities, girls throw their pads in toilets.
• In some cases, girls threw away their used menstrual clothes without washing
them.
• Or, absent from work/ school/college due to lack of disposal system, broken
lock/doors of toilets, lack of water tap, bucket, and poor water supply .
• At home, they dispose the waste by wrapping and throwing in the dustbin along with
other domestic waste.
• In public places, they flush them in the toilets or wrap and throw them in the dustbins.
• Where dustbins are not placed they leave the soiled pads wrapped or unwrapped in the
toilet corners.
• This makes the toilets dirty, breeding place for flies and mosquitoes, and also
unhygienic for other toilet users and cleaners.
37. What are the Consequences of Menstrual Waste Disposal?
● Materials clog the sewer pipelines
● Disturb the soil microflora and decomposition takes time
● Water bodies get contaminated.
● Materials soaked with blood are breeding places for germs and pathogenic microbes .
● Sanitary products soaked with blood of an infected women/girl may contain hepatitis and
HIV viruses which retain their infectivity in soil and live up to six months in soil.
37
38. 38
What are the Strategies for the Management of Menstrual Waste?
● The toilets must be designed and built to be girl/women friendly .
sanitary napkin vending machines in toilets - to meet the emergency needs of the
girls/women in schools.
● There should be a separate collection system for the menstrual wastes without affecting the
privacy and dignity of women.
● Dustbins should be covered by lid and emptied from time to time to keep the toilets clean from
flies, mosquitoes, and bad odor.
● there must be water availability, toilet paper, dustbin, and a sink to wash menstrual products.
● proper safety tools should be provided to the cleaners so that they are not exposed to pathogenic
organisms and harmful gases.
40. What are the Better Ways/Ideas of Disposing Menstrual Wastes?
Reusable Cloth Pads .
40
Incinerators
Clay or Cemented Incinerators
Biodegradable Products
63. Benefits
Suitable for women
who forget to take pills.
Who wish for a secret or ‘private’ method
In whom oestrogen is contraindicated:
○ hypertension
○ diabetes mellitus
○ age >35yr
○ smoker
68. Birth Control Pills
21days (7d pill free period)
28days (1week of placebo or sugar pills)
7d of pill free period/placebo –
women will have a ‘withdrawal bleed’
70. When to start COCP?
Timing of initiation is a commonly encountered
confusion
Best to be taken at same time every day
If 1st pill after D2 , other contraception needed for 7 days
If vomiting or diarrhoea : extra contraception
Post partum (not BF) : start day 21 after delivery
Post abortion/MR: within 7 days of termination
71. • If 1 or 2 pills are missed at
anytime, take the pill ASAP
(NO NEED EXTRA COVER,
DO NOT STOP)
If 2 or more pills are missed:
Missed pills in first week :
EM + Condom for 1/52
Missed pills in second /
third week : Condom for
1/52
76. Apex Hospital Cancer Institute
Cervical Cancer
Uterine cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Breast Cancer
77. World 10 most common cancer in women
● Breast
● Colorectum
● Cervix uteri
● Lung
● stomach
● Corpus uteri
● Ovary
● Liver
● Thyroid
● Non – Hodgkin
lymphoma
78. Cervical Cancer
● Third most common cancer in women.
● 8.8 % of all female cancer.
● Responsible for a total of 275,000 deaths;
● 58% were reported from Asia.
79. Uterine Cancer
● 6th most common women cancer.
● Cancer of older women.
● more favourable prognosis than ovarian and
cervical cancer
80. Ovarian Cancer
● most lethal due to late presentation, poor respond to
treatment and high recurrent rate.
● 4.2 % of all cancer deaths in women.
81. Cervical cancer -Risk factors
● STD
● Early age of sexual activity.
● Women with HPV infection.
● Women with multiple
sexual partners.
● Multiple kid .
● lower socio-economic class
● Women who are
married to a man with
multiple sexual
partners.
● Cigarette smoking.
● immunodeficient
.
● uncircumcised sexual
partner.
82. Prevention
● 1. Primary prevention:
healthy lifestyle
HPV vaccination.
● 2. Secondary prevention:screening.
● 3. Tertiary prevention:
● - detection and treatment of an early stage of cancer.
83. 1. HPV vaccination
● HPV is the primary aetiology of cervical cancer.
● Currently 2 types of prophylactic HPV vaccines
available in the market:
● - quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV 16,18,6,11
● - bivalent HPV vaccine against HPV 16 and 18
84. 2. Screening of cervical cancer
● women aged between
30 and 49 years.
● Screening interval
every -3 years
● Type of screening tests
● Pap Smear
● visual inspection of cervix
● HPV testing
85. Uterine cancer
● Prolonged exposure to hormone- oestrogen.
● obese women,
● patients with PCOS
● DM and HPT
● Hereditary
● Nulliparous
● Late menopause
86. Prevention
● treating the precursor lesions
● Adding a progestogen for at least 10 - 12 days per cycle
in HRT.
● Women with amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea
should be treated with cyclical progestogen.
● Withdrawal bleeding of 3 monthly is sufficient to
prevent endometrial pathology.
87. ● high phyto- oestrogen consumption among post
menopausal women.
● The use of IUCD and tubal ligation.
● Weight reduction and physical activities
● Pregnancy is a physiological protection.
● The use of COCP.
88. ● There is no effective screening method for
endometrial cancer.
90. Risk factors
● LESS risk:
● Parous women
● The birth of the first
child
● Breast feeding
● Tubal ligation.
● OCP
● Increase risk:
● Ovulation induction agent
● History of breast cancer
● Early menache
● late menopause
● HRT
● Genetic factors
● Environmental factors
91. Prevention
● OCP
● Tubal ligation and hysterectomy.
● Prophylactic oopherectomy in geneticaly
predisposed women
● Genetic testing for gene.