This document discusses menstrual hygiene and health issues. It defines menstrual hygiene as maintaining cleanliness during menstruation through appropriate materials and facilities. Common issues include irregular periods, pain, and heavy bleeding. Some cultures impose restrictions on women during menstruation. Lack of education and privacy can also be barriers. A variety of sanitary protection materials are available but have advantages and disadvantages. Proper hygiene practices are important for health while improper practices can increase infection risk. Promoting good menstrual hygiene management has benefits like improved education and empowerment for women and girls.
A complete Menstrual Hygiene guide for the clinicians and health care practitioners to create awareness among young girls.Main motive is to educate girls and prevent absence to the schools,work places,daily activities, manage menstrual symptoms,precautions to dispose sanitary napkins, prevent ill effects on humans as well the environment .
A complete Menstrual Hygiene guide for the clinicians and health care practitioners to create awareness among young girls.Main motive is to educate girls and prevent absence to the schools,work places,daily activities, manage menstrual symptoms,precautions to dispose sanitary napkins, prevent ill effects on humans as well the environment .
Hygiene Management requirements for women.pptstockslearnings
this presentation covers a vast aspects of female health hygiene including with emphasis to all the related taboos around the world related to feminine hygiene
We are one of the best Sanitary Napkin manufacturer in India. We believe that in many rural areas of India; women are facing many challenges like they bath in open ponds, wells, and this leads to numerous diseases. Women also have to go in open fields for toilet; they don’t have the proper means to dispose a pad.
Menstrual waste refers to blood, bodily tissues, and used menstrual absorbents, including cloth, disposable sanitary napkins and other materials used to capture or absorb blood during menstruation. Government and NGOs need to find a way to discover proper emthods to dispose this waste as it can cause various diseases and infections to people coming in contact. See More: https://www.wateraidindia.in/
Important Risk factor and Socio-demographic profile of under five year childr...K M Kamrul Hasan
Diarrhea is a common symptom of gastrointestinal infections caused by a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and protozoa. However, just a handful of organisms are responsible for most acute cases of childhood diarrhea. Diarrheal diseases are a major public health problem in the developing world. Approximately 1.5 million children die from diarrheal diseases each year globally, which makes it the second most common cause of mortality in children under five years.
In Bangladesh, diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of death in children under 5 years, accounting for 20% of all infant deaths. In fact, an estimated 88 percent of diarrheal deaths worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Water; sanitation and hygiene programes typically include a number of interventions that work to reduce the number of diarrhoea cases.
Hygiene Management requirements for women.pptstockslearnings
this presentation covers a vast aspects of female health hygiene including with emphasis to all the related taboos around the world related to feminine hygiene
We are one of the best Sanitary Napkin manufacturer in India. We believe that in many rural areas of India; women are facing many challenges like they bath in open ponds, wells, and this leads to numerous diseases. Women also have to go in open fields for toilet; they don’t have the proper means to dispose a pad.
Menstrual waste refers to blood, bodily tissues, and used menstrual absorbents, including cloth, disposable sanitary napkins and other materials used to capture or absorb blood during menstruation. Government and NGOs need to find a way to discover proper emthods to dispose this waste as it can cause various diseases and infections to people coming in contact. See More: https://www.wateraidindia.in/
Important Risk factor and Socio-demographic profile of under five year childr...K M Kamrul Hasan
Diarrhea is a common symptom of gastrointestinal infections caused by a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and protozoa. However, just a handful of organisms are responsible for most acute cases of childhood diarrhea. Diarrheal diseases are a major public health problem in the developing world. Approximately 1.5 million children die from diarrheal diseases each year globally, which makes it the second most common cause of mortality in children under five years.
In Bangladesh, diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of death in children under 5 years, accounting for 20% of all infant deaths. In fact, an estimated 88 percent of diarrheal deaths worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Water; sanitation and hygiene programes typically include a number of interventions that work to reduce the number of diarrhoea cases.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
5. Menarche: 11-16 years. average 13 years.
Duration: 2-7 days (<2 days is hypomenorrheaand
• >7 days is menorrhagia ).
Amount: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per day,
(>80 ml. is menorrhagia and < 30 ml., is
hypomenorrhea.
Characteristics of normal menstruation
6.
7.
8. COMMON MENSTRUAL HEALTH
ISSUES
1. Primary amenorrhoea
2. Irregular menstruation
3. Dysmenorrhoea
4. Menorrhagia
5. DUB
6. Hygienic issues
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Harmful restrictions
In some cultures, women and girls are told that
• During their menstrual cycle they should not bathe
(or they will become infertile)
• Touch a cow (or it will become infertile)
• Look in a mirror (or it will lose its brightness)
• Touch a plant (or it will die)
13
Young women chatting about menstrual issues.Source: UNICEF
(2008)
14. 14
Restrictions on girls during their menstrual period in Afghanistan, India, Iran and Nepal. Source: (HOUSE et al. 2012).
15. Parental Education
Education by parents about reproductive
health, sexuality and related issues is often a
no-go area leading to a low knowledge and
understanding on these issue
15
Source: http://phil2100dsu12a.wordpress.com/2012/07/10/abortion-the-solution-is-viability/ [Accessed: 07.08.2013]
16. What is Menstrual Hygiene?
Menstrual hygiene is defined as
the principle of maintaining
cleanliness of the body during
menstrual flow. It requires basic
facilities such as appropriate
clothes, soakage material, water,
soap, and toilet facilities with
privacy.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Sanitary protection materials –
advantages/disadvantages
21
Sanitary protection
option
Advantages Disadvantages
Natural materials (e.g.
mud, cow dung, leaves)
Free
Locally available
High risk of contamination
Difficult and uncomfortable to use
Strips of clothes Easily available in the
local market
Re-usable
If old cloths are not cleaned well they
can become unhygienic.
Users need somewhere private, with a
water supply and soap, to wash and dry
the cloths.
Toilet paper or tissues Easily available in the
local market
Loses strength when wet and can fall
apart.
• Difficult to hold in place.
• May be too expensive for the poorest
users
Re-usable pads Available locally or on the
internet
Income generation
opportunity, if locally
made
Cost effective as are re-
usable
More environmentally-
friendly than disposable
pads
Users need somewhere private, with a
water
supply and soap, to wash and dry the
pads.
Cost is prohibitive to many potential
users, if commercially produced
Source: HOUSE ET AL. (2012)
22. Sanitary protection materials –
advantages/disadvantages
22
Sanitary protection
option
Advantages Disadvantages
Tampons Convenient and comfortable
to use
Not available in many contexts.
Cost is prohibitive to any potential users.
Generates a lot of waste to dispose, not
environmentally-friendly.
May not be culturally appropriate,
particularly for adolescent girls, as need
to be inserted into the vagina.
Hygiene and availability of water and soap
for hand-washing are particularly
important, as need to be inserted into the
vagina.
Menstrual cups Re-usable
Only need emptying, washing
and drying
May not be culturally appropriate for use,
particularly for adolescent girls, as need
to be inserted into the vagina.
Hygiene and availability of water and soap
are particularly important, for washing
hands and menstrual cup, as need to be
inserted into the vagina.
Expensive first investment outlay.
Panties/ Underwear Useful for keeping a sanitary
product in place.
• Good for keeping the vaginal
area hygienic.
Cost may be prohibitive to potential users.
Cheap elastic can wear out relatively
quickly.
Source: HOUSE ET AL. (2012)
23. Awareness Raising
• Promoting good practices for Menstrual Hygiene Management:
How to capture the blood
How to dispose of the cloth, pad, cotton
How to keep yourself clean during the period
How to manage the stomach pain from your period
• Community-wide approaches that include boys and men (Physical
barriers are often connected to social barriers. Social barriers
have to be overcome!)
• Integrate Menstrual Hygiene Management into a wider hygiene
promotion approach on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene including
risks and good practices
24.
25. Inappropriate hygiene practices
• Unclean sanitary pad materials (local infections/bacteria
can travel up the vagina and enter uterine cavity)
• Changing pads infrequently (skin irritation by wet pads)
• Insertion of unclean material into vagina (easier infection ,
also of uterine cavity)
• Using highly absorbent tampons during light blood loss or no
menstruation (toxic shock syndrome, vaginal irritation)
• Wiping from back to front following urination or defecation
(bacteria can travel easier into vagina)
26. • Unprotected sex (increased risk of sexually
transmitted diseases)
• Unsafe disposal of used sanitary materials or blood
(risk of infecting others with diseases)
• Frequent douching (forcing liquid into vagina can
introduce bacteria into uterine cavity)
• Lack of hand-washing after changing a sanitary
towel (can spread infections)
27. Impact of proper menstrual hygiene
Promoting menstrual hygiene
management (MHM) is not only a
sanitation matter; it is also an
important step towards
safeguarding the dignity, bodily
integrity and overall life
opportunities of women and girls.
28.
29. Educating girls about menstruation
helps increase self esteem, raise
grades and raise wages.
It allows girls to be prepared for
their first period.
Access to menstrual hygiene
products keeps girls on the same
track as their male peers.
Girls staying in school longer
contributes to the economic
empowerment of not only the
woman, but also to the family,
community and nation.
30.
31. Where do we go from here?
• Have we understood the concept of Menstrual
Hygiene?
• Do we now know how we can Practice Menstrual
Hygiene?
• Are we now willing to advocate against
menstruation stigma?