Magnetic materials , NIT Calicut
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This document summarizes information about garnets and perovskites, two families of complex oxide materials. It describes the crystal structures of garnets, which have the general formula A3B2X3O12, and perovskites, with the formula ABO3. Garnets and perovskites can exhibit a variety of magnetic properties depending on their chemical composition and cation arrangements. Examples are given of specific garnet and perovskite compounds along with their applications in areas such as lasers, solar cells, and data storage.
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1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
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In recent times perovskite materials are extensively studied and have attracted much attention because they exhibit interesting the properties, showing potential applications in commercial, technical and biomedical. In Vietnam, perovskite materials be of interest research and applications are strong but with major research direction is to go deep into the electrical properties and the magnetic properties. The Lanthanum Strontium manganite is a perovskite-based crystal-structured ceramic material with the formula of La1-xSrxMnO3, where x describes the doping ratio. It has attracted much attention due to its good magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties and is becoming an attractive possibility material in several biomedical applications, particularly with nano-size. In industry, this material is commonly used in as a cathode material in commercially produced solid oxide fuel cells. In this thesis, we present the Perovskite nanoparticles La1-xSrxMnO3 were successfully synthesized of the nanosize La1-xSrxMnO3 at x = 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 which prepared by a modified sol-gel method. Structure and magnetic properties of them were systematically investigated in dependence on doped Sr ratio x. The structure was investigated by XRD and show slightly changed but magnetic properties varied strongly with changing the doping ratio x. Magnetic properties of samples were studied by Vibrating Sample Mode of Physical Properties Measurement System show at the room temperature, the samples show superparamagnetic properties with high saturated magnetization MS of 57 emu/g which strongly dependents on the doped Sr ratio x.
Perovskites-based Solar Cells: The challenge of material choice for p-i-n per...
Perovskite-based PV have triggered widespread interest in the scientific community because these materials offer the attractive combinations of low cost and theoretically high efficiency. However, several challenges must be overcome for these relatively new PV materials. Among the many important challenges, one is the choice of materials to be used in thin film PV devices..
Based on fundamental principles of solar photovoltaics, this problem focuses on two aspects of the perovskite system:
1) Based on a planar p-i-n device structure, a potential list of p- and n-type charge collecting layers as well as the conductive contacts that could be used with a promising perovskite absorber material was identified, and a proper justification for the selection of each material in the device was given.
2) Three theoretical p-i-n type solar cells were made with the chosen materials and appropriate conductive contacts.
Perovskite Solar Cells - an Introduction
Use of conventional sources of energy to generate electricity is
increasing rapidly due to growing energy demands. This is a
major cause of pollution as well and also is an environmental
concern for future. Considering this, there is lot of R&D going on in the field of alternate energy sources with recent advancements in technology. One of the most recent advancement is the perovskite solar technology in the photovoltaics industry. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been improved from 9.7 to 20.1% within 4 years which is the fastest advancement ever in the photovoltaic industry. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics of the hybrid lead perovskite materials. In this review, different perovskite materials are breifly discussed along with the fundamental details of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. The fabrication techniques, stability, device structure and the chemistry of the perovskite structure are also briefly described aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient perovskite solar cell devices. The main focus of this resarch is to understand possible methods to reduce toxicity due to lead and to improve Perovskite stability.
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Perovskite Solar Cells
This presentation summarizes history and recent development of perovskite solar cells. If you have any questions or comments, you can reach me at agassifeng@gmail.com
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Magnetic materials , NIT Calicut
- 1. MAGNETIC MATERIALS: GARNETS AND PERVOSKITES Sujith Varghese M140057CY 1
- 2. GARNETS 2 Garnets are large family of complex oxides. General formula: A3B2X3O12 A= Y,Sm,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu. Coordination number=8 in a distorted cubic environment. B and X are smaller ions which occupy Oh and Td sites, respectively.
- 3. STRUCTURE 3 Schematic of the cubic unit cell of Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) garnet structure. 8 formula units per unit cell i.e., 160 atoms in the unit cell. 24 c-sites, 16 a-sites, 24 d-sites, 96 h-sites in a unit cell. Google images.
- 4. A B X COMBINATIONS 4 Grossular: Ca3Al2Si3O12 Uvarovite: Ca3Cr2Si3O12 Pyrope: Mg3Al2Si3O12 Andradite: Ca3Fe2Si3O12 YIG: Y3Fe5O12 Almandine: Fe3Al2Si3O12 Images adapted from Wikipedia.org
- 5. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 5 Basic requirement: magnetic cations in d and a sites. d-site cations sublattice are coupled ferromagnetically. a-site and c-site cations sublattices coupled ferromagnetically. d-site and a-site cations sublattices coupled antiferromagnetically. The net magnetic moment, M=Md-Ma-Mc
- 6. •Consider ,Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG), Y3Fe5O12 Y3+ is a d0 ion, it has no magnetic moment. Fe+3 occupies both 16(a) and 24(d) sites The magnetic moment per YIG molecule, M= 3Fe3+ - 2Fe3+ = 5µB •YIG and other rare earth garnets are ferrimagnetic with a Tc 548K to578K •Saturation magnetization of yttrium gadolinium iron garnet (Y3-3xGd3x)Fe2Fe3O12 •Saturation Magnetization of Gd doped YIG < pure YIG 6 From Ref. 2
- 7. •Doped YIG crystals show variation in saturation magnetization with temperature. •There is a temperature at which M=0, called Compensation temperature(Tcomp). •Tcomp increases with increased substitution of Gd+3 for Y3+. •Above Tcomp, contribution from c-sublattice diminishes . •With appropriate substitution it is possible to prepare variety of garnet magnetic materials for specific purposes. 7 From Ref. 2
- 8. APPLICATIONS 8 microwave YIG filters. Solid-state lasers. Faraday rotators. Data storage. Images adapted from Wikipedia.org
- 9. PEROVSKITES 9 The mineral perovskite (CaTiO3) is named after Russian mineralogist, Count LevAleksevich von Perovski, and was discovered and named by Gustav Rose in 1839 from samples found in the Ural Mountains. CaTiO3 Perovski Gustav Rose Images adapted from Wikipedia.org
- 10. •Class of compounds, which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO3, known as the perovskites. •General Formula: ABO3 10
- 11. A network of corner-sharing BO6 octahedra with a large A-site cation occupying the interstitial position is shown. Prasanna V. Balachandran et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2011;467:2271-2290 ©2011 by The Royal Society (a) A network of corner-sharing BO6 octahedra with a large A-site cation occupying the interstitial position is shown. (b) The simplified unit-cell representation of cubic perovskite without showing coordination. (c) The geometry of the building units, AO12 cuboctahedra and BO6 octahedra, with 12- coordinated A-site and 6-coordinated B-site, respectively. 11
- 12. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 12 •Perovskites with transition metal ions (TMI) on the B site show an enormous variety of magnetic properties. Google images.
- 13. 13 From Ref. 3 •LaMnO3 is an insulating, antiferromagnetic (AFM) compound. •La1-xSrxMn+3 1-xMn+4 xO3 becomes ferromagnetic with a well- defined Curie temperature at a finite x, and metallic below TC
- 15. REFERENCES 15 1. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, 2nd Edition, Student Edition, Anthony R. West. 2. Microwave Materials edited by V.R.K. Murthy, S. Sundaram, B. Viswanathan, Google Books. 3. Study of the giant electroresistance in epitaxial thin films of La0.9Sr0.1MnO3, Yao, Hui; 2005. 4. Prasanna V. Balachandran et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2011;467:2271-2290. 5. Wikipedia.org
- 16. 16