This document discusses nanoscience and nanotechnology, with a focus on ferrites. It defines nanoscience and describes nanomaterials, classifying them based on dimensionality. Ferrites are introduced as magnetic materials made of iron and other transition metals. Common ferrite types include spinel, garnet, and hexa ferrites. Synthesis techniques for ferrite nanoparticles are covered, including high energy ball milling, sol-gel, hydrothermal, and co-precipitation methods. Characterization techniques like XRD and FTIR are also summarized.

1. FERRITES
SUDESH
18001551056

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION

3. NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanoscience is study of particles or objects, and its
phenomena at a very small scale ranging (1-100nm).
• “Nano” in the word nanotechnology means a
billionth(1*10-9
)
• Nanotechnology deals with various structures of matter
having dimensions of the order of billionth of a matter.

4. NANOMATERIALS
❖ Nanomaterials is the set of substances , in
which at least one dimension is less than
100nm.Examples: fullerene, carbon nanotubes,
and graphene etc.
Fig 1: size comparsions of objects and nanomaterials [kumar,2016]

5. CLASSIFICATION OF
NANOMATERIALS
On the based on dimensionality:-
• 0D NMs :- clusters and particles
• 1D NMs :- nanotubes and nanowires
• 2D NMs :- Nanoplates and layers
• 3D NMs :- Nanodiamond
Fig 2 :-(a)fullerene; (b)quantumdot;(c)metalcluster;
(d)carbonnanotube;(e)metaloxidenanotube;
(f)graphene; (g) metal oxide nanobelts;
(h) nanodiamond [kumar ,2016]

6. FERRITES
❑ Ferrites are the unique magnetic that show both
electrical and magnetic properties
❑ Ferrites are the modified structures of iron with no
carbon and these are a combination of two or more
sets of different transitions metals.
❑ generally expressed :- X2+
Fe3+
2
O4-
2-
❑ examples:- Barium , manganese, nickel, zinc etc.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF FERRITES
Based on magnetic materials Based on structures
1. Soft ferrites (MO.Fe2
O3.
)
• Soft ferrites are the ferromagnetic
material with cubic crystal structure.
• Soft ferrites are easily magnetized
and demagnetized. Example: NiZn
2 Hard ferrites
• Hard ferrites are composed of
iron and barium oxides.
• This types of ferrites are high
coercivity and high remanece
after magnetization.
Example: barrium ferrite(BaFe12
O19
)
1. Spinel ferrites(M2
Fe2
3+
O4
)
• Normal spinel ferrites :(M)A
[Fe2
]B
O4
• Inverse spinel ferrites (Fe)A
[MFe]B
O4
• Mixed spinel ferrites
(M1-x
Fe)[Fe2-x
Mx
]O4
2 Garnetferrites (R3
3+
Fe5
3+
O12
)
3 Ortho Ferrite
4 Hexa Ferrite : MFe12
O19

8. ▪ When x=0 then form of normal spinel
▪ When x=1 then form of inverse spinel
▪ When 0<x<1 then form of random and mixed spinel ferrite.

9. APPLICATIONS OF FERRITES
Ferrites are used in digital computers and data
processing units.
Inductor, transformer , and electromagnet
Data storage
Absorbing materials.
Microwave Device
Energy storage
Catalyst
Electromagnetic interference shielding
Magnetic carrier

10. Synthesis Techniques

11. SYNTHESIS OF FERRITE
NANOPARTICLES
• A large number of techniques used to synthesized different types of
nanoparticles in the form cluster, colloids, powder, tubes, tubes
, rods, thin –film and wires etc.
• In general , two approaches for synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles
1. Top -down approaches
example:-
• high energy ball milling,
• sputtering,
• and laser ablation
2 Bottom – up approaches
example:-
• sol-gel ,
• solvothermal synthesis,
• sonochemical synthesis etc.

12. HIGH ENERGY BALL MILLING
o It is also known as mechanical attrition or mechanical alloying .
o It used in powder metallurgy .
o This process is way of making nanoparticles of some metal and
alloys in the form of powder
o Generally, 2:1 mass ratio of balls to materials is advisable
o In fig shows planetary motion i.e.
rotation around own axis
Fig: Ball milling in planetary motion

13. Sol-Gel Method
• It is bottom technique.
▪ Sol is the dispersion of colloidal particles in a solvent
▪ Gel consist of a three –dimensional network in a
continuous liquid phase.
▪ Sol-gel performs at
low temperature

14. continue
• Reaction based on Hydrolysis and condensation
• MOR +H2
O → MOH + ROH (hydrolysis)
• MOH + ROH → M – O – M + ROH (condensation)
• FOUR PROCESS IN SOL-GEL:-
1. Hydrolysis : –OR group replaced by –OH
2. Condensation: after hydrolysis sol starts to condense.
3. Gelation:
4. Drying: when water and other volatile liquids are removed
from the gel network , then we say the drying of the gel.

15. HYDROTHERMAL
METHOD
• The term ‘hydrothermal’ comes from the Greek word
“hydrous”which means water and “thermal” means
heat
• Hydrothermal process occurs above the (200°C)
temperature, and pressure more than 100 bars.
• Al(OH)3
+ OH-
→[AlO(OH)2
)-
+ H2
O]
• AlOOH+OH-
→ [ AlO(OH)2
]

16. CO-PRECIPITATION
METHOD
▪ It is very widely used process because in this process
less chances of contamination , and less time required as
compared to other technique.
▪ Various process occur during the precipitation:-
1. Liquid mixing /saturation
2. Nucleation
3. Crystal growth to form primary products
4. aggregation

17. Schematic representation of co-precipitation method

18. Fig shows that synthesis of Mgx
Cu1-x
Fe2
O4
by co-precipitation method
Advantages :-
Disadvantages:-

19. SOLVOTHERMAL METHOD
❑ Solvothermal method for preparing a variety of
materials, semiconductors, ceramics, and polymers.
❑ The compound of second and fourth that can be
prepared solvothermal and will show the quantum dot
defects.

20. o Nuclei formation and growth are the two key steps
in this technique.
o The nanomaterials involve ZnS,ZnTe, CdS,HgS these
are the elements of the second and fourth groups.

21. SOLID STATE REACTION
METHOD
• The solid state reaction method is the most widely used for the
preparation of polycrystalline solids.

22. CHARACTERIZATION
TECHNIQUES

23. • For better understanding , the nanostructure at the
molecular level uses the characterization techniques.
• Two basic methods :- Direct method and Indirect method for
determining the size, morphology, and composition .
• Some basic characterization techniques like
XRD,SEM,TEM,FTIR,VSM etc.
• Here we discuss only XRD,FTIR, VSM

24. X - RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD
(XRD):
▪ X rays are electromagnetic radiation with photon energy
100ev to 100 kev.
▪ In XRD monochromatic beam of x rays is used with ranging
from 0.7 to 2Å .
▪ Generation of X-rays :
▪ X rays are produced by
High –speed electrons by
A high voltage field with
target
Fig: X ray tube structure

25. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF
XRD
• The basic principle of XRD is Bragg’s law:-
• When phase difference of nλ called in phase→ constructive
• When phase difference of nλ/2 called out phase→ destructive
Fig :-Bragg diffraction by crystal planes

26. WORKING OF
INSTRUMENT
Fig: X ray diffractometer
Componenets:-
1. Sample
2. X ray Source
3. Detector
❑ The most commonly used diffractometer is known as powder diffractometer
or Debye Scherrer diffractometer.

27. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:-
▪ Some parametern be calculated
Using XRD:-
1. Lattice constant(a)
2. Interplaner spacing(d)
3. Crystallite size(D)
4. Stress
5. Strain
6. Full width half maxima(β)
7. Radii of tetrahedral site(rA
)
8. Radii of octahedral site (rB
)
9. Length of tetrahedral site(LA
)
10. Length of octahedral site(LB
)
11. Tetrahedral bond length (dAL
)
12. Octahedral bond length(dBL
)
Fig: - XRD pattern for Mgx
Cu1-x
Fe2
O4

28. Table 1
Sample : Mgx
Cu1-x
Fe2
O4
where x= 0.3
x= 0.4
x= 0.5

29. FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR)
▪ For detection of the functional group in pure compounds and
mixtures , fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is one
of the most used tools.
▪ FTIR ranges : 4000-400cm-1
▪ Basic principle of FTIR:-
• Basic principle of FTIR is Michelson
Interferometer
o When path difference is an integer multiple
plus half of the wavelength → Destructively
▪ When path difference is an integer multiple
Of the wavelength → Constructively
Fig: fourier transform spectrometer is
based on a michelson interferometer
with a moving mirror

30. INSTRUMENT PART
Fig : FTIR spectrometer
Components of FTIR:-
1. source
2. Interferometer
3. sample
4. Detector