This document discusses various aspects of elections in the United States, including rules and processes. It covers topics like regularly scheduled elections, terms of office, winner-take-all systems, and the electoral college. It also examines campaigning and elections for congressional and presidential races. This includes primaries, conventions, campaign financing, and proposed reforms. The learning objectives are to assess election rules and problems, explain congressional elections, describe presidential election stages, evaluate campaign finance influence, and assess concerns and reforms.
Assignment-Proposed Intervention(s) and ImplementationEvaluation .docxedmondpburgess27164
Assignment-Proposed Intervention(s) and Implementation/Evaluation Plan
Describe in detail proposed intervention(s) and program(s)* for Cyber Addiction in Adolescents in the United States (age range 10-19 years old) and how they compare to existing programs. Be sure to discuss plans, resources needed and issues associated with implementation and evaluation of your proposed interventions. Your proposed interventions should be feasible given available resources and evaluation plans should consider specific goals and measurable outcomes.
*for proposed intervention/programs also include reality therapy and the reSTART Program
Assignment Submission Requirements
· 5 pages, double-spaced
· Include a detailed outline for the paper and include headings and sub-headings appropriate for your content.
· Use relevant resources and cite correctly
Rubric
Paper Outline
Creates a clear outline that demonstrates a logical order of information or clearly groups similar ideas together.
Intervention plan and needed resources
Discusses the intervention plan and resources needed for the proposed intervention(s) in detail.
Comparison with Existing Programs
Provides a detailed discussion of how the proposed intervention differs from or improves upon existing programs.
Challenges with implementation
Provides a detailed description of potential challenges associated with implementing the intervention.
Evaluation plan
Describes an evaluation plan for the proposed intervention using specific goals and measurable outcomes.
Challenges with evaluation
Provides a detailed description of potential challenges that may be associated with the evaluation process.
Writing Quality
Free of spelling errors and uses good grammar. Uses good sentence structure throughout and written content flows well.
Bibliography (AMA style)
Provides citations for data and statements of fact. References are from peer reviewed journals, in proper AMA style including author names, article title, journal abbreviation, and punctuation. No more than 10% of references are from websites/government reports.
Campaigns and Elections
Chapter 8
CHAPTER 8: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS
In this chapter you will:
Learn what is unique (and what is not) about American elections.
Examine how democratic American elections are today.
Discuss the influence of money in elections.
Explore presidential and congressional campaigns.
Identify the keys to a successful campaign for Congress.
Consider campaign and election reforms.
CHAPTER 8: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS
Elections in the United States
The Constitution leaves details to the states. States choose the “time, place, and manner” for electing members of Congress. The Constitution produces fifty slightly different election systems.
CHAPTER 8: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS
How Democratic are American Elections?
Frequent and Fixed Elections
The United States holds elections for national office more often than any other advanced democratic country.
House members are chos.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
President Barack Obama, reelected to a second term, walks out on the stage with his wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia at his election night party in Chicago.
The United States has more elections than any other democracy, in terms of number and variety. However, the level of political participation in the United States often lags behind other industrialized nations. This chapter examines practices and problems regarding elections. We’ll discuss campaigning, the Electoral College, and the influence of money, as well as proposed reforms in each of these areas.
Although the Constitution sets certain conditions and requirements regarding elections, state law determines most electoral rules. In this section, we’ll focus on how presidential and congressional elections are held.
Elections are held at fixed intervals that the party in power can’t change. Elections for members of Congress occur on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even-numbered years. The regular timing of elections is one of the major characteristics of American democracy.
The Constitution sets fixed terms of office for the U.S. House of Representatives at two years, the Senate at six years, and the presidency at four years. Congress also has “staggered terms” for some offices; all House members are up for election every two years, but only one-third of senators are up for election at the same time.
The 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1951, limits presidents to two terms.
Efforts to limit the terms of other offices, mostly state legislators, have become a major issue. Term limits at the state level were largely adopted during the 1990s. Despite their popularity at the state level, proposals for term limits for federal offices have been defeated both by Congress and the Supreme Court.
In the American “winner-take-all” electoral system, the candidate with the most votes, or a plurality, wins; a majority, or more than half, is not required. Winner-take-all systems favor moderate candidates because they are more likely to receive the most votes.
Most U.S. electoral districts are single-member districts, meaning that for most districts, the voters choose only one winner per office. The combination of single-member district and winner-take-all systems makes it hard for minor parties to win and virtually guarantees a two-party political system.
Other countries have a proportional representation system. Seats are given to candidates from a party based on the number of votes they receive.
The Framers of the U.S. Constitution devised the Electoral College because they didn’t trust the choice of president to a direct popular vote. Under this system, each state has as many electors as it has representatives and senators. Electors are expected to cast their electoral votes for the candidates who get a plurality of the vote in their state. Candidates who win receive all of that state’s electoral votes (except in Nebraska and Maine).
It takes a majority of the electoral votes to win. If there is no majority, the election is decided in the House of Representatives. This has happened twice in American history, in 1800 and 1824.
It’s possible for a candidate to receive the most popular votes, and yet not get enough electoral votes to be elected president, as happened to Al Gore in 2000.
The Electoral College sharply influences presidential politics because, to win an election, a candidate must appeal successfully to voters in populous states; California’s electoral vote of 55 in 2008 exceeded the combined electoral votes of the 14 least populous states.
In two of the four elections in which winners of the popular vote didn’t become president, the electoral college didn’t decide the winner. The 1824 election was decided by the U.S. House of Representatives. In the controversial 1876 presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden, the electoral vote in four states was disputed, resulting in the appointment of an electoral commission to decide how those votes should be counted. The Electoral Commission of 1877, depicted in this drawing, met in secret session, and after many contested votes, Hayes was elected.
As the table shows, many of the 2004 battleground states swung strongly in Obama's favor in 2008. That lead lessened in 2012, but Obama still maintained the lead and won reelection.
We’ve discussed terms and term limits. Now try to answer this brief review question.
The Constitution set the term of office for president at four years but not the term limit. This was set in the 22nd Amendment.
The technology used in voting varies greatly from state to state. Some use paper ballots, punch-card ballots, or touchscreens. No matter what the technology, vote counting is imperfect. Election officials have to judge incomplete or flawed ballots (as occurred most famously in the 2000 presidential election), as well as account for absentee or mail voting.
The presidential election in 2000 in Florida was plagued with vote-counting and ballot problems. For example, several counties used punch cards, and some voters failed to make their vote clear by successfully punching out the “chad” for the choice selected. This led to discussion of “dangling chads” and “dimpled chads.” In other counties, the format of the ballot itself was confusing. The Florida problems led to passage of the Help America Vote Act.
In most states, voters must be registered and are expected to vote in designated polling places. Trained volunteer poll workers are essential in ensuring security and efficiency at polling places. They help voters feel confident about the process, and can direct voters who may have come to the wrong location.
In 2012, some states began to require photo IDs to make sure that illegal immigrants can’t vote. Provisional ballots are allowed for those not on the rolls and later confirmed to be registered.
Try to answer this review question about voting in the United States.
Voters who believe they’re registered are allowed to cast provisional ballots. These ballots are counted after it’s been determined that the voter is in fact on the rolls.
There are a number of factors affecting Congressional campaigns, including incumbency, personality, and money. Most House elections aren’t close, unless most people in a district don’t belong to the same party or the incumbent is unpopular. Popular incumbents who’ve held the seat for many terms are said to hold safe seats. Safe seats limit competition.
Drawing voting districts in ways that favor incumbents is a process called partisan gerrymandering.
As we can see in this table, most House elections are not close. When officeholders don’t have to fight for their seats, are elections performing their role?
Competition is more likely when both candidates have adequate funding, as in U.S. Senate elections.
In midterm elections, candidates sometimes get more votes when they belong to the same party as a popular president.
Based on past midterm elections, how does 2010 compare in terms of the seats lost by the president’s party?
In order to hire campaign workers, buy advertising, and conduct polls, fundraising is a necessary first step for candidates. Building a personal organization and gaining media visibility are also crucial steps in developing primary campaigns.
In general elections, more voters turn out than in the primaries, and partisanship becomes more important. Since 1970, nearly 94 percent of incumbent House members have won reelection, largely because of name recognition and the ability to outspend their challengers.
Senate races are generally more high profile and hotly contested than House campaigns due to the six-year term and the fact that there are only two senators per state.
Senate campaigns cost more than individual House races. Candidates must raise large sums of money and hire a professional campaign staff. Because campaigning in very populous states is more expensive, interest groups and parties direct more money to competitive races in small states.
What are some of the ways in which the rising cost of campaigns might impact who runs for office, how campaigns are funded, and the priorities of candidates?
Activity: Campaign finance has remains a controversial topic, especially in light of the Citizens United decision. An engaging class discussion could focus on the role of money in politics. Ask: Why would some groups and individuals want to avoid disclosing their spending on campaigns? What are some ways voters might access information on who’s funding campaigns? Should disclosure of who funds campaign communications be required?
Incumbency is an advantage for senators, although not as much as for U.S. representatives.
We’ve discussed House and Senate races, and who is more likely to be elected. Can you answer this brief review question on the likelihood of being elected?
House incumbents often hold seats for many terms. When they’re seldom challenged, they’re said to hold safe seats.
The formal presidential campaign has three stages:
• winning the nomination
• campaigning at the convention
• mobilizing support in the general election
State presidential primaries choose delegates to the national convention. Delegates are chosen by local partisans to represent them in the nomination process. Party leaders can be selected to be superdelegates and so do not have to be elected.
The states have different means of determining delegates: proportional representation, winner-take-all, superdelegates, or selection via presidential poll. Early primaries, as in New Hampshire, have had the effect of limiting the choices in states that come later in the process; some states have tried to move their primaries up in a process called “front loading.”
Here Republican candidates Rick Perry and Mitt Romney debate one another during the 2012 presidential primaries.
The caucus or convention is the oldest method of choosing delegates. Party members or supporters of candidates meet to elect state or national convention delegates. National convention delegates vote for the presidential nominee. The best-known caucus is in Iowa, because Iowa has held the earliest caucuses in the most recent presidential nominating contests.
In order to win their party’s nomination, candidates must appeal to the partisan nature of their voter base. In the general election, however, candidates have to win support from moderate voters, many of whom don’t vote in the primaries. So positioning on issues is a delicate matter. The ability of candidates to generate momentum by managing the media’s expectations of their performance is especially important at this stage.
Delegates assemble at their national party convention in the summer before the election to pick the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates. Delegates also decide on the platform, a statement of party perspectives on public policy. The platform defines the direction a party wants to take, and despite the charge that the platform is often ignored, most presidents try to implement much of it.
The choice of the vice presidential nominee garners widespread attention and is often timed to increase media coverage going into the convention. Since 1956, the vice presidential nominee has always been chosen by the presidential nominee.
For the parties, conventions are a time to galvanize a party program and to build unity and enthusiasm for the fall campaign. For the candidates, conventions are a chance to capture national attention and define themselves in positive ways.
Third-party and Independent presidential candidates can qualify for the ballot by meeting each state’s ballot access requirements. These requirements vary in almost all fifty states and range from relative simplicity and cost to increasing complexity and greater expense.
Here Senator Marco Rubio of Florida talks to the media at the 2012 Republican National Convention.
In recent elections, the candidates have launched directly into all-out campaigning following the conventions. Televised debates are a major feature of presidential elections, although such debates have come to be more of a joint appearance instead of a true debate in which the candidates interact with each other.
Presidential candidates communicate with voters through the media. Spending on television time alone was about $1.6 billion in 2008. Media activity in competitive or battleground states tends to be more aggressive and targets ads to specific audiences.
Mitt Romney paid homage to Margaret Thatcher, who swept to power in Great Britain in 1979, by using one of her effective advertisements on his Web site.
Although most citizens vote primarily on the basis of party and candidate appeal, the state of the economy probably has the most to do with who wins a presidential election.
Democratic candidates once had an advantage in the number of people who identified themselves as Democrats, but that number has declined in recent years. Republicans now have a generally higher voter turnout. They also tend to raise more money to pay for ads and to get out the vote.
Try to answer this review question about party platforms.
Delegates to the national convention hammer out the policies of the party platform.
The methods of obtaining money to pay the costs of elections have long been controversial. Money is contributed to candidates from various sources for a variety of reasons. The potential corruption resulting from politicians’ dependence on interested money concerns all. Scandals involving the influence of money on policy and electioneering prompted Congress to enact the body of reforms that still largely regulates the financing of federal elections.
A In 1971, Congress passed the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA). FECA limited amounts that candidates for federal office could spend on advertising and required them to disclose the sources of campaign funds. This was followed in 1974 by the creation of the Federal Election Commission.
In 2002, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) largely banned party soft money. It also prohibited corporations and labor unions from using their treasury funds for electoral purposes. Soft money is money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party building. In contrast, hard money represents contributions to candidates.
Interest groups have tried to get around contribution limits or disclosing the names of donors by using ads that advocate for issues, not candidates.
A major legal shift in campaign finance took place in 2007 with the Supreme Court decision to allow Super PACs. Super PACs can receive unlimited money from individuals, unions, and corporations.
BCRA does not limit “independent expenditures” by groups, political parties, or individuals, as long as those expenditures are independent of the candidate and fully disclosed to the Federal Election Commission.
What are some of the benefits for a candidate of raising more money than a competitor?
Activity: Discuss the issue of campaign finance. Ask: Why would some groups and individuals want to avoid disclosing their spending on campaigns? What are some ways voters might access information on who is funding campaigns? Should disclosure of who pays for campaign communications be required?
Organizing a campaign is expensive and limits the field of challengers to those who have their own resources or who’re able to raise money from interest groups and individuals. The high cost of campaigns weakens competition by discouraging individuals from running for office.
Incumbents continue to have the fundraising advantage in seeking reelection. For most congressional incumbents, much of their campaign money comes from political action committees. PACs are pragmatic, giving largely to incumbents in return for access to officeholders.
What are the patterns of spending for incumbents, challengers, and open seat candidates across both parties?
Why might PACs be more apt than individuals or party committees to skew their funding so heavily to incumbents?
Campaign finance legislation can’t constitutionally restrict rich candidates from spending heavily on their own campaigns. In presidential politics, this advantage can be most meaningful before the primaries begin.
The BCRA made individuals more important as sources of money to candidates because it increased the amount they could give. The Internet has been used to raise money from small donors, most notably during the 2008 Obama campaign.
Can you answer this question about campaign contributions?
Hard money is given directly to candidates. The other types of funds are given to candidates indirectly, in theory for the purposes of building the party. However, both hard and soft money is used to fund candidates’ campaigns.
Reformers agree that the current election process is flawed, but disagree about which aspects should be changed. Concern centers on three issues:
• the funding of presidential elections
• presidential primaries and caucuses
• the role of the Electoral College
The most glaring issue of campaign finance reform remains the question of regulation in presidential campaign contributions. One group of reformers presses for more aggressive reforms than those found in BCRA, including reigning in PACs and restricting the influence of foreign corporations and those doing business with the government.
Further, both sides are likely to agree that the Federal Election Commission needs to be changed, but won’t agree on how to change it.
One reason for reforming the nomination process is the disproportionate influence of the early primary states.
What aspect of the presidential nomination process likely influenced the high voter turnout in New Hampshire compared to Delaware—a state of similar size and political leaning? What can help explain the higher turnout in California and Ohio?
Other reasons for reforming the nominating process include the strong ideological bias of primary voters and the difficulty in producing a clear winner from the current process.
Both the Democrats’ proportional voting and the Republican use of similar methods has the effect of prolonging their party’s battle for the nomination. Finally, the use of unelected superdelegates in determining nominees raises concerns about their role in a democratic process.
The fact that the winner of the popular vote in 2000 did not become president renewed a national debate on the Electoral College.
The most frequently proposed reform is direct popular election of the president and abolition of the Electoral College. Supporters argue that direct election would give every voter the same weight in the presidential balloting.
However, opponents claim direct presidential elections would undermine federalism, encourage unrestrained majority rule, and hurt the most populous and competitive states. Proposals for a constitutional amendment to elect presidents directly seldom get far in Congress because of strong opposition from small states and minority groups whose role is enlarged by the Electoral College.
Elections are complex, and the rules of the game affect how it’s played. Over time, the rules of the electoral game have been changed and our system has expanded the role of citizens and voters. A well-administered system of fair elections with a legitimate outcome is necessary for a constitutional democracy to work.
Elections have got better through the secret ballot, the disclosure and limitation of campaign contributions, and the expansion of the role of citizens through primaries. However, for the system to work really well, the people must participate.
We’ve talked about factors that are important to the functioning of a constitutional democracy. Now let’s answer this question about something that’s necessary for a constitutional democracy to function.
Elections determine who will hold office and what policies the government will adopt. Without fair elections, as well as the participation of citizens, the legitimacy of the government is at risk.
Based on what we’ve learned, let’s discuss the electoral process.