journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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EFFECT OF SHEEP WOOL FIBER ON FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF FIBER REINFORC...IAEME Publication
Fiber reinforced cementitious composites are gaining attention in construction industry because of the high strength, ductility and energy absorption capacity. Concrete production is still under consideration to improve the sustainability and environmentally safety. Therefore, natural fiber reinforced concrete is the good alternative. Although sheep wools are producing a huge amount of waste, which can be utilized as building material in concrete if properly recycled. The addition of sheep wool in concrete mix was not very new, it has been used for insulation purposes. In this research the mechanical properties of sheep wool fiber reinforced concrete (SWFRC) were investigated. Total sixty cylindrical specimens and prisms were tested in this experiment to assess the fresh and hardened properties of SWFRC. The aim study was fulfilled by the results obtained from the split tensile test and flexural test. The weak tensile strength of concrete was enhanced by the addition of high tensile sheep wool and the cracks bridging effect of smooth and elastic fibers were worked to enhance the ductility and flexural capacity of concrete. Meanwhile, the compressive strength reduction due to addition of sheep wool in concrete can be minimized by proper treatment, which must need to investigate correspondingly
Structural Engineering Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Based On Recyc...IJERA Editor
Glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) based on resin recovered from recycling plastic waste has been shown to possess mechanical properties satisfying normative requirements. This paper investigates the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP produced from resin recovered from recycled plastic wastes. A total of fifteen of beams of sizes 150 ×150 ×900mm and 100 × 100 × 500mm reinforced with GFRP made from recycled glass fibre reinforced polymer was tested. The flexural test results yielded lower ultimate load, lower stiffness and larger deflections at the same load when compared with the control steel reinforced beam. However, the ultimate flexural strength of beams, reinforced with GFRP from recycled resin was at least four times higher than that of the control unreinforced beam. This is in agreement, quantitatively and qualitatively, with the trend of these parameters in GFRP reinforced concrete based on virgin resins. The results therefore confirm the applicability for structural uses with the accompanying benefits of wealth creation, value addition and environmental sustainability.
EFFECT OF SHEEP WOOL FIBER ON FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF FIBER REINFORC...IAEME Publication
Fiber reinforced cementitious composites are gaining attention in construction industry because of the high strength, ductility and energy absorption capacity. Concrete production is still under consideration to improve the sustainability and environmentally safety. Therefore, natural fiber reinforced concrete is the good alternative. Although sheep wools are producing a huge amount of waste, which can be utilized as building material in concrete if properly recycled. The addition of sheep wool in concrete mix was not very new, it has been used for insulation purposes. In this research the mechanical properties of sheep wool fiber reinforced concrete (SWFRC) were investigated. Total sixty cylindrical specimens and prisms were tested in this experiment to assess the fresh and hardened properties of SWFRC. The aim study was fulfilled by the results obtained from the split tensile test and flexural test. The weak tensile strength of concrete was enhanced by the addition of high tensile sheep wool and the cracks bridging effect of smooth and elastic fibers were worked to enhance the ductility and flexural capacity of concrete. Meanwhile, the compressive strength reduction due to addition of sheep wool in concrete can be minimized by proper treatment, which must need to investigate correspondingly
Structural Engineering Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Based On Recyc...IJERA Editor
Glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) based on resin recovered from recycling plastic waste has been shown to possess mechanical properties satisfying normative requirements. This paper investigates the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP produced from resin recovered from recycled plastic wastes. A total of fifteen of beams of sizes 150 ×150 ×900mm and 100 × 100 × 500mm reinforced with GFRP made from recycled glass fibre reinforced polymer was tested. The flexural test results yielded lower ultimate load, lower stiffness and larger deflections at the same load when compared with the control steel reinforced beam. However, the ultimate flexural strength of beams, reinforced with GFRP from recycled resin was at least four times higher than that of the control unreinforced beam. This is in agreement, quantitatively and qualitatively, with the trend of these parameters in GFRP reinforced concrete based on virgin resins. The results therefore confirm the applicability for structural uses with the accompanying benefits of wealth creation, value addition and environmental sustainability.
Effects of coconut fibers on the properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
The materials chosen for structural up gradation should not pollute the environment and endanger bioreserves. They should be accessible to the ordinary people and be low in monetary cost. Coconut fiber is an abundant, versatile, renewable, cheap, lignocellulosic fiber and more resistant to thermal conductivity. The aim of investigation is to study the possibilities to use the coconut fiber in addition to the other constituents of concrete and to study the strength properties. A literature survey was carried out, which indicates that the detailed investigation of coconut fiber concrete is necessary. In the present study the deformation properties of concrete beams with fibers under static loading condition and the behavior of structural components in terms of compressive strength for plain concrete(PC) and coconut fiber reinforced concrete(CFRC) has been studied.
The testing of various material constituents of concrete was carried out according to the Indian Standard specifications. To identify the effects on workability and mechanical strength properties due to the addition of these coconut fibres, workability tests such slump, vee – bee, compaction factor test, Flow table tests, and the mechanical strength tests on standard specimens such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture were conducted on the different aspect ratio. The standard cubes, cylinders and beams for conventional concrete and coconut fiber reinforced concrete were prepared and tested under compression testing machine and flexure testing machine respectively. The suitability of CFRC as a structural material is studied, in comparison with conventional concrete.
Keywords: CFRC1, Concrete properties2, Coir3.
Use of Fiber is one of the vital and emerging trends in Construction Technology. Fiber can be considered as an alternative in the use of an air entraining agent providing sufficient freeze thaw protection and moreover as a reinforcing material. Fiber reinforced materials are composite materials that typically consist of strong fibers embedded in resin matrix. It is a composite obtained by adding a single type or a blend of fibers to the conventional concrete mix. The fibers provide strength and stiffness to the composite and generally carry most of the applied loads. The matrix acts to bond and protect the fibers and to provide for transfer of stress from fiber to fiber through shear stresses. Fibers can be in form of steel fibers, glass fibers, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, etc. The mechanism by which fibres produce resistance to freezing and thawing is that fibres introduction reduces water absorption of the concrete increasing penetration resistance to de-icing salts. Reduced water absorption is a function of the fibres to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking, reducing the ability of water to permeate into the bleed in a concrete. So this research paper describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fibre as enhancement of concrete.
Effects of coconut fibers on the properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
The materials chosen for structural up gradation should not pollute the environment and endanger bioreserves. They should be accessible to the ordinary people and be low in monetary cost. Coconut fiber is an abundant, versatile, renewable, cheap, lignocellulosic fiber and more resistant to thermal conductivity. The aim of investigation is to study the possibilities to use the coconut fiber in addition to the other constituents of concrete and to study the strength properties. A literature survey was carried out, which indicates that the detailed investigation of coconut fiber concrete is necessary. In the present study the deformation properties of concrete beams with fibers under static loading condition and the behavior of structural components in terms of compressive strength for plain concrete(PC) and coconut fiber reinforced concrete(CFRC) has been studied.
The testing of various material constituents of concrete was carried out according to the Indian Standard specifications. To identify the effects on workability and mechanical strength properties due to the addition of these coconut fibres, workability tests such slump, vee – bee, compaction factor test, Flow table tests, and the mechanical strength tests on standard specimens such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture were conducted on the different aspect ratio. The standard cubes, cylinders and beams for conventional concrete and coconut fiber reinforced concrete were prepared and tested under compression testing machine and flexure testing machine respectively. The suitability of CFRC as a structural material is studied, in comparison with conventional concrete.
Keywords: CFRC1, Concrete properties2, Coir3.
Use of Fiber is one of the vital and emerging trends in Construction Technology. Fiber can be considered as an alternative in the use of an air entraining agent providing sufficient freeze thaw protection and moreover as a reinforcing material. Fiber reinforced materials are composite materials that typically consist of strong fibers embedded in resin matrix. It is a composite obtained by adding a single type or a blend of fibers to the conventional concrete mix. The fibers provide strength and stiffness to the composite and generally carry most of the applied loads. The matrix acts to bond and protect the fibers and to provide for transfer of stress from fiber to fiber through shear stresses. Fibers can be in form of steel fibers, glass fibers, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, etc. The mechanism by which fibres produce resistance to freezing and thawing is that fibres introduction reduces water absorption of the concrete increasing penetration resistance to de-icing salts. Reduced water absorption is a function of the fibres to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking, reducing the ability of water to permeate into the bleed in a concrete. So this research paper describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fibre as enhancement of concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Experimental assessment of bitumen coat-resistance to impact strength corrosi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
Could a disruptive new technology determine the future of pipeline safety? The answer is yes, and no. Pipeline safety is a complex problem; there is no ‘one size fits all’ solution. However, a decade of innovative research pioneered a new surface preparation category (surface decontamination) to address a previously overlooked and sizeable portion of problems underlying corrosion-related coating failures of pipelines and refinery tanks: ineffective surface preparation. The technology known as CleanWirx is so unique it is the only one in its category.
Use of cutting fluids in machining processes can reduce the cutting temperature and provides lubrication to tool and work piece. These translate to longer tool life and improved surface quality. Metalworking fluids are a major cause of health hazards for operators apart from being sources of environmental pollution thus necessitating research in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. The introduction of coolant techniques such as near-dry machining so called minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic coolant have shown promising performances especially in terms of cutting tool life. Nowadays, MQL is widely used in machining performances.
Charaterization of Coatings on Tool: A reviewijtsrd
Improvement in performance of cutting tool for high-speed machining of hard and difficult-to-cut material has remained a problem for quality and economy of production. Hard coatings are well known to improve the performance of cutting tools in machining applications. Physical and chemical vapour deposition techniques have found increasingly wider use in such applications in recent years. To improve the lifetime of a tool for which it functions properly, the cutting tool has to be protected, often by coatings that are specifically designed to prevent certain damage modes that occur in particular applications. In fact, over 90% of all cemented carbide inserts are currently coated using chemical vapor deposition, CVD, physical vapor deposition, PVD, or their combination. This paper will present coatings that are specially designed to protect the cutting tool and extend its functionality (lifetime). Harinder Singh | Rutash Mittal"Charaterization of Coatings on Tool: A review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5842.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/5842/charaterization-of-coatings-on-tool-a-review/harinder-singh
Charaterization of Coatings on Tool: A reviewijtsrd
Improvement in performance of cutting tool for high-speed machining of hard and difficult-to-cut material has remained a problem for quality and economy of production. Hard coatings are well known to improve the performance of cutting tools in machining applications. Physical and chemical vapour deposition techniques have found increasingly wider use in such applications in recent years. To improve the lifetime of a tool for which it functions properly, the cutting tool has to be protected, often by coatings that are specifically designed to prevent certain damage modes that occur in particular applications. In fact, over 90% of all cemented carbide inserts are currently coated using chemical vapor deposition, CVD, physical vapor deposition, PVD, or their combination. This paper will present coatings that are specially designed to protect the cutting tool and extend its functionality (lifetime). Harinder Singh | Rutash Mittal"Charaterization of Coatings on Tool: A review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5842.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/5842/charaterization-of-coatings-on-tool-a-review/harinder-singh
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Benefits of Investment Castings in Marine Applicationsmiplcast
Due to this you need to choose them carefully carrying into consideration the effect needs, the general funds, and the availability. Investment casting, which is often referred to as lost-wax casting, is a manufacturing technique that enables the vision of intricate and complex components.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 6, Issue 12 (May 2013), PP. 91-98
91
Characterization of Working Thicknesses of Some Bath-
Dip-Produced Corrosion–Protective Bitumen Coatings on
Polish-Prepared Low Carbon Steel Specimens
T.N. Guma1
, P.B. Madakson2
, D.S.Yawas3
, S.Y. Aku4
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna Kaduna State, Nigeria
2,3,4
Department of Mechanical Engineering Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria
Abstract:- The coating thickness is an important variable that plays a role in product quality, process
control and cost. Determination of the required working thicknesses for different service requirements
is however a complicated task in the product finishing field. A previous study has shown that Nigeria
is blessed with abundant bitumen resources for sustained exploitation as common, economical and
effective coat-inhibitors of steelwork corrosion in her economy. This paper presents a test-
determination of the expected range of working thicknesses of coatings with proper bitumens from the
resources. Bitumen samples were harvested at three different critical bitumen resource sites in the
country for the tests. 30 specimens of the steel were properly prepared. Coatings of different
thicknesses were produced on the specimens by dipping a different pair of them in each bitumen
sample heated to each of five different temperatures in the range of 170 – 230O
C and removing and
cooling them to 38O
C-room-temperature. The thickness of each produced coating was properly
determined with a micrometer through dimensional change before and after coating. Analysis of the
overall obtained data shows that the average working thicknesses of coatings with any bitumens of
comparable quality to the as-harvested from the resources using temperatures in the range will
decrease with increase in temperature from about 1.46 to 0.81mm respectively, and thicknesses of
coatings with the separate bitumens using the same bath temperature will have minimal variations.
Keywords:- Structural steelworks, mechanical properties, corrosion protection, bitumen coatings,
bath-dipping process, working thicknesses.
I. INTRODUCTION
Corrosion of carbon steel as the basic structural material is the most important corrosion problem to
contend with in all quarters worldwide. The most commonly, economical and widely used method to counteract
it is by paint or organic coatings. It is estimated that about 90% of all steels are corrosion-protected by the
coatings. The coatings do provide the barrier between the environment and the substrate, and the thicker a
coating the more impermeable it is to moisture and the environmental corrodants. Generally, the service
performance of any protective coating on a metal for a given environmental exposure depends greatly on the
coating material, method, thickness, adhesion to the substrate, etc (Laque, 1975; Pludek, 1977; INTERNET,
2012; Guma et al, 2010, 2011a-b, 2013a). The thickness of any protective coating applied to a substrate steel for
corrosion protection is one of the most important parameters in the metal finishing industry. There are several
reasons for the importance but primarily they are (Von Fraunhoffer, 1975; INTERNET, 2012c):
i. Generally the cost of a coating increases with its thickness especially if the material used for it is a costly
one or a large surface area is to coated, and one of the cardinal principles in engineering demands that
materials and all other resources should be utilized economically to meet desired services.
ii. The thicknesses of many coatings determine their corrosion-protective action, and coatings of inadequate
thicknesses for some service requirements may only be decorative without conferring any protection.
iii. Some industrial finishing specifications such as those of naval military and civil aviation must be followed
for many coating processes and the specification limits for the coating thickness tolerances must be strictly
adhered to for acceptance.
iv. Frequently components that have been engineered to be within close tolerances are then coated and
application of such coatings must not result in loss of dimension or inaccuracy of fit.
v. Proper maintenance of coatings for some services requires understanding of their working thicknesses.
From the foregoing discussions it is demonstrable that some form of control of coating thickness and
accuracy in estimating it is essential in the protective finishing of steelworks or parts. Coatings are however
generally discontinuous with defects such as porosities, segregation, holidays, thinned areas etc; and the
2. Characterization of Working Thicknesses of Some Bath-Dip-Produced…
92
substrate itself may not be flat and straight with parallel edges but be characterized with curved surfaces. These
make accurate estimation of working thicknesses of coatings for different service requirements difficult and any
inaccuracy in such estimation or lack of proper information on the working thickness of a coating will
complicate the coating’s protection reliability for a given service requirement, optimal cost and maintenance.
The difficulty can further be compounded by variations in the nature of the interface between the coating and
the substrate steel. This is because industrial coatings are applied to steel surfaces that may be very smooth, hot-
rolled or abrasive-brasted, and the natures of such as-produced surfaces can also influence the accuracy and
repeatability of a coating thickness measurement (Von Fraunhoffer, 1975; INTERNET, 2012a,c).
Because of the needs for accurate determination of working thicknesses of coatings, a wide range of
techniques with different levels of benefits have been developed to meet them and can be exploited for any
particular case. Two broad categories of coating thickness measurement techniques are used, namely;
destructive and non-destructive. Companies using destructive techniques face challenges that can result in
inaccurate, expensive and time-consuming measurements. Typically testing the thickness of paint or organic
coating is performed using non-destructive measurement principle. The non-destructive techniques include;
determination of dimensional change before and after coating, use of depth gauges, magnetic gauges, back-
scattered beta-radiation and ultrasound. Some procedures based on these techniques are even standardized by
different reputable Authorities such as the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) and National
Association for Corrosion Engineering (NACE) for different types of workpiece and coating conditions. The
simplest and most direct measurement of coating thickness is however by determination of dimensional change.
Average of thickness measurements at several points like 10 or more in number depending on the surface size of
the coating with this technique will indicate the uniformity of the coating (Von Fraunhoffer 1975, INTERNET
2012a,c) The accuracy achievable with this method is however primarily limited by the resolution of the
measuring device and the operator error. Micrometers and vernier devices are readily available which can
measure dimensional differences of the order of 2.5 micron with accuracies of up to 0.1 micron (Von
Fraunhoffer, 1975; Timings & Alabi, 1994; INTERNET, 2012b,d)
Bitumen is an important material in today’s technological world. It exists naturally or is synthesizable
in different qualities in a number of locations worldwide. It has been used in various forms such as bituminous
wrappings, bituminous tapes, bituminous paints, admixtures in concrete encasements, coatings or coating
supplements to other protective methods, etc; for protecting steel used in transmission pipelines and other
aspects of plants in the petroleum or other chemical and water industries based on its excellent resistance to
industrial pollution (Jackson and Ravindra, 1996; Guma et al, 2010, 2011a-b, 2013a). Bituminous coatings are
heavy-bodied materials and in industries are applied as hot melts, solvent cutbacks, or water emulsion. In
general the hot melt applications provide the best moisture and chemical resistance followed in order by solvent
cutback and water emulsions. The hot melt method involves heating the bitumen to a temperature of 177 –
246O
C to reduce its viscosity for application by mop or swap by brush, roller or spray, or by flow coating of the
interiors of pipes and small vessels. The solvent cutback method is however the more widely used method,
mainly because of some cost benefits. It involves dissolving asphaltic or coal tar bitumen in a suitable aliphatic
or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent to lower its viscosity for application by spray, brush or roller. The solvent then
volatilizes and the bitumen solidifies into a film (Illston et al, 1979; Pain. Dec. Con, 1995).
Nigeria’s economy is about 85% dependent on petroleum and a lot of wastages occur in it through the
corrosion process. Previous surveys and results from properly conducted tests have shown that Nigeria is
blessed with abundant natural and synthetic bitumen resources for sustained exploitation as common,
economical and effective coat-inhibitors of steelwork corrosion in the key sectors of her economy. Very clear
natural bitumen deposits are found underground and on the ground surface in waterlogged areas in the country
in Ondo, Lagos, Ogun, Edo and Enugu States; and the country’s Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company
(KRPC) synthesizes large quantities of bitumen each working day with the blend of the country’s and suitable
crudes from some other countries (Oshinowo et al, 1982; Olalere, 1991;; Sheikh, 2003; Fed. Min. Sol. Mine.
Dev, 2006; Field Survey, 2009; Guma et al, 2010, 2011a–b, 2013a; INTERNET, 2012c). Bitumen is a highly
viscous and sticky material whose viscosity and thickness changes with weather conditions (Guma et al, 2012a).
This makes it difficult to determine its coating thickness by even standard methods such as the ASTM D4414
procedures for wet film thickness using notch gauges (INTERNET 2012d). In industrial coat-protection usage,
applied bitumen coatings are further oxidized to dry and solid state to prevent their temperature-dependent
changes in properties (Illston et al, 1979). The prime objectives in this paper are therefore as follows:
i. To present the detailed test-determination of the different coating thicknesses of semi-wet bath-dip-
produced corrosion-protective bitumen coatings; on ASTM low carbon steel fatigue specimens with
bitumen samples from Nigerian resources through dimensional change using a micrometer.
ii. To disseminate information on the expected range of working thicknesses of the as-applied coatings with
any bitumen of comparable quality to the as-harvested from Nigerian resources or elsewhere for the
application interests of any researcher, practitioner, industry, student, educationist, etc.
3. Characterization of Working Thicknesses of Some Bath-Dip-Produced…
93
II. METHODOLOGY MATERIAL SOURCING
Low carbon steel rods of diameters 8-10mm and of ascertained similar chemical compositions and
microstructures were purchased from a supplier in the Iron and Steel Market in Lagos, Nigeria while two natural
bitumen samples with identification names Ondo S-A and Ondo S-B, and a synthetic bitumen sample with the
name KPB were collected in sufficient quantities from critical Nigerian bitumen sources for the tests. Ondo S-A
was collected from a clear bitumen deposit on the ground surface in a waterlogged area in Ondo State on the
outskirts of Agbabu village that adjoined Agbabu-Ore road, and Ondo S-B from a rich deposit underground
within the village through a standard extraction hole drilled by early explorers of bitumen in Nigeria. KPB was
from bitumen manufactured at KRPC with the blend of the Nigerian and Iran’s Basra crudes as feedstock
(Guma et al 2010, 2011a-b, 2013a).
III. TEST PROCEDURES
The rods were used to machine-produce 30 ASTM fatigue specimens. Differences in surface conditions
can exist and result in variations in coating thickness on and among the same type of specimen and cause
difficulty in accurate analysis of both corrosion and coating thickness test results, so each specimen was
similarly machine-polished with various grades of polishing paper starting with the 250-grade and finishing with
the 400, followed by etching it in nital to produce a profilometer-ascertained average surface finish of 25
microns on it.
A metric ruler and a clear white marker were used to lightly and clearly mark out 10 different points of
about 5 - 8mm apart from one another along the length of each polished specimen. The relative positions of the
points from one another were recorded and were consistent on each and among the specimens. One specimen
was held in horizontal position by fixing about 4mm of its length at one end in a bench vise. Measurement of the
specimen thickness was then taken at each marked out point on it perpendicular to the axis of the specimen
using a hand-held outside micrometer with a measuring range of 0-13mm, main pitch of 0.005mm, and
minimum resolution of 0.01mm. In each case the locking mechanism of the micrometer was undone and it was
opened until it was wider than the section thickness to be measured. The anvil of the micrometer was then
placed against a point on the specimen section point where measurement was desired to be taken and the
micrometer thimble gently tightened until it just touched a section point opposite the one where the anvil was
placed and along the same diameter. The ratchet of the micrometer was thereafter used to tighten up the opening
between the anvil and thimble until the thimble clicked. The thimble was then locked to keep the micrometer’s
reading constant. The micrometer was withdrawn and its reading taken and recorded. For each of the same
reference section positions, the above procedure was repeated with each of the remaining 29 specimens. The
average reading for each of the 10 section thicknesses and 30 specimens was determined and noted as Di as the
overall measurement for that section.
The specimens were coated by the bath-dipping process within the temperature range of 150-250O
C
stipulated by Illston et al (1979) and Pain. Dec. Con. (1995) for heating and applying most bitumens. A gas fired
heating unit was used to heat Ondo S-A in a steel container to a thermometer-monitored temperature of 1700
C.
Two fatigue specimens were each held on one of its head with a suitable thin-lip crucible tong and dipped at the
same time into the heated bitumen bath for 30 seconds and removed and allowed to cool to average room
temperature of 380
C for two hours during a five-day test period in Kaduna, Nigeria. This produced a coating of
Ondo S-A on each specimen. The coatings were still sticky so each specimen was held standing upward
lengthwise by jointing one of its ends onto a prepared flat solid wooden base using araldite adhesive. This was
done after using carbon disulphide and a bristle brush to gently clean the bitumen at one of every specimen’s
end that was dipped in the bitumen bath, to just expose its steel part for the adhesive jointing. A small metric
height gauge was placed in proper parallel alignment to the held-standing specimen and position of points on it
corresponding to those on the same cross-section with those marked on the uncoated specimens were indicated
by gently sticking a needle to each. The section thickness of each specimen coated with each bitumen sample at
each indicated section overcoat was determined with the same micrometer in the same procedure likewise the
uncoated specimens but with the anvil just touching the coating at each section. This was to minimize any
sticking of bitumen on the faces of the anvil and thimble and for accuracy of the measurements by avoiding
pressing down the coatings. Any trace of bitumen observed on the anvil or thimble was cleaned with carbon
disulphide, water and towel before the next measurement. The average of the measurements y1, & y2 for each
pair of specimens and given corresponding sections on them as was coated with each bitumen sample and
temperature was determined as DO, so that the measured coating thickness (yi) at each section with each bitumen
sample and coating temperature used was appropriately evaluated as,
yi = DO –Di ------------------------------ 1
The average coating thickness (tb) on the specimen for the10-section thicknesses with each case of the
bitumen sample and coating temperature used was evaluated as,
4. Characterization of Working Thicknesses of Some Bath-Dip-Produced…
94
The range of variation of the 10 measured section thickness values (yi) of a given coating on each specimen is
given as,
Ri = yi max - yi min ---------------------------3
Where yi max is the highest and yi min the smallest measured values respectively.
The sample standard deviation of the measured coating thicknesses (yi) for each case of bitumen sample and
temperature used was evaluated in accordance to the principles of Holman (1984) and Guma et al (2012b,
2013b) as,
The co-efficient of variation (Vi) of measured coating thicknesses (yi) for each case of bitumen sample coating
and temperature used was evaluated in accordance to the principles of Holman (1984) and Guma et al (2012b,
2013b) as,
Vi = i /𝑡 𝑏 ----------------------------------- 5
T
he overall working coating thicknesses (t) for the three bitumen samples (b) for each case of coating temperature
used was determined as,
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the as-measured coating thicknesses (yi) at each of 10 different sections on each fatigue
test specimen as determined from the average pair values of y1 and y2 for each case of the bitumen samples-
Ondo S-A, Ondo S-B and KPB; and bath temperature used are presented in Tables 1 – 5 below.
Table 1: With 170O
C
Table 2: With 180O
C
5. Characterization of Working Thicknesses of Some Bath-Dip-Produced…
95
Table 3: With 200O
C
Table 4: With 220O
C
6. Characterization of Working Thicknesses of Some Bath-Dip-Produced…
96
Table 5: With 230O
C
The computed values of the statistical parameters of the coatings; the range (Ri) , average coating
thickness (tb), standard deviation (i), and coefficient or variation (Vi,) for each case of temperature and
bitumen sample used are also as appropriately shown in each table. As can be observed from the tables, the
results show that for each specimen, the coating thickness on it is not uniform at all. This agrees well with
Laque (1975), Pludek (1977), and Von Frounhoffer (1975), that coatings are generally discontinuous with
various defects. Variation in the measured coating thickness on each specimen has resulted in variation in the
average coating thickness (t) on each specimen even among specimens coated with the same bath temperature.
The cause of variation of the average coating thickness among the bitumen samples as coated with the same
temperature is attributable to the fact that the quality of the bitumens vary from one source to another with
various levels of physiocochemical properties and service attributes (Jackson and Ravindra, 1996, Guma et al
2012a). From the average values of coating thickness (tb), range (Ri), standard deviation (i) and co-efficients of
the variation (Vi) of the measured coating thicknesses for each coating produced with the bath temperature of
1700
C as shown in the table I, it can be observed that for the temperature and bitumen samples used, variation in
each of the statistical parameters is minimal so that the overall working thickness (t) has been evaluated
reasonably as the average of all the average coating thickness values for the temperature to be 1.46mm. This
trend of variation in the statistical parameters is more or less similar for the case of coating produced with each
of 180, 200, 220 and 230O
C as can be observed from tables 2-5 respectively, so that similar evaluation of the
overall average coating thickness (t) was carried out in each case and the obtained values for each case are
shown appropriately in each of the tables. The as-evaluated working thicknesses for the as-produced coatings
are however different among the bath temperatures used in a decreasing order with increasing temperature.
According to Jackson and Ravindra (1996), and Guma et al (2010, 2011a-b, 2013a), the viscosity of bitumen is
temperature-dependent and decrease with increase in its temperature. The decrease in the working thickness
with increase in the bath temperature used is therefore attributable to the fact that as viscosity of bitumen is
lowered less bitumen is adherent to the specimens. The thicknesses of most protective coatings applied on steel
range from zero to 1000µm but for adequate barrier against moisture a minimum paint film thickness of about
0.125mm of oil based paint has been found necessary for steel but in wet conditions this is not sufficient (Shreir,
1979; INTERNET, 2012c). The reasons attributable to the higher values of the working thicknesses of the as-
produced bitumen coatings compared to applied paint coatings can be due to the fact that bitumen is a much
more viscous and heavy-bodied material than materials used for paint preparations and hence it is not feasible to
be applied to such thin thickness with the bath temperatures used. The as-produced coatings with the thicknesses
of 0.81-1.46mm had been found by Guma et al (2010, 2011a-b, 2013a) to be capable of coat-inhibiting
corrosion deterioration of fatigue strength and other basic mechanical properties of steelworks from at least
57.26 to 84.31% respectively in any natural environment.
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The coating thickness is an important variable that plays a role in product quality, process control and
cost. Most importantly its optimal determination for different corrosion coat-protection levels required for
different service exposures of steelworks or parts is a critical and difficult task. Bitumen is generally a highly
viscous and sticky material whose overall quality depends on its source, and it is not feasible and economical for
conventional coat-application by brushing, spraying, and rolling methods in its natural state at room
7. Characterization of Working Thicknesses of Some Bath-Dip-Produced…
97
temperature. This paper has presented the results of non-destructively test-determined thicknesses of properly
produced more or less semi-wet coatings on 30 ASTM fatigue specimens of a low carbon steel with each of
three bitumen samples harvested from different critical resource sites in Nigeria. The coatings were applied on
the specimens using the bath-dipping process, a popularly used method and to the large extent for hot dip
galvanizing of steel (Johnson, 2001). Each of the bitumen samples was heated to five temperature stages in the
range of 170 to 230O
C akin to the hot melt method of bitumen-coating to lower its viscosity to respectively
different levels and then dipping a different pair of the specimens in the bitumen bath at each stage and
removing and cooling them to 380
C-room-temperature for two hours. Thicknesses of the produced coatings
varied on the specimens and depended on the bitumen sample, and the bath temperatures used. The thicknesses
were measured with a micrometer through the method of dimensional change. Analysis of the overall obtained
data shows that coatings produced separately with each of the as-harvested bitumen samples but the same
temperature have minimal variations in thickness among them. The results indicate further that the working
thicknesses of coatings at the room temperature produceable by the bath-dipping process with any properly
harvested bitumen from the country’s resources will decrease with increase in the bath temperature from about
1.46 to 0.81mm respectively within the range of the bath temperature used. The least-in-thickness of the
coatings has previously being found by Guma et al (2010, 2011a,b, 2013b) to be capable of coat-inhibiting
corrosion deterioration of fatigue strength or any other mechanical property of the steel to the tune of at least
57.26% in any natural environment.
Recommendation
The information presented in this paper is basic and recommended for any research or application
interest of any individual or group towards properly coat–utilizing the abundant bitumen resources in Nigeria to
economically reducing the cost and effects of corrosion in the country’s petroleum industries or wherever it is
feasible.
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