Electric power supply in many cities in developing countries is erratic and can only be described as non-existent
in the rural areas. Kerosene lantern, the main source of illuminating the night is associated with obnoxious
fumes production and more especially the kerosene fuel is scarce to find. Rural dwellers who cannot afford the
globed kerosene lanterns either use the locally fabricated globeless kerosene lanterns, ―atunja‖ or log fire. Log
fire is associated with deforestation and desert encroachment. A solar lantern has been designed and built for
illuminating the nights in rural communities. Battery and LED are part of the components used and it is
recommended that appropriate safety measures are put in place not only in use but also in their disposal.
2008 Presentation I gave at Grinnell college arguing for renewables and efficiency to replace coal for electrical generation
I give concrete plans for how to transition to renewables for small Iowa communities and do it at a profit
2008 Presentation I gave at Grinnell college arguing for renewables and efficiency to replace coal for electrical generation
I give concrete plans for how to transition to renewables for small Iowa communities and do it at a profit
Understanding Renewable Energy in KenyaGrace Mwaura
Presentation at the annual fundraising dinner of the Rotaract of Milimani in Nairobi. Proceeds from this dinner will go towards installing a biogas plant at a Childrens Home in one of the Nairobi slums. Totally humbled by the commitment of these young professionals,and sharing with them my insights tonight!
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources which are replenished
such as wind, wave, solar, biomass and tidal power. Governments and companies around the
world are investing heavily in developing technologies to harness the power of clean
renewable energy sources because of their potential to produce large quantities of energy
without generating greenhouse gases which can contribute to climate change. Most of the
power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and mineral oilbased
power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission.
Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and
biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and cannot be
depleted. They are a clean energy, as they don't pollute the air, and they don't contribute to
global warming effects. Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and
they also require less maintenance on their plants.
Novel model for rural housing developmenteSAT Journals
Abstract It was once said, that a man travels the world over in search of what he needs and returns home to find it. It underlines the basic need for every individual to have a roof above his head. The Indian growth story has caught the imagination of the entire world, as a sleeping giant awakens from its slumber. But the ground reality in the 9th richest country of the world, paints a different picture. 70% of the country’s population lives in rural villages, and there are 78 million homeless people despite the country’s growing economic stature. It becomes the duty of the nation to provide affordable and practical housing to its most important resource, its human capital. The main aim of this paper is to investigate on process and materials that provide affordable, efficient housing to the homeless of the country. It explores the possibilities of using low-cost substitutes to conventional building materials. It further attempts to enhance the living conditions in rural regions by developing alternate methods of generating electricity, smart roof structure to provide ambient light and a comprehensive business model to carry out implementation of such a project on a large scale. The housing technique discussed by this paper addresses the above issues by putting forward a blueprint for building a cleaner, brighter and prosperous tomorrow. Keywords: Rural, Rural Housing, Smart Roof, and Alternate materials
Sustainable Solar Power-The Solution to Providing Energy for Low Cost HousingEES Africa (Pty) Ltd
South Africa faces an immense challenge to address the backlog in the construction and delivery
of quality, low cost housing. While there are a number of initiatives underway, there is said to be a
backlog of some 2.3 million houses. Integral to the construction of these houses is the provision of
energy for basic needs. Solar technology is a cost-effective solution for providing energy to low cost houses.
Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power systemijtsrd
Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to generation of electric power at the end user facility and has been proved to be cost effective and to an extent efficient. With augmented significance on eco-friendly technologies the use of renewable energy sources such as micro-hydro, wind, solar, biomass and biogas is being explored. This paper presents an addresses the potential impacts of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems on electrical networks. The paper starts by emphasizing the increased importance of generating electricity from PV arrays. The growth in PV installed capacity worldwide is elaborated; futuristic expansion plans for several countries as well as existing PV projects worldwide are highlighted. The paper continues by evaluating the most important impacts of PV electricity on electrical networks. Finally, the authors summarize the literatures findings regarding the maximum allowable PV penetration that can be safely integrated into existing networks. Javeed Ahmad Khan"Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11646.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11646/grid-connected-pv-systems-and-their-growth-in-power-system/javeed-ahmad-khan
Understanding Renewable Energy in KenyaGrace Mwaura
Presentation at the annual fundraising dinner of the Rotaract of Milimani in Nairobi. Proceeds from this dinner will go towards installing a biogas plant at a Childrens Home in one of the Nairobi slums. Totally humbled by the commitment of these young professionals,and sharing with them my insights tonight!
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources which are replenished
such as wind, wave, solar, biomass and tidal power. Governments and companies around the
world are investing heavily in developing technologies to harness the power of clean
renewable energy sources because of their potential to produce large quantities of energy
without generating greenhouse gases which can contribute to climate change. Most of the
power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and mineral oilbased
power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission.
Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and
biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and cannot be
depleted. They are a clean energy, as they don't pollute the air, and they don't contribute to
global warming effects. Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and
they also require less maintenance on their plants.
Novel model for rural housing developmenteSAT Journals
Abstract It was once said, that a man travels the world over in search of what he needs and returns home to find it. It underlines the basic need for every individual to have a roof above his head. The Indian growth story has caught the imagination of the entire world, as a sleeping giant awakens from its slumber. But the ground reality in the 9th richest country of the world, paints a different picture. 70% of the country’s population lives in rural villages, and there are 78 million homeless people despite the country’s growing economic stature. It becomes the duty of the nation to provide affordable and practical housing to its most important resource, its human capital. The main aim of this paper is to investigate on process and materials that provide affordable, efficient housing to the homeless of the country. It explores the possibilities of using low-cost substitutes to conventional building materials. It further attempts to enhance the living conditions in rural regions by developing alternate methods of generating electricity, smart roof structure to provide ambient light and a comprehensive business model to carry out implementation of such a project on a large scale. The housing technique discussed by this paper addresses the above issues by putting forward a blueprint for building a cleaner, brighter and prosperous tomorrow. Keywords: Rural, Rural Housing, Smart Roof, and Alternate materials
Sustainable Solar Power-The Solution to Providing Energy for Low Cost HousingEES Africa (Pty) Ltd
South Africa faces an immense challenge to address the backlog in the construction and delivery
of quality, low cost housing. While there are a number of initiatives underway, there is said to be a
backlog of some 2.3 million houses. Integral to the construction of these houses is the provision of
energy for basic needs. Solar technology is a cost-effective solution for providing energy to low cost houses.
Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power systemijtsrd
Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to generation of electric power at the end user facility and has been proved to be cost effective and to an extent efficient. With augmented significance on eco-friendly technologies the use of renewable energy sources such as micro-hydro, wind, solar, biomass and biogas is being explored. This paper presents an addresses the potential impacts of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems on electrical networks. The paper starts by emphasizing the increased importance of generating electricity from PV arrays. The growth in PV installed capacity worldwide is elaborated; futuristic expansion plans for several countries as well as existing PV projects worldwide are highlighted. The paper continues by evaluating the most important impacts of PV electricity on electrical networks. Finally, the authors summarize the literatures findings regarding the maximum allowable PV penetration that can be safely integrated into existing networks. Javeed Ahmad Khan"Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11646.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11646/grid-connected-pv-systems-and-their-growth-in-power-system/javeed-ahmad-khan
De opkomst van stadslandbouw is een mooi schoolvoorbeeld van nieuwe economische verdienmodellen, sociale innovatie en sociaal ondernemerschap.
Zie bijvoorbeeld de voedseltuin in Rotterdam dat naast economische waarde ook sociaal en ecologisch rendement creëert (functie aan braakliggend
terrein, educatie, zorg voor, etc.).
• Kan de stadsboer een belangrijke sociaal ondernemer worden, waarmee economische, sociale en ecologische waarden worden geproduceerd?
• Welke uitdagingen, vragen en dilemma’s staan centraal?
• En welke rol kunnen overheden, bedrijven, burgers en kennis- en onderwijsinstellingen bij de beantwoording hiervan spelen.
• Meemaken dat stadslandbouw en vele andere bottum-up initiatieven vaak op meerdere fronten tegelijkertijd waarde kunnen creëren.
Meer info: http://www.foodguerrilla.nl/stadslandbouw/
Reduced Test Pattern Generation of Multiple SIC Vectors with Input and Output...IJERA Editor
In recent years, the design for low power has become one of the greatest challenges in high-performance very
large scale integration (VLSI) design. Most of the methods focus on the power consumption during normal mode
operation, while test mode operation has not normally been a predominant concern. However, it has been found
that the power consumed during test mode operation is often much higher than during normal mode operation
[1]. This is because most of the consumed power results from the switching activity in the nodes of the circuit
under test (CUT), which is much higher during test mode than during normal mode operation [1]–[3]. In the
proposed pattern, each generated vector applied to each scan chain is an SIC vector, which can minimize the
input transition and reduce test power. In VLSI testing, power reduction is achieved by increasing the correlation
between consecutive test patterns.
Доклад с "Общеуниверситетского научно-методического семинара по информатизации учебного процесса и электронному обучению” в НГУ.
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DrupalJedi http://drupaljedi.com/
Группа компаний И20 i20.biz
Сайт сибирского сообщества друпаллеров ДрупалСиб drupalsib.ru
Overview of Power Generation Sector of Bangladesh and Proposed Grid Connected...IJERA Editor
Electricity is the most usable form of energy, and one of the most crucial strategic issues for the sustainable
development of a country. The projection of demand of electricity is an integral part of the planning process.
Severe power crisis compelled the government to enter into contractual agreements for high-cost temporary
solution such as rental power and small IPPS, on an emergency basis, most of these are diesel or liquid-fuel
based. Load shading is an acute problem for the country. The country is confronting a simultaneous shortage of
electricity. However, the country has substantial amount of renewable energy resources. The overview of power
generation section of Bangladesh is presented; the potentiality of renewable energy sources in Bangladesh is
discussed. Finally, a grid connected hybrid renewable energy system is proposed to overcome the problem of
power crisis using sustainable clean energy at rural area.
Rural Energy_ Smoke-free, clean burning and ever available and affordable.H Janardan Prabhu
A “dual-fuel” society, i.e., a society in which the poor cooked with messy solid fuels in relatively inefficient stoves and the rich enjoyed clean gaseous fuels like LPG in efficient stoves. There was also little consciousness of the strong gender bias against
women in this shift of priorities. By and large, the cooking challenge was soon forgotten by donors, activists and technologists. In the real world, however, the overwhelming
majority of rural households and particularly their women had no option other than continuing with the arduous task of fuelwood gathering and cooking in an unhealthy environment.
Economic and Optimization Study of an Hybrid Solar-Diesel System for A Coaste...paperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic power system has become most acceptable renewable energy system for rural areas that do not have access to grid system. This system was designed to supply electricity to Akodo which does not have access to the national grid network of power supply in Nigeria. Akodo, a community in Ibeju Lekki Local Government Area of Lagos State, which is made up of about 150 houses and requires about 89KW load which can be supply conveniently by the solar diesel system, is found to be more appropriate in this research work. The initial cost seemed to be on the high side, but on the long run the maintenance of the system which was very minute accorded the system significant advantage. It is now economical to embark on this research work which would be found to be highly beneficial.
Exploring the World of Off-Grid Solar Energy Projects.pdfCIOWomenMagazine
Advantages of Off-Grid Solar Energy Projects: 1. Energy Independence, 2. Environmental Sustainability, 3. Empowering Rural Communities, 4. Cost-Effective.
Analysis of Solar Diesel Hybrid off Grid System in Myanmarijtsrd
A hybrid system combining renewable technologies with diesel generators is a promising solution for village electrification. Shortage of electricity is the main obstacle for economic and social development. Myanmar has abundant renewable energy resource. There are many places that cannot supply electricity from the main grid. Tat Thit Kyun village is selected from these areas. The selected village where is situated Latitude 18°44N and Longitude 95°11E 5.6 mile away from Padaung Township is supplied by hybrid off grid system. 312 kWh demand is needed for 387 numbers of household. Data is obtained from Meteorological data of the village and NASA. The hybrid system is composed of photovoltaic source, diesel generator, battery energy storage system and converter. The hybrid system is analyzed for the life time 20 years by using HOMER software. Dr. Zarchi San | Daw Yin Aye Mon | Daw Lin Lin Phyu "Analysis of Solar Diesel Hybrid off Grid System in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29151.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29151/analysis-of-solar-diesel-hybrid-off-grid-system-in-myanmar/dr-zarchi-san
The imminent arrival of Digital Terrestrial TV (DTT) in Africa will have a significant impact on the drive for greater electrification in rural areas.
The migration from analogue to 2nd generation of digital television broadcasting DVB-T2 is about to take place across the continent of Africa.
There is a groundswell of interest in DTT as it will offer viewers substantially more terrestrial television channels than are currently available. The technology will help improve the picture and sound quality of broadcast programmes and also give viewers access to radio and a host of other value-add services.
However, the major problem facing countries throughout Africa is the limited availability of electricity in remote settlements.
The only viable option for rural households is renewable energy with new-generation, low-cost hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) solutions being the preferred choice.
After adopting solar systems there is a dramatic change in customer behaviour and expectations. African want more than just lights.
Scenario of Rural Electrification in India- Challenges and ImpactIJERA Editor
In this paper, the present scenario of rural electrification in India is taken into account. Basically, the electrification in this country is facing a lot of problem and is a growing matter of concern for all. The development in production is not reaching the one who need them. Also taking into picture the present sources of energy it is difficult to make the electricity available to the people belonging to rural areas who don’t have much source of income. To overcome this drawback we can utilise renewable sources of energy which is easily available and accessible. Also harvesting this will not cost much except the initial cost of setting up the device to utilise this type of energy. Many projects have been initiated by the government of India to provide subsidy and equipments like solar lantern and solar cooker etc. to the rural population but this didn’t turn out to be effective as the follow could not be done by the people to maintain the devices. This can be overcome by implementing off-grid projects which can be initiated at small levels so that people don’t have burden to maintain them and it even don’t have any adverse effect to environment or society.
Dominique MINIERE, EDF Senior Vice President, Deputy Chief Operating Officer and SFEN President, opened the 4th edition of Atoms for the Future. He welcomed the 250 participants coming from 13 countries with the very good news of the UK project which will see two EPRs being built on the Hinkley Point site. He emphasized the global need for electricity, especially in developing countries, and therefore the high potential for further nuclear development.
Pico solar PV systems development in Kenya as opposed to rural electrificationAugustine Okoth
Pico Solar homes systems use have greatly grown in Africa with Kenya taking the lead. Most rural areas do not have to electricity. Due to poverty most households cannot afford electricity either way, hence settling for kerosene or candle as their source of lighting. This can lead to health problems and is expensive in the long run. This study discusses power situation in Kenya. It explains why we need to embrace solar in the rural areas as compared to national grid rural electrification. Majority of Kenyans still use kerosene for lighting even though the Pico PV is very affordable. The government, donors and solar companies have a big role to play in promoting the use of green energy in the rural areas. This can be done by creation of awareness of the product and ensuring that the standards on the solar systems are met.
Renewable Energy Power Projects for Rural Electrification in IndiaMohit Sharma
As demand for energy is increasing around the world & in India, there is a positive growth trend coming in the renewable energy sector also. There are many rural and remote areas which are energy deficient.
Private companies are encouraged by Government creating opportunities by various governmental schemes like Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna, Distributed Decentralized Generation and support in finance, distribution, technology, land, etc. As every area has its dynamics and differs from others in terms of topography, density of population and energy needs, there is a need of study for specific features related to a region (like a cluster of 19 villages in Gaya, Bihar requiring about 750kw Plant studied here) with the help of surveys, financial tools and earlier standards. Other renewable sources and areas are also covered in the book. The confidential information is edited-redacted.
Neutrinovoltaic Technology is Opening Up the Future of Sustainable EnergyePRNews Media
Neutrinovoltaic Technology is Opening Up the Future of Sustainable Energy #Sciences #CO2 #EarthEnergy #FossilFuels #NeutrinoEnergy #NeutrinoVoltaic #Photovoltaic #Pollution #SolarEnergy #WindPower #ePRNews
https://eprnews.com/neutrinovoltaic-technology-is-opening-up-the-future-of-sustainable-energy-420009/
As A Result Of The Successful Third Edition Of One Of Africa’s Biggest Energy Forum; Nigeria Alternative Energy Exhibition (NAEE 2013) The Access-To-Power Rural Electrification Implementation Road Map Has Been Launched by the Nigerian Ministry of Power
Rural Electrification is something which we all should strive for.
While we busy surfing net and using computers there people who are yet to get an electic connection to their households.
We should understand how important it is to save electricity so that more electrification is done especially in rural areas.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. Dr. Achara N Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 11(Version - 6), November 2014, pp.83-87
www.ijera.com 83 | P a g e
Illuminating the Nights in Rural Communities Dr. Achara N*, Dr. Nyitamen D S** *Mech. Eng. Dept., Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria, **Elect. Eng. Dept., Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria Abstract: Electric power supply in many cities in developing countries is erratic and can only be described as non-existent in the rural areas. Kerosene lantern, the main source of illuminating the night is associated with obnoxious fumes production and more especially the kerosene fuel is scarce to find. Rural dwellers who cannot afford the globed kerosene lanterns either use the locally fabricated globeless kerosene lanterns, ―atunja‖ or log fire. Log fire is associated with deforestation and desert encroachment. A solar lantern has been designed and built for illuminating the nights in rural communities. Battery and LED are part of the components used and it is recommended that appropriate safety measures are put in place not only in use but also in their disposal.
Key Words: Diode, LED, deforestation, lumen, ultraviolent, photochemical
I. INTRODUCTION
The sun is abundant in sub Sahara Africa, unfortunately however, this is the region where the use of renewable energy is making the least inroad and yet electric supply in the cities is erratic and can only be described as non-existent in the rural communities. Development plans in this region hardly consider the rural dwellers. The villages are not likely to be connected to the national electric grid and communication facilities are very poor. In some places where the national grid is available, one may find the lines and transformer in utter disrepair or vandalised. As far as the power companies are concerned, maintenance support is usually planned to be concentrated in the big cities. In countries, for example Nigeria, where kerosene is subsidized for those who can afford to use the lantern, scarcity of the product is rampant due to alleged illegal diversion to the aviation industry and the smuggling of the product to neighbouring non oil producing countries. The chronic poverty in rural communities can significantly be reduced by the provision of basic modern infrastructure to empower the people to exploit and benefit from global economic activities. The digital cell phone is readily available but the poor farmer is handicapped by the absence of electricity to charge the phone. Non Government Organisations (NGOs) may have donated and installed some solar energy lights at the village square and mobile phone charging gadgets but the absence of skilled personnel locally means that the lights and phone charging systems are abandoned once a fault, no matter how minor, develops. Therefore, the traditional methods of illuminating the night by many rural dwellers include the use of log fire, locally fabricated open flame globe-less kerosene
lantern, ―atunja‖ fig. 1, and for those who can afford it, the real globed kerosene lanterns.
Fig. 1 The Globeless Kerosene Lantern (Schematic)
The log fire not only contributes to greenhouse gases but also to deforestation. When woodland was abundant, dead tree branches were correspondingly plentiful to provide the log needed for both cooking and illuminating the nights. These days however the locals resort to cutting down of live trees and drying the trunks to make fire with no well articulated plan for tree-replacement. The kerosene lanterns with cotton wicks are expensive to run, comparatively provide poor quality illumination and more importantly, lead to the degradation of the surrounding air quality and hence the inhaling of obnoxious gases. On account of the limited financial resources of the rural dweller, what is needed is primarily an inexpensive lighting system.
Flame
Spout
Wick
Kerosene level
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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The system chosen should be environmentally friendly, sustainable and the illumination quality superior to that of the kerosene lantern. Solar lantern will fulfil these basic requirements. Therefore the dual purpose of this project is to develop a cheap solar lantern and for sustainability, train the locals to acquire the skills needed to build and maintain solar energy devices. Experience gleaned from NGO solar energy projects, shows that success is guaranteed only if prompt availability of support service is built in the project plan. Functionally, the lantern should be characterised by: ruggedness, six hours minimum operation between recharge, average life of 5 years, 360o light spread, ability to charge mobile phone, play the radio and above all easy to maintain. The solar lantern has been designed, built and tested for compliance with the requirements. The emphasis on training in this project cannot be overstated. With proper training, the main cause of failure of solar energy devices would have been removed because within the community will be available someone trained in solar panel building and fault diagnosis. Projects of this type can help reduce youth unemployment. From this, there will be other spin offs including cell phone chargers and powering the radio. The arrival of the solar lantern should be promoted in the mosques, churches, schools and other social gatherings to encourage maximum take-up and acceptability so that economy of scale will help reduce the price further. There must be a guarantee of supply of the solar lantern at reasonable price and the availability of trained technical support personnel. Training of personnel to acquire the skill required to build and repair solar energy devices is part of the project. With solar energy phone chargers, the rural dweller is in a position to communicate directly with the farm produce customer instead of dealing through a third party as currently practiced. Achara [1] has indicated that much of the poverty in the rural areas is caused by inability to preserve farm produce for use during the lean periods of the year and/or reach the city fresh for maximum return. With solar lantern, the rural communities can do away with the kerosene lamps and the incident of inhaling kerosene fumes with the attendant fire risk will significantly be reduced. 1.1 The Rural Dweller
They feed the city dwellers, they toil six days a week, they are not organised as a trade union, they never go on strike (perhaps not yet aware of this weapon and the potential impact just a week’s stoppage will make). He may have financially contributed to bring the public power line to the village. The lines were energised just before the elections. Since after the elections the transformer has been dismantled and moved to the city for use by ―more important‖, vocal city dwellers. Kerosene for the common man is subsidised but not always available, retails at more than three times the subsidised price. The rural dweller is financially no match to the men from the aviation industry so he resorts to the use of log fire in the light with the ugly consequences of deforestation, soil erosion and desert encroachment. 1.2 The Photovoltaic and Africa The first use of solar modules was to power satellites and even today, solar power technology is still the primary source of energy in space stations. The widespread use of solar cells in space applications may be attributed to their higher power-to-weight ratio compared with any of the other competing technologies. Although widespread application of solar technology has been very slow in taking off but gradually, solar energy is being used to operate remote stations, supply power in regions where the utility grid is not available. It is certain however that wide spread use can only materialise when grid price parity is achieved. Even with the current price disparity, photovoltaic technology, except in Africa, has been gaining ground steadily as an alternative and sustainable way to produce electricity. Despite the massive solar resource in Africa, Mark Hankins [2], has noted that only about one and half percent of solar trade in 2012 had Africa as its destination. Furthermore, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, of the $268.7 billion invested worldwide in renewable energy in the year 2012, only about $4.3 billion was made in Africa — and most of this went to South and north Africa. The reason why Africa is on the slow lane of the solar energy revolution may be attributed to cost, ignorance, lack of political will, lobbying by diesel generator set dealers. Although, the cost of solar modules have been falling steadily, comparatively speaking, it is still high for the typical African. The African Governments who are in a position to fund solar energy projects, usually have their energy priorities elsewhere. Some decision makers still see solar energy as a ―toy thing‖, off the grid village square lighting system that has nothing to do with the public grid. The cost of the solar module itself can also partly account for the slow pace of solar energy introduction in Africa
II. BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENT
In addition to the basic requirements that the solar lantern will have to meet, affordability, considering the financial position of the target user, should be included 2.1 The local lantern
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A survey of a typical African rural community reveals that there is a class of the rural dwellers who cannot afford to buy even the locally fabricated globeless kerosene lantern. Therefore, for universal application, price reduction comes to the forefront. The few components where it is possible to reduce cost are: the lantern housing and the circuit board. As far as the batteries and solar panel are concerned cost reduction measures are limited. It is however known that significant cost reduction is possible if the solar cells and batteries are purchased in bulk. Two types of housing are: chosen factory moulded housing and discarded transparent plastic water bottle. The later is targets the ―atunja‖ user. Incidentally, the ―atunja‖ kerosene lantern to be replaced is made from discarded empty metal milk can. For the ―atunja‖ version, it was decided that the charging circuit should be self-regulating therefore there is no need for charge control on the circuit board. This decision calls for very careful choice and matching of the batteries with the solar panel. It was also decided not to incorporate the mobile phone charging port on this design rather to have a mobile phone battery charging adapter as an add-on which the user could, when his/her finances improve, purchase. All this is geared towards cost reduction of the primary unit. The main items on the circuit board are the diode and control switch. The housing cover carries the circuit board, the battery and the LED. The LED is positioned below the circuit board and it looks down the base of the housing. The covering on top of the housing does not have to be transparent but must be made water– tight. A typical example of the lantern is shown in fig. 2. Note the lantern is turned upside down and without reflector to reveal the LED and circuit board. III. SAFETY AND POTENTIAL BENEFITS 3.1 Safety Batteries contain strong electrolytes and heavy metals. These materials should be handled with care because the electrolytes are most often caustic and corrosive whilst the heavy metals are toxic and hazardous and pose serious health risks [3]. The LED ultraviolent radiation has been noted to pose no serious health problem but not the blue light. LED emits blue light in a wavelength range (400‐500 nm) that could harm the eye if viewed at sufficient intensity and duration. Blue light has enough energy to cause chemical changes in the retina and may damage cellular DNA.
Fig. 2 The Plastic Water Bottle Housed Lantern The blue light hazard is generally considered the area of most concern for LED lights. There is evidence to suggest that exposure to LED light suppresses the release of melatonin, the hormone responsible to inform the body when to sleep [4]. There is a growing awareness that products should not only subject users to mechanical and electrical hazards but also chemical health risks [5]. It has been noted that the primary danger comes from the blue portion of the spectrum (400-500 nm) that exists in situations where high surface intensities is exhibited [6]. Designers are encouraged to consider the use of diffusers when harsh specular reflections are involved. Diffusers significantly reduce surface intensity and thus increase user comfort and safety when high powers LEDs (> 1 watt) are used. 3.2 Potential Benefits:
Change management is a difficult task and the project team is aware of this – it is not easy to change old habit. Persistence is required in talking and cajoling the people especially since it is not to be freely distributed, a lot of convincing will be needed. The dissemination of relative advantages of the technology is important and these should be
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carried out in the churches and mosques. Consideration is to be given to the need of different buyer groups and their ability and willingness to pay. Three user groups have been identified and these include: the log fire - those who cannot afford to buy any gadgets at all, the ―atunja‖ users and finally the normal kerosene lantern users. The promotions of renewable energy sources should be stepped up targeting mostly decision makers. They should be made to understand that solar energy can now supply a whole community with all the energy requirement not only just light. After break even, running cost, except for occasional battery replacement, would be nearly nil. The solar lantern would transform most family lives in the village. With properly lit surrounding, the children would be happy to read and do their homework. Families can afford to stay up late without worrying about the kerosene lasting till the next market day. With kerosene lantern, families turn off the lamp early and retire to bed so as to preserve the fuel and save money. The provision of good light in the evenings allows many activities that would otherwise not be possible with the log fire. People can tune and listen to the radio which can provide educative link as well as engaging the people with the political process. The savings that are made from not using kerosene can be ploughed back into children’s education and improved family health care. Those who have missed out (they could be many) on formal education would have the opportunity to attain evening classes to learn how to read and write. It will now be possible for economic activities to extend to late evenings. The solar lantern locally made as a replacement of the local kerosene ―Atunja‖ would get the people especially the youth involved in not only the technical support but also in the supply and distribution chain thus helping to reduce unemployment. The beneficial impact of this development would also rob off on the city dweller. As developing countries struggle to improve power availability, those city dwellers who resort to kerosene lantern during power outages can also use the solar lantern. IV. DISCUSSION
The lantern housed in a transparent discarded plastic water bottle has been frequently exposed to the sun for over one year but has not suffered from photochemical damage due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. As well, the daily temperature cycling due to visible and infrared (IR) radiation [7] has not stressed the housing to destruction. There is no need to provide ―weeping holes‖ underneath the lantern as it does not appear foggy in the mornings. Batteries contain toxic materials that can endanger human health and therefore their disposal should be carefully planned. Light output, light colour, lumen maintenance, and LED lifetime are all adversely affected by excessive LED temperatures during operation [8]. Light output increases with increasing drive current, but in addition to emitting visible light, the LED chip also becomes hot. This thermal energy limits the amount of power an LED can ultimately handle and there is the need to conduct the heat away from the LED chip and dissipate it in the surrounding environment. Unlike other light sources, LEDs usually don’t ―burn out;‖ instead, they get progressively dimmer over time. LED useful life is based on the number of operating hours until the LED is emitting 70% of its original light output called the L70 lifetime [9]. When the LED has reached its L70 light level, it can be considered to have failed even though is still produces light. Robust engineering can manage lumen depreciation except automatic and irreversible physical depreciations that occur at the chip level. The LED datasheet is the primary way to initially identify the performance capabilities of the device. LEDs, like all electronic components, have specifications that describe the device performance and these are usually listed on a datasheet that contains enough information to allow a designer or engineer use the component in an electronic assembly [10]. The LED performance can vary widely as it depends on the LED chip quality, the packaging and all of the materials and manufacturing steps used in the process of making the device. For off-grid lighting products, light output, run times, and solar charging rates are directly dependent on the efficiency of the energy collection and consumption of these systems [11]. There is a limit to the amount of power that an individual LED device can handle. The LED chip may be overheated leading to rapid lumen depreciation or even damaging the device if too much power is input. Table 1 summarises the LED behaviour with drive current and heatsink. The table shows that increasing the power to an LED increases the light output but decreases the efficacy because the LED chip will run at a higher temperature.
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Table 1: Relationship of Performance with Variation in Drive Current (Source [11])
Lumen Output
Junction Temperature
Efficacy
Lifetime
Increasing LED drive current
Increased
Increased
Reduced
Reduced
Decreasing LED drive current
Decreased
Decreased
Increased
Increased
Improved LED heatsink
Increased
Decreased
Increased
Increased
A standardized specification sheet (SSS) that manufacturers are encouraged to use when describing their products’ performance has been developed by Lighting Global. This is in order to assist buyers of off-grid lighting products make informed choice. Some of the information presented includes lighting service, charging capability, and battery life in a simple, standardized layout [12]. The LED driver, or ballast, of a modern off-grid lighting product is responsible for regulating power from the battery to the LED and the basic and typical topologies commonly used have been discussed in a Technical Note [13]. The ways that sealed lead-acid batteries fail during storage and shipping have been discussed [14]. Suggestions have also been made on steps that manufacturers can take to prevent damage to the battery products in the supply chain [12]. The maximum storage time for lead-acid batteries depends on temperature. At 20°C, rectangular sealed lead acid batteries take 16 months to discharge to 50% state of charge, the shelf life drops to 8-9 months at 30°C, and 4-5 months at 40°C. Recharging is recommended after the battery has discharged to 50 -70% of its rated capacity. Table 2 gives the maximum allowed storage time at various temperatures for this these batteries. Table 2. Maximum Storage Time Between Charges At Various Temperatures (Source [14])
Cell Temperature
Cylindrical Cells
Prismatic Cells
25°C
5 months
12 months
30°C
3.5 months
8 months
35°C
2.5 months
6 months
III. CONCLUSION
(a) Despite the fact that most African countries are blessed with the resources of the sun, the continent finds itself on the slow lane to renewable energy adoption. (b) The solar lantern has been designed with two different housings that target different user groups. (c) The rural dweller who uses the solar lantern will be financially better off and will enjoy improved social live with its associated beneficial effects (d) The use of both batteries and LED involve safety issues which should not be ignored REFERENCES [1] Achara N, Designing Affordable Solar Dryer For the Small Scale Holder, J of American Science, 2011, 7(6)
[2] Hankins M, Why Africa is Missing the Solar Power Boat, Renewable Energy World, April 03 2013
[3] Lighting Global, Battery Toxicity and Eco Product Design, Eco Design Note Issue 1 Sept 2012 [4] Lighting Global, LED Lights and Eye Safety, Eco Design Notes Issue 2 Jan 2013 [5] Lightiing Global, Pico‐powered Lighting Products, Eco Design Notes Issue 3 April 20013 [6] Lighting Global, Optical Control Techniques for Off-grid Lighting Products, Technical Notes issue 6 July 2011 [7] Lighting Global, Protection from the Elements Part IV: Radiation Exposure , Technical Notes Issue 15, 2013 [8] Lighting Global, Thermal Management for LEDs, Technical Notes Issue 1 Jan 2010 [9] Lighting Global, LED Lumen Depreciation and Lifetime, Technical Notes 2 March, 2010 [10] Lighting Global, Specifying LEDs: How to read an LED datasheet, Technical Notes Issue 3 Jan 2011 [11] Lighting Global, Lighting Efficiency and Product Design Optimization, Technical Notes 4 April 2011 [12] Lighting Global, Interpreting Standardized Specification Sheets (SSS), Technical Notes 5 May 2011 [13] Lighting Global, LED Electronic Control Circuits for Off-grid Lighting Products, Technical Notes Issue 7 Nov 2011 [14] Lighting Global, Shipping and Storage of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries, Tecnical Notes Issue 9 May 2012