Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to generation of electric power at the end user facility and has been proved to be cost effective and to an extent efficient. With augmented significance on eco-friendly technologies the use of renewable energy sources such as micro-hydro, wind, solar, biomass and biogas is being explored. This paper presents an addresses the potential impacts of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems on electrical networks. The paper starts by emphasizing the increased importance of generating electricity from PV arrays. The growth in PV installed capacity worldwide is elaborated; futuristic expansion plans for several countries as well as existing PV projects worldwide are highlighted. The paper continues by evaluating the most important impacts of PV electricity on electrical networks. Finally, the authors summarize the literatures findings regarding the maximum allowable PV penetration that can be safely integrated into existing networks. Javeed Ahmad Khan"Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11646.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11646/grid-connected-pv-systems-and-their-growth-in-power-system/javeed-ahmad-khan
Hybrid Biomass-Solar Power System with Establishment of Raw Material Procureijtsrd
The utilization of sustainable power sources is ending up exceptionally essential because of the restricted stores of non-renewable energy sources and worldwide ecological worries for the creation of electrical power age and usage. In remote regions, towns, it is anything but difficult to get more sum biomass. Subsequently by the utilization of crossover frameworks comprising of Biomass and PV for creation of electrical vitality in these remote regions can be more temperate. On the off chance that the advancement of a PC based approach for assessing, the general execution of independent half and half PV-Biomass creating frameworks are broke down ,at that point these outcomes are helpful for creating and introducing cross breed frameworks in remote regions This paper centers the practical thought of independent crossover frameworks having PV and Biomass for electrical generation in remote zones. Additionally in this paper a reproduction approach has been recommended for planning remain solitary network for remote regions. The normal sun powered radiation and amount of biomass required information are to anticipate the general execution of the creating framework. The batteries can likewise be utilized as a part of this framework to store the additional vitality which can additionally be utilized for reinforcement. Likewise the additional power is utilized to supply to the network. Here the reproduction is completed utilizing HOMER programming. The outcomes and investigation can used to enhance the improvement of the proposed demonstrate. Vikash Pooniya | Mr. Pravin Kumar | Dr. Deepika Chauhan | Md. Asif Iqbal"Hybrid Biomass-Solar Power System with Establishment of Raw Material Procure" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11105.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11105/hybrid-biomass-solar-power-system-with-establishment-of-raw-material-procure/vikash-pooniya
The document provides highlights and key insights from the DNV Energy Transition Outlook 2021 report. It finds that:
1) Global emissions are not decreasing fast enough to meet Paris Agreement goals, and warming is projected to reach 2.3°C by 2100 despite renewable growth.
2) Electrification is surging, with renewables like solar and wind outcompeting other sources by 2030 and providing over 80% of power by 2050, supported by technologies like storage.
3) Energy efficiency gains lead to flat global energy demand after the 2030s, with a 2.4% annual improvement in energy intensity outpacing economic growth.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Techno Commercial Feasibility Study of Renewable EnergiesIRJET Journal
This document provides a summary of the commercial feasibility study of various renewable energy sources. It discusses the major renewable energy sources including wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and tidal energy. It analyzes each source based on their global potential, economic impacts including costs, job creation, and carbon emission reductions. The document finds that renewable energy capacity has significantly increased in recent years. While renewable sources have advantages over fossil fuels, factors like installation costs, land use requirements, and intermittent output must be considered in determining their commercial viability.
Mechanical Energy Harvesting using Piezo Triboelectric Nanogeneratorijtsrd
This document discusses the design and working of a piezo-triboelectric nanogenerator (PTENG) that can harvest mechanical energy from human motion like walking to power small electronic devices wirelessly. The PTENG consists of two triboelectric materials that generate a voltage through contact electrification and electrostatic induction when they are brought together and separated. It can convert the mechanical energy of walking into electricity stored in a capacitor. This stored energy is then used to wirelessly charge small devices using an integrated wireless module. The PTENG provides a sustainable energy source for powering portable electronics without the need for batteries.
Abstract: Renewable energy source (RES) is applicable in most cases. Among different RES like wind, solar, biomass, hydro, etc. Wind energy is the most available and utilizable one. Wind energy is used for electric power generation. With respect to wind energy stabilization is one issue.
Integrating wind energy with power system requires the application of power electronics devices and controllers. These devices help to improve the quality of power generated. Wind energy is one of the most available and utilizable forms of renewable energy. There has been an extensive growth in the utilization of wind energy in recent years. Among the different renewable energy sources, wind energy has emerged as the most possible source of electrical power. The grouping of wind energy into existing power system presents a practical challenges and that requires indication of voltage stability, regulation, power quality problems, etc. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the distribution systems, mostly done by use of power electronic converters.
Bangalore | Jul-16 | Solar power as a tool for emissions mitigations and dev...Smart Villages
Presenter: Jenny Nelson, Phil Sandwell, Chris Emmott, Ned Ekins-Daukes
Grantham Institute & Department of Physics,
Ajay Gambhir, Grantham Institute
Chiara Candelise and Paul Westacott, Centre for Energy Policy
Imperial College London
Renewable Energy Technology Opportunities: Responding to Global Energy Challe...Glenn Klith Andersen
The document summarizes the challenges and opportunities in renewable energy technology. It discusses the need to address energy security, economic and environmental issues through increased investment and innovation in renewable technologies like wind, solar and biofuels. The summaries provide data on the current status and future potential of these technologies to meet rising energy demand and reduce carbon emissions in a sustainable manner. National policies and public-private partnerships are needed to accelerate technology development and commercialization.
Hybrid Biomass-Solar Power System with Establishment of Raw Material Procureijtsrd
The utilization of sustainable power sources is ending up exceptionally essential because of the restricted stores of non-renewable energy sources and worldwide ecological worries for the creation of electrical power age and usage. In remote regions, towns, it is anything but difficult to get more sum biomass. Subsequently by the utilization of crossover frameworks comprising of Biomass and PV for creation of electrical vitality in these remote regions can be more temperate. On the off chance that the advancement of a PC based approach for assessing, the general execution of independent half and half PV-Biomass creating frameworks are broke down ,at that point these outcomes are helpful for creating and introducing cross breed frameworks in remote regions This paper centers the practical thought of independent crossover frameworks having PV and Biomass for electrical generation in remote zones. Additionally in this paper a reproduction approach has been recommended for planning remain solitary network for remote regions. The normal sun powered radiation and amount of biomass required information are to anticipate the general execution of the creating framework. The batteries can likewise be utilized as a part of this framework to store the additional vitality which can additionally be utilized for reinforcement. Likewise the additional power is utilized to supply to the network. Here the reproduction is completed utilizing HOMER programming. The outcomes and investigation can used to enhance the improvement of the proposed demonstrate. Vikash Pooniya | Mr. Pravin Kumar | Dr. Deepika Chauhan | Md. Asif Iqbal"Hybrid Biomass-Solar Power System with Establishment of Raw Material Procure" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11105.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11105/hybrid-biomass-solar-power-system-with-establishment-of-raw-material-procure/vikash-pooniya
The document provides highlights and key insights from the DNV Energy Transition Outlook 2021 report. It finds that:
1) Global emissions are not decreasing fast enough to meet Paris Agreement goals, and warming is projected to reach 2.3°C by 2100 despite renewable growth.
2) Electrification is surging, with renewables like solar and wind outcompeting other sources by 2030 and providing over 80% of power by 2050, supported by technologies like storage.
3) Energy efficiency gains lead to flat global energy demand after the 2030s, with a 2.4% annual improvement in energy intensity outpacing economic growth.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Techno Commercial Feasibility Study of Renewable EnergiesIRJET Journal
This document provides a summary of the commercial feasibility study of various renewable energy sources. It discusses the major renewable energy sources including wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and tidal energy. It analyzes each source based on their global potential, economic impacts including costs, job creation, and carbon emission reductions. The document finds that renewable energy capacity has significantly increased in recent years. While renewable sources have advantages over fossil fuels, factors like installation costs, land use requirements, and intermittent output must be considered in determining their commercial viability.
Mechanical Energy Harvesting using Piezo Triboelectric Nanogeneratorijtsrd
This document discusses the design and working of a piezo-triboelectric nanogenerator (PTENG) that can harvest mechanical energy from human motion like walking to power small electronic devices wirelessly. The PTENG consists of two triboelectric materials that generate a voltage through contact electrification and electrostatic induction when they are brought together and separated. It can convert the mechanical energy of walking into electricity stored in a capacitor. This stored energy is then used to wirelessly charge small devices using an integrated wireless module. The PTENG provides a sustainable energy source for powering portable electronics without the need for batteries.
Abstract: Renewable energy source (RES) is applicable in most cases. Among different RES like wind, solar, biomass, hydro, etc. Wind energy is the most available and utilizable one. Wind energy is used for electric power generation. With respect to wind energy stabilization is one issue.
Integrating wind energy with power system requires the application of power electronics devices and controllers. These devices help to improve the quality of power generated. Wind energy is one of the most available and utilizable forms of renewable energy. There has been an extensive growth in the utilization of wind energy in recent years. Among the different renewable energy sources, wind energy has emerged as the most possible source of electrical power. The grouping of wind energy into existing power system presents a practical challenges and that requires indication of voltage stability, regulation, power quality problems, etc. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the distribution systems, mostly done by use of power electronic converters.
Bangalore | Jul-16 | Solar power as a tool for emissions mitigations and dev...Smart Villages
Presenter: Jenny Nelson, Phil Sandwell, Chris Emmott, Ned Ekins-Daukes
Grantham Institute & Department of Physics,
Ajay Gambhir, Grantham Institute
Chiara Candelise and Paul Westacott, Centre for Energy Policy
Imperial College London
Renewable Energy Technology Opportunities: Responding to Global Energy Challe...Glenn Klith Andersen
The document summarizes the challenges and opportunities in renewable energy technology. It discusses the need to address energy security, economic and environmental issues through increased investment and innovation in renewable technologies like wind, solar and biofuels. The summaries provide data on the current status and future potential of these technologies to meet rising energy demand and reduce carbon emissions in a sustainable manner. National policies and public-private partnerships are needed to accelerate technology development and commercialization.
Pakistan has faced an ongoing energy crisis for years due to rising demand outpacing supply. The gap between demand and supply reached 4,500MW in 2008, indicating a 40% deficit. While some short-term measures were taken, long-term solutions were not pursued aggressively. Pakistan has significant untapped hydropower and renewable energy potential but projects like Kalabagh Dam and Neelum-Jehlum were delayed, increasing costs. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could power much of the country if developed properly. However, circular debt issues, line losses, lack of infrastructure investments, and insufficient focus on large-scale projects have impeded progress in resolving the crisis.
This document provides a summary of the current and future energy scenario in the United States. It discusses:
1) The majority of current US energy comes from fossil fuels, with coal, natural gas, and petroleum making up 69% of electricity generation in 2014. Renewables such as hydropower, wind, and solar have grown and made up 32% in 2014.
2) Energy consumption has increased faster than domestic production over the last 50 years, with imports now making up the difference.
3) The report outlines projections that the US population will grow to 430 million by 2050, with a much older and more diverse population.
4) It discusses barriers to increasing renewable energy adoption such as
Power Generation in The Chemical IndustryIJRTEMJOURNAL
The chemical industry, particularly the production of organic and inorganic base chemicals, has
a high demand for electrical and thermal power. In the chemical industry, power drives processes and
profitability. With most of the chemical industries aiming to expand, having their own power generation plant is
an emerging necessity. This paper provides a brief overview of the various ways in which the chemical industry
has been generating power to meet the needs of its plants and, in some cases, selling the surplus power
produced.
In the present generation energy plays a vital role in our world and for human life it´s very important factor. There is a methodical meeting taking place regarding the conservation of energy and every time there is a review in the agenda. Energy demand and supply were endeavored by these countries. To rectify these problems, there should be more research in the generation of energy with the greater efficiency and try to use energy in more efficient manner. Solar energy remains as the most prominent source of energy as it is cost effective and environmentally friendly. Reviews convey that solar energy systems will play a major role in the power generations. As per present scenario there is a great importance to the solar energy using photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems exhibit an important role for solar energy production.
The document discusses the future of renewable energy sources and their potential to meet global electricity needs over the next few decades. It covers topics like public support for different energy sources, the projected contributions of renewable technologies, potential hydrogen and other regenerative energy sources, the history of solar power, and Germany's new nuclear fusion reactor.
Dominique MINIERE, EDF Senior Vice President, Deputy Chief Operating Officer and SFEN President, opened the 4th edition of Atoms for the Future. He welcomed the 250 participants coming from 13 countries with the very good news of the UK project which will see two EPRs being built on the Hinkley Point site. He emphasized the global need for electricity, especially in developing countries, and therefore the high potential for further nuclear development.
- The document discusses a quantitative study on public perception of nuclear power in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires to understand perceptions.
- The study found that the majority of respondents had a positive perception of nuclear power. It also found statistically significant differences in perceptions among different age groups.
- Both genders were found to have similar levels of support for building nuclear power in Nigeria, according to the study. The study concluded that nuclear power could help boost Nigeria's energy security if plants were located away from settlements in remote areas.
Nuclear power potential as major energy sourceShri Vishnu
Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator
Pathways to Decarbonization & Digital Innovation in Energy: Making Better Dec...World Bank Infrastructure
The document discusses decarbonizing infrastructure and making better decisions for the energy transition. It notes that today's energy systems are undergoing major transformations leading to greater integration across sectors. A central feature is the growth in alternative technology options and increasing uncertainty, creating a complex connected solution network. The modular structure of MIT's analysis platform captures over 1000 pathways and 90% of emissions. Key opportunities for decarbonization include power, transportation, industry and buildings; carbon management; low-carbon fuels; and decarbonizing heat and power for industry and transportation.
A More Perfect Energy Union: Challenges and Opportunities for Renewable Energ...Kevin Rushton
The United States lacks coordinated renewable energy infrastructure planning, keeping carbon emissions high. A more unified plan could leverage geographic diversity by connecting renewable energy production areas with major population centers via long-distance transmission lines. Researchers propose a HVDC transmission network across the US to connect solar, wind, and hydroelectric resources, reducing carbon emissions by 80%. Pilot projects should test localized connections first to provide momentum for wider applications.
The ppt gives an overview on recent policy initiatives on Renwable Energy, like cerc\'s new regulation, national solar mission and renewable energy certificate
Renewable Energy Sources in Tamilnadu by MATHANKUAMRMathankumar S
Renewable Energy Resources in TamilNadu ..... Need for Improvement ....Energy Crisis ............. Power Demand in TamilNadu .......... Need to Develop Power Resources............... Power Plants in TamilNadu ..... Electricity Sector in India ............. World Electricity Generation ------------- TamilNadu Electricity Status in the year of 2012 .................. Present Problems in Electric Generation .............. Findout the possibilities ..............
This document discusses strategies for transitioning to a carbon-free global economy by 2020 and beyond. It proposes using "enhanced incumbent" technologies like hydrogen hybrids, fuel additives, and natural gas from 2013-2020 to allow carbon-based technologies to continue with less environmental impact while carbon-free technologies are developed. After 2020, the focus shifts to stabilized wind, solar and ocean energy with battery storage and microgrids providing dispatchable base load production. Fuel cells, waste to energy and electric vehicles supported by solar and battery charging stations are also mentioned as part of the carbon-free economy.
The fascinating future of energy practitioners v2Richard Chuchla
Energy and resource practitioners face growing uncertainty and complexity but unprecedented opportunity as they confront the future. This story underpins the premise of the multidisciplinary Energy and Earth Resources graduate program at the University of Texas.
The Energy Future Based in Wind and Solar Energy
Presentation by the Professor of Solare Economy Christian Breyer, Lappeenranta University of Technolgoy, at the Millennium Meet-up
Renewable energy comes from resources that are continually replenished, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. It is derived directly from the sun or from heat generated deep within the earth. Renewable energy includes electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.
Solar has strong long-term growth potential due to falling costs and increasing government support. Solar costs have already fallen 85% since 2010 and are projected to drop another 71% by 2050, making solar competitive with or cheaper than fossil fuel electricity sources. The solar industry is growing rapidly at a 21% annual rate, led by China, India, the US and Japan. Pairing solar with battery storage provides a robust 24/7 renewable energy solution as battery costs also continue to decline sharply. The MAC Global Solar Energy Index tracks the performance of publicly traded solar companies and provides a diversified way to invest in the global solar sector through an exchange traded fund.
Reliability: Baseload power production 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year regardless of how much wind or sunlight is available.
Versatility: Geothermal energy can be used to produce power in utility-scale facilities or for a wide variety of direct use applications, such as heating greenhouses, de-icing sidewalks and dehydrating agricultural products.
Small Environmental Footprint: Geothermal power plants emit lower levels of emissions than fossil fuel plants, and use less land per megawatt than other renewable energy sources.
Promotes Economic Growth: Geothermal projects create jobs and economic growth, with the benefits staying close to home rather than being spent on foreign fuels.
Conservation and Reduced Demand: Direct use applications and geothermal heat pumps reduce energy demand and help conserve our dwindling supply of fossil fuels.
Benefits Developing Countries: Geothermal projects help improve the standard of living by providing electricity to many rural areas, while strengthening the local economy by producing the resource domestically.
Widely Available Resource: The earth’s heat is available everywhere. All 50 U.S. states are currently using geothermal energy, either through high temperature power production, EGS or geothermal heat pumps. It’s just a matter of developing the technology to tap this resource in an economically feasible way.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
The paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC DC boost converter and the DC AC inverter VSC to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. The paper presents detailed transient models of the grid connected PV Battery hybrid generation system, and all these models are simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. PV array is firstly connected to the common dc bus by a boost converter, where the battery is also connected by a bi directional DC DC converter, and then integrated into the ac utility grid by a common DC AC inverter. Maximum power point tracking helps PV array to generate the maximum power to the grid, and the battery energy storage can be charged and discharge to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. Ather Javed | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43845.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43845/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/ather-javed
The concept of injecting photovoltaic power into the utility grid has earned widespread acceptance in these days of renewable energy generation & distribution. Grid-connected inverters have evolved significantly with high diversity. Efficiency, size, weight, reliability etc. have all improved significantly with the development of modern and innovative inverter configurations and these factors have influenced the cost of producing inverters. This paper presents a literature review of the recent technological developments and trends in the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, GCPVS have been shown to cause unwanted stress on the electrical grid. A review of the existing and future standards that addresses the technical challenges associated with the growing number of GCPVS is presented. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Tracking (ST) and the use of transform-less inverters can all lead to high efficiency gains of Photovoltaic (PV) systems while ensuring minimal interference with the grid. Inverters that support ancillary services like reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are critical for mitigating the challenges caused by the growing adoption of GCPVS. Anjali | Gourav Sharma"A Review on Grid-Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2195.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2195/a-review-on-grid-connected-pv-system/anjali
Pakistan has faced an ongoing energy crisis for years due to rising demand outpacing supply. The gap between demand and supply reached 4,500MW in 2008, indicating a 40% deficit. While some short-term measures were taken, long-term solutions were not pursued aggressively. Pakistan has significant untapped hydropower and renewable energy potential but projects like Kalabagh Dam and Neelum-Jehlum were delayed, increasing costs. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could power much of the country if developed properly. However, circular debt issues, line losses, lack of infrastructure investments, and insufficient focus on large-scale projects have impeded progress in resolving the crisis.
This document provides a summary of the current and future energy scenario in the United States. It discusses:
1) The majority of current US energy comes from fossil fuels, with coal, natural gas, and petroleum making up 69% of electricity generation in 2014. Renewables such as hydropower, wind, and solar have grown and made up 32% in 2014.
2) Energy consumption has increased faster than domestic production over the last 50 years, with imports now making up the difference.
3) The report outlines projections that the US population will grow to 430 million by 2050, with a much older and more diverse population.
4) It discusses barriers to increasing renewable energy adoption such as
Power Generation in The Chemical IndustryIJRTEMJOURNAL
The chemical industry, particularly the production of organic and inorganic base chemicals, has
a high demand for electrical and thermal power. In the chemical industry, power drives processes and
profitability. With most of the chemical industries aiming to expand, having their own power generation plant is
an emerging necessity. This paper provides a brief overview of the various ways in which the chemical industry
has been generating power to meet the needs of its plants and, in some cases, selling the surplus power
produced.
In the present generation energy plays a vital role in our world and for human life it´s very important factor. There is a methodical meeting taking place regarding the conservation of energy and every time there is a review in the agenda. Energy demand and supply were endeavored by these countries. To rectify these problems, there should be more research in the generation of energy with the greater efficiency and try to use energy in more efficient manner. Solar energy remains as the most prominent source of energy as it is cost effective and environmentally friendly. Reviews convey that solar energy systems will play a major role in the power generations. As per present scenario there is a great importance to the solar energy using photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems exhibit an important role for solar energy production.
The document discusses the future of renewable energy sources and their potential to meet global electricity needs over the next few decades. It covers topics like public support for different energy sources, the projected contributions of renewable technologies, potential hydrogen and other regenerative energy sources, the history of solar power, and Germany's new nuclear fusion reactor.
Dominique MINIERE, EDF Senior Vice President, Deputy Chief Operating Officer and SFEN President, opened the 4th edition of Atoms for the Future. He welcomed the 250 participants coming from 13 countries with the very good news of the UK project which will see two EPRs being built on the Hinkley Point site. He emphasized the global need for electricity, especially in developing countries, and therefore the high potential for further nuclear development.
- The document discusses a quantitative study on public perception of nuclear power in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires to understand perceptions.
- The study found that the majority of respondents had a positive perception of nuclear power. It also found statistically significant differences in perceptions among different age groups.
- Both genders were found to have similar levels of support for building nuclear power in Nigeria, according to the study. The study concluded that nuclear power could help boost Nigeria's energy security if plants were located away from settlements in remote areas.
Nuclear power potential as major energy sourceShri Vishnu
Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator
Pathways to Decarbonization & Digital Innovation in Energy: Making Better Dec...World Bank Infrastructure
The document discusses decarbonizing infrastructure and making better decisions for the energy transition. It notes that today's energy systems are undergoing major transformations leading to greater integration across sectors. A central feature is the growth in alternative technology options and increasing uncertainty, creating a complex connected solution network. The modular structure of MIT's analysis platform captures over 1000 pathways and 90% of emissions. Key opportunities for decarbonization include power, transportation, industry and buildings; carbon management; low-carbon fuels; and decarbonizing heat and power for industry and transportation.
A More Perfect Energy Union: Challenges and Opportunities for Renewable Energ...Kevin Rushton
The United States lacks coordinated renewable energy infrastructure planning, keeping carbon emissions high. A more unified plan could leverage geographic diversity by connecting renewable energy production areas with major population centers via long-distance transmission lines. Researchers propose a HVDC transmission network across the US to connect solar, wind, and hydroelectric resources, reducing carbon emissions by 80%. Pilot projects should test localized connections first to provide momentum for wider applications.
The ppt gives an overview on recent policy initiatives on Renwable Energy, like cerc\'s new regulation, national solar mission and renewable energy certificate
Renewable Energy Sources in Tamilnadu by MATHANKUAMRMathankumar S
Renewable Energy Resources in TamilNadu ..... Need for Improvement ....Energy Crisis ............. Power Demand in TamilNadu .......... Need to Develop Power Resources............... Power Plants in TamilNadu ..... Electricity Sector in India ............. World Electricity Generation ------------- TamilNadu Electricity Status in the year of 2012 .................. Present Problems in Electric Generation .............. Findout the possibilities ..............
This document discusses strategies for transitioning to a carbon-free global economy by 2020 and beyond. It proposes using "enhanced incumbent" technologies like hydrogen hybrids, fuel additives, and natural gas from 2013-2020 to allow carbon-based technologies to continue with less environmental impact while carbon-free technologies are developed. After 2020, the focus shifts to stabilized wind, solar and ocean energy with battery storage and microgrids providing dispatchable base load production. Fuel cells, waste to energy and electric vehicles supported by solar and battery charging stations are also mentioned as part of the carbon-free economy.
The fascinating future of energy practitioners v2Richard Chuchla
Energy and resource practitioners face growing uncertainty and complexity but unprecedented opportunity as they confront the future. This story underpins the premise of the multidisciplinary Energy and Earth Resources graduate program at the University of Texas.
The Energy Future Based in Wind and Solar Energy
Presentation by the Professor of Solare Economy Christian Breyer, Lappeenranta University of Technolgoy, at the Millennium Meet-up
Renewable energy comes from resources that are continually replenished, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. It is derived directly from the sun or from heat generated deep within the earth. Renewable energy includes electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.
Solar has strong long-term growth potential due to falling costs and increasing government support. Solar costs have already fallen 85% since 2010 and are projected to drop another 71% by 2050, making solar competitive with or cheaper than fossil fuel electricity sources. The solar industry is growing rapidly at a 21% annual rate, led by China, India, the US and Japan. Pairing solar with battery storage provides a robust 24/7 renewable energy solution as battery costs also continue to decline sharply. The MAC Global Solar Energy Index tracks the performance of publicly traded solar companies and provides a diversified way to invest in the global solar sector through an exchange traded fund.
Reliability: Baseload power production 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year regardless of how much wind or sunlight is available.
Versatility: Geothermal energy can be used to produce power in utility-scale facilities or for a wide variety of direct use applications, such as heating greenhouses, de-icing sidewalks and dehydrating agricultural products.
Small Environmental Footprint: Geothermal power plants emit lower levels of emissions than fossil fuel plants, and use less land per megawatt than other renewable energy sources.
Promotes Economic Growth: Geothermal projects create jobs and economic growth, with the benefits staying close to home rather than being spent on foreign fuels.
Conservation and Reduced Demand: Direct use applications and geothermal heat pumps reduce energy demand and help conserve our dwindling supply of fossil fuels.
Benefits Developing Countries: Geothermal projects help improve the standard of living by providing electricity to many rural areas, while strengthening the local economy by producing the resource domestically.
Widely Available Resource: The earth’s heat is available everywhere. All 50 U.S. states are currently using geothermal energy, either through high temperature power production, EGS or geothermal heat pumps. It’s just a matter of developing the technology to tap this resource in an economically feasible way.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
The paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC DC boost converter and the DC AC inverter VSC to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. The paper presents detailed transient models of the grid connected PV Battery hybrid generation system, and all these models are simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. PV array is firstly connected to the common dc bus by a boost converter, where the battery is also connected by a bi directional DC DC converter, and then integrated into the ac utility grid by a common DC AC inverter. Maximum power point tracking helps PV array to generate the maximum power to the grid, and the battery energy storage can be charged and discharge to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. Ather Javed | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43845.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43845/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/ather-javed
The concept of injecting photovoltaic power into the utility grid has earned widespread acceptance in these days of renewable energy generation & distribution. Grid-connected inverters have evolved significantly with high diversity. Efficiency, size, weight, reliability etc. have all improved significantly with the development of modern and innovative inverter configurations and these factors have influenced the cost of producing inverters. This paper presents a literature review of the recent technological developments and trends in the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, GCPVS have been shown to cause unwanted stress on the electrical grid. A review of the existing and future standards that addresses the technical challenges associated with the growing number of GCPVS is presented. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Tracking (ST) and the use of transform-less inverters can all lead to high efficiency gains of Photovoltaic (PV) systems while ensuring minimal interference with the grid. Inverters that support ancillary services like reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are critical for mitigating the challenges caused by the growing adoption of GCPVS. Anjali | Gourav Sharma"A Review on Grid-Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2195.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2195/a-review-on-grid-connected-pv-system/anjali
This document discusses the importance of renewable energy and summarizes various renewable energy sources. It begins by stating that most of the world relies heavily on oil, gas, and coal for its energy needs, but these are finite resources that will eventually deplete. The document then summarizes several common renewable energy sources like solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, geothermal power, and biomass energy. It provides brief descriptions of each technology and notes their environmental benefits compared to fossil fuels. The overall message is that renewable energy can meet much of the world's growing energy demand in a more sustainable way.
Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and ...ijtsrd
Energy is the basic needs for human comforts and day to day activities. Energy is the key factor for social and economic developments in today scenario. Now a day’s global warming is the main problem of developing counties, due to the nonstop combustion of fossil fuels all over the world, creating environmental hazards and reducing conventional energy sources. This scenario is contributing to the need to search for an new renewable source of energy, which is clean and available in excess. Due to the huge impetus in the government policies on the development of solar energy, it is acting as a main alternative renewable energy source. The solar energy is popular due to easy maintenance, cleanliness, sustainability, and zero noise characteristics. Therefore, Photo Voltaic module supplying loads with and without Maximum Power Point Technique MPPT is applied in the current studies to find the best results. Since the Photovoltaic array output is known to be affected by radiation of sun and temperature, which makes is compulsory to find out an effective method to draw out maximum power from Photo Voltaic cell modules. In my work, Perturb and Observe PandO algorithm is selected because of its easy implementation Solar energy is the clean and eternal source of energy till the end of the world. In this paper main focus is how to improve the efficiency of solar based power generation .Solar energy is variable depends upon the time and the atmospheric condition and hence output of the solar cell is directly proportional to the insulation level and inversely proportional to cell temperature and also the cell never operates at maximum power. Bhoopendra Kumar Rajput | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and Maximum Power Point Tracking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33406.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33406/maximizing-output-power-of-a-solar-panel-via-combination-of-sun-tracking-and-maximum-power-point-tracking/bhoopendra-kumar-rajput
A Distinctive Analysis between Distributed and Centralized Power Generationpaperpublications3
Abstract: The role of Distributed Generation (DG) is ever increasingly being recognized as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional Centralized Generation (CG). Besides, there is also a debate regarding the genuine prospects of DG; always prevailed between industry stakeholders and other interest groups. Within the scope of this review, a comparative study of CG and DG has been presented. In this report, a broad spectrum of issues is being considered to depict the paradigm, drives, shortcomings and future challenges for CG and DG.
This document analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of using off-grid solar photovoltaic technology to generate electricity in Peshawar, Pakistan. It finds that while solar PV electricity is currently more expensive than grid electricity, subsidies from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government could help promote solar adoption. The document estimates solar energy production potential in Peshawar and calculates the electricity costs and payback periods for a 10kW residential solar system under different capital cost scenarios. It also analyzes the system's net present value, internal rate of return, investment payback period, and energy payback time. The document concludes that while upfront costs are high, solar PV could ensure cleaner energy and reduce greenhouse
Renewable power energy production the energy sustenance option for nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses renewable power energy production as an option for meeting Nigeria's energy needs. It notes that Nigeria receives abundant sunlight and has potential for solar power production. Specifically, it receives an average of 3.5-7 kWh/m2/day of solar radiation. Biomass is also widely available across Nigeria and has potential to generate 442MWe of energy. The document aims to highlight how renewable energy sources like solar and biomass could be developed to deliver megawatts of energy to the national grid and provide a renewable energy plan for Nigeria. It argues that solar and biomass technologies could help address Nigeria's problem of inefficient electricity distribution and unreliable power supply by harnessing the abundant solar and biomass resources.
IRJET- Optimization of Hybrid Energy Mix for Rural Electrification in NigeriaIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing a hybrid energy mix for rural electrification in Nigeria. It analyzes using a renewable hybrid power system combining solar, wind, diesel generator, and battery storage to provide electricity for Kaba-Owode, a small community in Nigeria that experiences unreliable power. The simulation software HOMER was used to evaluate different system configurations. The results showed that a PV/Diesel/Battery system would be the most financially sustainable solution to meet the community's energy demands.
IRJET- Feasibility of Superficial Small and Micro-Hydro Power Plants in EgyptIRJET Journal
This document discusses the feasibility of small and micro-hydroelectric power plants in Egypt. It begins by providing background on hydroelectric power globally, including that it is a renewable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gases. It then discusses hydroelectric power specifically in Egypt, including details on existing dams and plants. The document proposes two potential locations in Egypt for small hydroelectric plants: 1) Using the water pumping machinery already in place for agricultural irrigation in villages. 2) Installing hydroelectric turbines at existing water and sewage treatment stations, of which there are over 2,700 in Egypt. It provides a basic technical overview of how a superficial hydroelectric plant would be designed and estimates the total cost to develop such a system would
The document discusses electricity access challenges in developing nations, particularly in rural and remote areas with scattered populations and little economic activity. Extending electric grids to these areas is often the most feasible solution but is limited by high costs. Hybrid energy systems using renewable sources like solar, wind and hydroelectric power will play a key role in meeting future electricity demand in a sustainable way. However, power from intermittent renewable sources requires energy storage systems to balance energy generation with load demand.
A comprehensive study on battery energy storage systems for renewable energyIRJET Journal
The document discusses battery energy storage systems for renewable energy. It begins by noting the increasing global demand for energy and dependence on fossil fuels, which are limited and cause pollution. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind can help generate clean electricity but storing this energy for later use poses a challenge. Battery storage systems can address this by storing renewable energy for applications like electric vehicles and the grid. The document then examines different types of battery energy storage technologies, classifications of electric energy storage systems, and the use of batteries specifically for renewable energy storage and electric vehicles.
Design And Analysis of Buoyant Wind TurbineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a buoyant air turbine (BAT), a type of airborne wind energy system. The BAT differs from a traditional wind turbine in that it floats in the air, anchored to the ground by cables. CFD analysis is performed on a BAT model designed in CREO software to analyze pressure, velocity, lift and drag forces at wind velocities of 3-6 m/s. Results show that maximum pressure, outlet velocity, drag force, and lift force all increase with higher wind velocity. The analysis demonstrates the BAT concept and evaluates its performance under different wind conditions.
This document reviews the suitability of pico-hydropower technology for addressing Nigeria's energy crisis. It discusses Nigeria's energy challenges including low electrification rates, reliance on biomass, and the need to develop sustainable decentralized energy solutions. Pico-hydropower is presented as a potentially important option that could provide cleaner energy to rural communities at an affordable cost while reducing environmental impacts. The technology could help power farms, small businesses and contribute to Nigeria achieving its development goals of universal energy access.
All the energy that humans use comes directly or indirectly from the sun. In the
beginning, humans used their own strength, which came from their food. That was the
only energy source for hundreds of thousands of years, until fire was discovered
350,000 years ago, burning wood as fuel. They had discovered the biomass as energy
source.
The document discusses the role of clean energy, specifically nuclear power and energy storage, in addressing climate change and transitioning away from fossil fuels. It argues that nuclear power can play a major role in minimizing climate change by producing little to no greenhouse gas emissions over its lifecycle. Energy storage is also seen as important for integrating renewable energy sources like wind and solar into the electric grid and enabling the transition off fossil fuels, as renewables have variable output that storage could help balance. The document examines both the technical and economic impacts of energy storage and variable renewables on the grid and their potential to replace fossil fuels as costs decline and reliability increases over time.
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
Modeling and simulation of distributed generation systemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that models and simulates a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and wind distributed generation system to meet the energy demands of Leh, India effectively. The study analyzes Leh's local energy requirements and assesses the solar and wind resources for their potential contributions to the hybrid system. Using the HOMER software, various system configurations and component sizes are evaluated to optimize the performance of the hybrid system. Simulations determine the most cost-effective and reliable solution that meets Leh's energy demands while considering the intermittency of renewable energy sources. The economic feasibility of the proposed PV-wind hybrid system is examined through metrics such as the levelized cost of energy.
This document discusses renewable energy resources and energy efficiency. It provides an overview of different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal. It also discusses the need to conserve energy and increase energy efficiency to support economic growth while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The document emphasizes that renewable energy has significant potential to contribute to the economy by providing a stable domestic energy supply and reducing environmental and health impacts. It concludes that widespread efforts are needed to develop renewable energy to meet future energy demand and support sustainable economic development.
The document discusses renewable energy readiness in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydro, current utilization is still low apart from large hydro projects. Projections show electricity demand rising dramatically by 2030. Meeting this demand will require major investment that the government cannot provide alone. The document recommends encouraging private sector investment and developing renewables on a large scale. Key agencies in Nigeria like REA and NERC are working to promote mini-grids and a supportive regulatory environment to develop renewable energy.
Similar to Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system
M.Tech Scholar, Electrical Engineering
YIET, Gadhauli
ABSTRACT
Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to
generation of electric power at the end user facility
and has been proved to be cost effective and to an
extent efficient. With augmented significance on eco
friendly technologies the use of renewable energy
sources such as micro-hydro, wind, solar, biomass and
biogas is being explored. This paper presents an
addresses the potential impacts of grid
photovoltaic (PV) systems on electrical networks. The
paper starts by emphasizing the increased importance
of generating electricity from PV arrays. The growth
in PV installed capacity worldwide is elaborated;
futuristic expansion plans for several countries as well
as existing PV projects worldwide are highlighted.
The paper continues by evaluating the most important
impacts of PV electricity on electrical networks.
Finally, the authors summarize the literature’s
findings regarding the maximum allowable PV
penetration that can be safely integrated into existing
networks.
I. INTRODUCTION
Requirement of energy in its most suitable form is the
need of millions of people throughout the globe. It can
be fuel, used in transportation, electrical energy for
lighting loads, etc. With the beginning of 21st
century, industrialization has raised many
compared to 18th century; this has resulted in a
massive scale extraction of fossil fuels at an alarming
pace globally. The global climate change has added to
the problem of scarcity of fossil fuels. Now it is time
to look into the solution of energy crisis, created by
the reduction of fossil fuels without altering the
climate behavior. In stand-alone mode, transportation
of conventional energy sources (like coal, oil, and
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system
Javeed Ahmad Khan
M.Tech Scholar, Electrical Engineering Department
YIET, Gadhauli, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to
generation of electric power at the end user facility
and has been proved to be cost effective and to an
extent efficient. With augmented significance on eco-
technologies the use of renewable energy
hydro, wind, solar, biomass and
biogas is being explored. This paper presents an
addresses the potential impacts of grid-connected
photovoltaic (PV) systems on electrical networks. The
arts by emphasizing the increased importance
of generating electricity from PV arrays. The growth
in PV installed capacity worldwide is elaborated;
futuristic expansion plans for several countries as well
as existing PV projects worldwide are highlighted.
The paper continues by evaluating the most important
impacts of PV electricity on electrical networks.
Finally, the authors summarize the literature’s
findings regarding the maximum allowable PV
penetration that can be safely integrated into existing
Requirement of energy in its most suitable form is the
need of millions of people throughout the globe. It can
be fuel, used in transportation, electrical energy for
lighting loads, etc. With the beginning of 21st
century, industrialization has raised many folds
compared to 18th century; this has resulted in a
massive scale extraction of fossil fuels at an alarming
pace globally. The global climate change has added to
the problem of scarcity of fossil fuels. Now it is time
y crisis, created by
the reduction of fossil fuels without altering the
alone mode, transportation
of conventional energy sources (like coal, oil, and
natural gas) is quite difficult and grid extension is also
not cost effective due to remoteness and difficult
terrain. Renewable energy is the most appropriate
solution to supply energy in isolated areas. Utilization
of locally available resources is the best possible
option to meet the energy requirement. Depending on
the site conditions, single technology or aggregated
technology would be selected in stand
These ambitious targets of reducing dependency on
fossil fuels—and hence, decreasing the resulting
greenhouse gas emissions—
without active participation by the global energy
sector, which is responsible for approximately two
third the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. However,
this task is made difficult by the booming demand for
electricity: electrical energy currently represents 12%
of total global energy consumption; however, this
percentage is expected to increase in the future to
become 34% of total consumed energy by 2025. Thus,
a complex dilemma exists: on one hand, greenhouse
emissions produced by the energy sector require
significant reduction; on the other hand, electrical
energy production must increase to meet growing
demand for electricity. In the Canadian energy sector,
the situation is even worse as coal is extensively used
for the generation of electricity; approximately 17%
of the total electricity generated in Canada is obtained
by coal fired power plants. Coal is one of the biggest
sources of greenhouse gases. Utilizing renewable
sources of energy such as wind and solar to generate
electricity provides a feasible solution for the p
dilemma as these renewables are clean, emission
sources of energy that can be used to generate
electricity and at the same time protect our
environment for future generations. Solar energy, in
Apr 2018 Page: 1791
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 3
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Grid connected PV systems and their growth in power system
natural gas) is quite difficult and grid extension is also
ve due to remoteness and difficult
terrain. Renewable energy is the most appropriate
solution to supply energy in isolated areas. Utilization
of locally available resources is the best possible
option to meet the energy requirement. Depending on
onditions, single technology or aggregated
technology would be selected in stand-alone mode.
These ambitious targets of reducing dependency on
and hence, decreasing the resulting
—cannot be achieved
cipation by the global energy
sector, which is responsible for approximately two
third the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. However,
this task is made difficult by the booming demand for
electricity: electrical energy currently represents 12%
bal energy consumption; however, this
percentage is expected to increase in the future to
become 34% of total consumed energy by 2025. Thus,
a complex dilemma exists: on one hand, greenhouse
emissions produced by the energy sector require
tion; on the other hand, electrical
energy production must increase to meet growing
demand for electricity. In the Canadian energy sector,
the situation is even worse as coal is extensively used
for the generation of electricity; approximately 17%
otal electricity generated in Canada is obtained
by coal fired power plants. Coal is one of the biggest
sources of greenhouse gases. Utilizing renewable
sources of energy such as wind and solar to generate
electricity provides a feasible solution for the previous
dilemma as these renewables are clean, emission-free
sources of energy that can be used to generate
electricity and at the same time protect our
environment for future generations. Solar energy, in
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 1792
particular, if properly utilized to generate electricity
using photovoltaic (PV) arrays, can fulfill all the
electricity needs of mankind. A simple calculation
reveals that the amount of solar energy received in 1
hour by the earth is equivalent to the world’s annual
energy consumption. Another calculation shows that
all the energy demand of the United States can be
supplied by only 0.2% of the solar radiation it
receives.
It was believed that integrating PV solar systems into
power networks would not be a difficult task;
however, when the penetration level of PV electricity
started to increase, utilities began to face new non-
traditional problems mainly due to the intermittent
nature of solar energy; PV array output is highly
dependent on environmental conditions such as
temperature and irradiance. Fast moving clouds, for
example, result in rapid fluctuations in the output
power of PV arrays, and thus, the power system has to
deal with not only uncontrollable demand but also
uncontrollable generation. In this paper, the impacts
of solar PV arrays on electrical systems are reviewed
to identify the bottlenecks blocking the widespread
adoption of PV electricity.
Fig. 1: Rise in RERS based electricity generation worldwide
II. GROWTH IN THE PV ELECTRICITY
INSTALLED CAPACITY
The global PV installed capacity has increased greatly
over the past few decades. During the past 15 years,
global PV installed capacity has experienced an
annual growth rate of about 45% as shown in Figure
1. This is because the global energy sector realized
that generating electricity from renewables will be the
only available option to satisfy the growing demand
for electricity when all available fossil fuel resources
are consumed. Another reason for that is the
anticipated benefit of PV electricity sector on national
economy. Despite its high initial cost (6000–10
000$/kW), cost of jobs created by PV electricity is 4–
6 times less than the cost of jobs created by nuclear,
natural gas, or coal. A million dollar investment in
solar PV will create only 30%–42% of the energy
produced by other power plants but 2.4–6.4 times
more jobs. Thus, many countries have developed
ambitious plans to increase their electricity production
using PV arrays; for example, in Ontario, the FIT and
the microFIT programs funded by the Ontario Power
Authority (OPA) are intended to encourage the
development of renewables in the province by
offering competitive incentives. This initiative is
conceptually important as 80% of the existing electric
generation capacity in Ontario needs to be replaced
within the next 20 yr. Most of the MicroFIT proposals
are rooftop PV systems. As a result, annual PV
installations in Canada are expected to exceed the
annual wind installations by 2013 and there would be
3 GW of solar energy in Ontario electric system by
2015. In California, the Renewable Portfolio standard
(RPS) program submitted by governor Arnold
Schwarzenegger requires thatthe penetration level of
renewables reaches the 33% goal by 2020; more than
9500 MW of PV power projects are currently
proposed for interconnection with the system by 2018.
In China, the Government has developed ambitious
plans to install 10 GW PV capacities. The government
also targets 50 GW total installed PV capacity by
2020.13 In July 2009, the Indian Government
unveiled a 19 109 US$ plan to produce 20 GW of
solar power by 2020.14 In Germany, the installation
rate of solar PV systems increased from 800 MW/year
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1994-2004 2005-2010 2011-2016 2017-2022
Capacitygrowth(GW)
RERs based electricity generation growth in world
Wind solar PV Hydropower Others Additional-accelerated case capacity growth
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
in 2005 to 2.2 GW/year in 2017. Moreover, the
German political establishment has agreed to raise the
solar PV installation target to 2.5–3.5 GW/yr starting
from 2011.Electricity from solar PV and concentrated
solar power plants is significantly expensive and
requires significant drop in cost or change in policies
by either subsidizing or forcing the use of these
technologies to be able to achieve significant market
penetration.
III. IMPACTS OF GRID-CONNECTED PV
ELECTRICITY ON POWER SYSTEMS
In general, grid-connected PV systems are installed to
enhance the performance of the electric
arrays (as well as other distributed generation (DG)
units) provide energy at the load side of the
distribution network, reducing the feeder active power
loading and hence improving the voltage profile. As a
result, PV systems can delay the operation time of
shunt capacitors and series voltage regulators, thus
increasing their lifetime. PV systems can also reduce
the losses in distribution feeders if optimally sized and
allocated. The example given in Ref. 25 shows that
for a distribution feeder supplying 10 MW uniformly
distributed load along its length, 4–6 MW of PV
distributed generation will provide optimal minimum
losses in the feeder. PV systems can increase the load
carrying capability (LCC), which is the amount of
load a power system can handle while satisfying
certain reliability criteria, of existing networks. To
meet increased demand while satisfying the same
reliability criteria, utilities have to increase their
generation capacity. However, in Ref. 26, it was
shown that the LCC of an electrical network can be
doubled with 10% PV penetration level; thus, utilities
can defer the addition of extra generating capacities to
other areas. The LCC can be increased further more if
battery storage systems are installed in parallel with
PV arrays.
However, PV systems can also impose several
negative impacts on power networks, especially if
their penetration level is high. These impacts are
dependent on the size as well as the location of the PV
system. According to the IEEE standard 929
PV systems are classified based on their ratings into
three distinct categories: (1) Small systems rated at 10
kW or less, (2) intermediate systems rated between 10
kW and 500 kW, and (3) large systems rated above
500 kW. The first two categories are usually i
at the distribution level, as opposed to the last
category which is usually installed at the
transmission/sub-transmission levels.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018
in 2005 to 2.2 GW/year in 2017. Moreover, the
s agreed to raise the
3.5 GW/yr starting
from 2011.Electricity from solar PV and concentrated
solar power plants is significantly expensive and
requires significant drop in cost or change in policies
g or forcing the use of these
technologies to be able to achieve significant market
CONNECTED PV
ELECTRICITY ON POWER SYSTEMS
connected PV systems are installed to
enhance the performance of the electric network; PV
arrays (as well as other distributed generation (DG)
units) provide energy at the load side of the
distribution network, reducing the feeder active power
loading and hence improving the voltage profile. As a
ration time of
shunt capacitors and series voltage regulators, thus
increasing their lifetime. PV systems can also reduce
the losses in distribution feeders if optimally sized and
allocated. The example given in Ref. 25 shows that
supplying 10 MW uniformly
6 MW of PV
distributed generation will provide optimal minimum
losses in the feeder. PV systems can increase the load
carrying capability (LCC), which is the amount of
handle while satisfying
certain reliability criteria, of existing networks. To
meet increased demand while satisfying the same
reliability criteria, utilities have to increase their
generation capacity. However, in Ref. 26, it was
electrical network can be
doubled with 10% PV penetration level; thus, utilities
can defer the addition of extra generating capacities to
other areas. The LCC can be increased further more if
battery storage systems are installed in parallel with
However, PV systems can also impose several
negative impacts on power networks, especially if
their penetration level is high. These impacts are
location of the PV
system. According to the IEEE standard 929–2000,
ystems are classified based on their ratings into
three distinct categories: (1) Small systems rated at 10
kW or less, (2) intermediate systems rated between 10
kW and 500 kW, and (3) large systems rated above
500 kW. The first two categories are usually installed
at the distribution level, as opposed to the last
category which is usually installed at the
A. Impacts of large PV systems This section reviews
the literature concerning the anticipated impacts of
large-scale PV systems (above 500 kW) on
transmission/sub-transmission networks.
PV arrays’ output is unpredictable and is highly
dependent on environmental conditions such as
temperature and insolation levels as depicted in
Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Partial shadin
passing clouds, temperature, and insolation random
variations are all factors that will affect PV system
production, resulting in rapid fluctuations in its output
power.
Fig. 2. Effect of temperature variation on the DC
power of a PV array.
Fig. 3. Effect of insolation variation on the DC power
output of a PV array
In a practical study [25] on a 2 MW solar plant on a
distribution feeder, the power output was measured
and recorded every 5 min. The measurements showed
sudden and severe power fluc
passing clouds and morning fog. Active power
fluctuations result in severe frequency variations in
the electrical network, whereas reactive power
fluctuations result in substantial voltage fluctuations.
These voltage fluctuations may cau
switching of capacitor banks. In Ref. 28, it has also
been shown that voltage flickers occur more
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Apr 2018 Page: 1793
Impacts of large PV systems This section reviews
the literature concerning the anticipated impacts of
systems (above 500 kW) on
transmission networks.
PV arrays’ output is unpredictable and is highly
dependent on environmental conditions such as
temperature and insolation levels as depicted in
Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Partial shading due to
passing clouds, temperature, and insolation random
variations are all factors that will affect PV system
production, resulting in rapid fluctuations in its output
Fig. 2. Effect of temperature variation on the DC
g. 3. Effect of insolation variation on the DC power
In a practical study [25] on a 2 MW solar plant on a
distribution feeder, the power output was measured
and recorded every 5 min. The measurements showed
sudden and severe power fluctuations caused by
passing clouds and morning fog. Active power
fluctuations result in severe frequency variations in
the electrical network, whereas reactive power
fluctuations result in substantial voltage fluctuations.
These voltage fluctuations may cause nuisance
switching of capacitor banks. In Ref. 28, it has also
been shown that voltage flickers occur more
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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frequently at higher penetration of PV systems during
clouds transients.
B. Increased ancillary services requirements
Since the grid acts as an energy buffer to compensate
for any power fluctuations and firm up the output
power of PV sources, thus, generating stations’
outputs need to be adjusted frequently to cope with
the PV power fluctuations, i.e., to dance with the sun.
For example, if a cloud blanked out a PV system
supplying 1 MW of electricity in 10 s, then the
electric grid should be able to inject extra power at a
rate of 1 MW/10 s or else voltage and frequency
disturbances will occur in the power system. As a
result, utilities need to incorporate fast ramping power
generation to compensate for these power fluctuations
from PV arrays before voltage and frequency
variations exceed the allowable limits. Current
regulating generation sources (such as hydro-
generator plants) are too slow and so are unable to
compensate for the abovementioned fast power
fluctuations. They also produce too much pollution
during ramping regulating operations. Therefore, the
increase in regulation service requirements
counteracts the emission savings resulting from
renewable generation. The previous situation also
necessitates a significant increase in the frequency
regulation requirements at higher penetration levels of
PV systems. For example, the current frequency
regulation requirements at the California Independent
System Operator (CAISO) are 1% of peak demand, or
about 350 MW. It has been estimated that 2%
frequency regulation requirement will be required for
a penetration level of 20% PV electricity and 4% to
integrate 33% PV electricity by 2022.Another study,
performed in Japan, concluded that for 10% PV
penetration, the frequency regulation requirements
will increase 2.5% over the base no-PV case. At 30%
solar PV penetration, authors found that that
frequency regulation should increase by 10%.
According to their conclusion, the cost of doing that
will exceed any possible benefits from PV electricity.
A similar study in Arizona32 concluded that the
maximum tolerable penetration level of PV systems is
approximately 5% with the existing frequency
regulation capacities. For the above mentioned reason,
frequency regulation service plays an important role
in determining the maximum allowable penetration
level of PV electricity in the power system.
Geographical distribution of PV arrays in a certain
region plays an important role in determining the
maximum allowable PV penetration in that region; the
closer those PV arrays are, the more power
fluctuations are expected due to clouds, and the more
frequency regulation service is needed to balance out
those power fluctuations. Jewell studied this
phenomenon in Ref. 7 and concluded for the current
spinning reserve capacities, the following penetration
levels are acceptable:
1.3% if the PV system is located at a central
station.
6.3% if the PV system is located in 10 km2
area.
18.1% if the PV system is located in 100 km2
area.
35.8% if the PV system is located in 1000 km2
area.
These results indicate that, due to their dispersed
nature, small-scale PV systems are not likely to
impact frequency regulation requirements and so,
these requirements should be determined based on the
penetration level of large, centralized PV stations
only.
IV. STABILITY PROBLEMS
As explained earlier, PV arrays’ output is
unpredictable and is highly dependent on
environmental conditions. This unpredictability
greatly impacts the power system operation as they
cannot provide a dispatchable supply that is adjustable
to the varying demand, and thus the power system has
to deal with not only uncontrollable demand but also
uncontrollable generation.27 As a result, greater load
stability problems may occur. PV arrays do not have
any rotating masses; thus, they do not have inertia and
their dynamic behavior is completely controlled by
the characteristics of the interfacing inverter. In Ref.
33, the impact of high penetration of PV generation
on power system small signal stability was addressed.
The paper showed that PV systems may have
beneficial or detrimental impacts on the power system
stability depending on their locations, ratings, etc. As
the penetration level of PV increases, more
conventional generators are being replaced by PV
arrays; thus, the damping ratio of the system
increases. As a result, the oscillation in the system
decreases. The presence of solar PV generation also
can change the mode shape of the inter-area mode for
the synchronous generators those are not replaced by
PV systems. The authors found that some critical
synchronous generators should be kept online (even if
they are operating beyond their economic operating
range) to maintain sufficient damping of the system.
Another study34 showed that during fault conditions
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in a system with high PV penetration, rotors of some
of the conventional generators swing at higher
magnitudes. The authors of Ref. 35 studied the
impacts of large-scale PVs on voltage stability of
subtransmission systems. The study concluded that
PV sizes, locations, and modes of operation have
strong impacts on static voltage stability; voltage
stability deteriorates due to PV inverters operating in
constant power factor mode of operation, whereas PV
inverters operating in the voltage regulation mode
may improve the system voltage stability.
V. POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
At coupled ac topologies the ac network of the
microgrid is directly connected to the power grid by a
transformer and an ac-dc converter is used for the dc
network. Alternatively, decoupled ac configurations
are composed at least by an ac-dc and dc-ac stage; this
means there is no direct connection between the
power grid and the ac network of the microgrid. Fig. 3
shows the most important configurations identified for
both topologPower quality issues are one of the major
impacts of high PV penetration on distribution
networks; power inverters used to interface PV arrays
to power grids are producing harmonic currents; thus,
they may increase the total harmonic distortion (THD)
of both voltage and currents at the point of common
coupling (PCC). However, voltage harmonics are
usually within limits if the network is stiff enough
with low equivalent series impedance.41 Current
harmonics, on the other hand, are produced by high
pulse power electronic inverters and usually appear at
high orders with small magnitudes.19 An issue with
higher-order current harmonics is that they may
trigger resonance in the system at high frequencies.
This situation occurred in the holiday park
“Bronsbergen” in the Netherlands where the 11th and
15th voltage harmonics exceeded the permissible
limits due to resonance between the grid inductance
and the inverter high capacitance.21 Diversity effect
between different current harmonics can also reduce
the overall magnitude of those current harmonics;
nevertheless, in Ref. 42, it is reported that the phase
shift for single phase inverters is usually small, and
thus these harmonic currents added to each other,
resulting in a total increase in the current THD which
may lead to nuisance between inverters. This
condition was observed in the Nieuwland project in
the Netherlands; although each inverter complies with
the Dutch power quality standards, measurements
taken at the PCC showed a high current harmonic
pollution level, which violates the Dutch power
quality standards due to interaction between the
harmonics of different inverters.22 Another power
quality concern is the inter-harmonics that appear at
low harmonic range (below the 13th harmonic). These
inter-harmonics may interact with loads in the vicinity
of the inverter.43 Even harmonics (especially the
second harmonics) can possibly add to the unwanted
negative sequence currents affecting three phase
loads.29 DC injections as well may accumulate and
flow through distribution transformer, leading to a
possible damage.29 IEEE Std. 1547 restricts DC
injection from a PV system to 0.5%.
VI. INCREASED REACTIVE POWER
REQUIREMENTS
PV inverters normally operate at unity power factor
for two reasons. The first reason is that current
standards (IEEE 929-2000) do not allow PV inverters
to operate in the voltage regulation mode. The second
reason is that owners of small residential PV systems
in the incentive-programs are revenued only for their
kilowatt-hour yield, not for their kilovolt-ampere hour
production. Thus, they prefer to operate their inverters
at unity power factor to maximize the active power
generated and accordingly, their return. As a result,
the active power requirements of existing loads are
partially met by PV systems, reducing the active
power supply from the utility. However, reactive
power requirements are still the same and have to be
supplied completely by the utility. A high rate of
reactive power supply is not preferred by the
utilities19 because in this case distribution
transformers will operate at very low power factor (in
some cases it can reach 0.6). Transformers’ efficiency
decreases as their operating power factor decreases, as
a result, the overall losses in distribution transformers
will increase reducing the overall system efficiency.
CONCLUSIONS
PV solar systems are expected to be one of the most
growing sources of electricity in the next decades.
However, they have numerous negative impacts on
electrical networks. There is no agreed upon
maximum allowable penetration limit for PV
electricity in a certain network as it depends on the
network’s characteristics as well as types, locations,
and geographical distribution of PV arrays within the
network. However, cloud transients and the
mandatory increase in frequency regulation services
are usually the bottleneck against the widespread
adoption of PV electricity. It is not exaggeratory to
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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say that electrical power systems under the current
circumstances are not yet ready to accommodate the
anticipated increase in PV penetration. More research
work is clearly required to address these impacts and
hence, stretch the allowable limits of PV electricity.
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