This document discusses the impact of the proposed Ilisu Dam in Turkey on the water intake in Duhok, Iraq from the Tigris River. It provides background on the Tigris River, describing its source and tributaries. It then discusses the concept of water security and factors that impact water security in Iraq such as dam construction, wars, pollution, and lack of long-term water sharing agreements between riparian countries. The document also provides an overview of the proposed Ilisu Dam, noting concerns about how it could allow Turkey to control water flow in the Tigris to the detriment of downstream countries.
The document discusses the process of developing a work breakdown structure (WBS) for a housing construction project. It begins by establishing the levels of the WBS from Level 1 (the overall project) down to Level 4 (individual tasks). It then shows how to develop a WBS dictionary to define the work for each WBS element. Next, it covers creating an organizational breakdown structure (OBS) to assign responsibilities to organizational departments. Finally, it explains how to merge the WBS and OBS into a responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) to allocate specific tasks to responsible parties.
(1) Numerical modeling of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) requires solving complex multi-physics problems at the fluid-solid interface.
(2) Two common approaches to FSI modeling are body-fitted meshes, where the mesh conforms to the solid boundary, and unfitted/immersed methods, which use a fixed background mesh.
(3) Coupling strategies for solving the fluid and solid sub-problems can be monolithic, solving them simultaneously, or staggered, where they are solved separately. Staggered methods are computationally more efficient but can suffer from added-mass instabilities.
AERODYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEGURACING F1-R01 PROTOTYPE USING CFDmouhamedakremmouffouk
This document describes the aerodynamic development of an F1 racing car prototype using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses preprocessing such as surface repair, domain creation, meshing and setting boundary conditions. It also covers the solver settings including turbulence models and judging convergence. Finally, it discusses postprocessing including the importance of the front wing and analyzing the initial front wing design.
Use professionally designed Key Wins PowerPoint Presentation Slides to flaunt your business achievements and milestones. Add these key wins PPT presentation slideshow and throw a light on major business accomplishments. Showcase your best work and impress your investors and clients. Get access to the amazing key wins PowerPoint presentation templates to create a presentation on business success to leave your audience stunned. These key wins PPT slides are completely customizable. Edit color, text, icon and font size as per your need. Add or remove the content, if needed. Grab this key wins PowerPoint presentation templates to get your audience’s attention towards achieved sales target, new customers, project execution, business achievements, and more. Download key wins PowerPoint presentation slides for your next presentation to set a right impression on your audience by putting your best work forward. Take a bow with our Key Wins Powerpoint Presentation Slides. An encore will be the common demand.
1. This tutorial demonstrates how to perform buckling analyses in ANSYS using both the eigenvalue and nonlinear methods. The eigenvalue method predicts theoretical buckling strength but does not account for imperfections, while the nonlinear method is more accurate.
2. For the eigenvalue analysis, a beam is modeled and constrained at one end with a unit load applied at the other. Solving yields a critical buckling load of 41,123 N.
3. For the nonlinear analysis, large deflection is considered and the load is gradually increased until buckling occurs around 40,000 N, slightly lower than the eigenvalue solution as expected.
This document discusses specific energy in open channel flows. It defines specific energy as the total energy of a channel flow with respect to the channel bed. Specific energy is useful for analyzing critical flow conditions. For a given discharge, the variation of specific energy with depth forms a cubic parabola with two possible depths of flow (alternate depths). Critical flow occurs at the minimum specific energy where the two depths merge and the Froude number is 1. Equations are provided for calculating specific energy and critical flow properties in rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal channel cross-sections. Examples demonstrate applying the equations to analyze specific energy, alternate depths, critical depth, and critical flow parameters.
The document discusses the process of developing a work breakdown structure (WBS) for a housing construction project. It begins by establishing the levels of the WBS from Level 1 (the overall project) down to Level 4 (individual tasks). It then shows how to develop a WBS dictionary to define the work for each WBS element. Next, it covers creating an organizational breakdown structure (OBS) to assign responsibilities to organizational departments. Finally, it explains how to merge the WBS and OBS into a responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) to allocate specific tasks to responsible parties.
(1) Numerical modeling of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) requires solving complex multi-physics problems at the fluid-solid interface.
(2) Two common approaches to FSI modeling are body-fitted meshes, where the mesh conforms to the solid boundary, and unfitted/immersed methods, which use a fixed background mesh.
(3) Coupling strategies for solving the fluid and solid sub-problems can be monolithic, solving them simultaneously, or staggered, where they are solved separately. Staggered methods are computationally more efficient but can suffer from added-mass instabilities.
AERODYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEGURACING F1-R01 PROTOTYPE USING CFDmouhamedakremmouffouk
This document describes the aerodynamic development of an F1 racing car prototype using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses preprocessing such as surface repair, domain creation, meshing and setting boundary conditions. It also covers the solver settings including turbulence models and judging convergence. Finally, it discusses postprocessing including the importance of the front wing and analyzing the initial front wing design.
Use professionally designed Key Wins PowerPoint Presentation Slides to flaunt your business achievements and milestones. Add these key wins PPT presentation slideshow and throw a light on major business accomplishments. Showcase your best work and impress your investors and clients. Get access to the amazing key wins PowerPoint presentation templates to create a presentation on business success to leave your audience stunned. These key wins PPT slides are completely customizable. Edit color, text, icon and font size as per your need. Add or remove the content, if needed. Grab this key wins PowerPoint presentation templates to get your audience’s attention towards achieved sales target, new customers, project execution, business achievements, and more. Download key wins PowerPoint presentation slides for your next presentation to set a right impression on your audience by putting your best work forward. Take a bow with our Key Wins Powerpoint Presentation Slides. An encore will be the common demand.
1. This tutorial demonstrates how to perform buckling analyses in ANSYS using both the eigenvalue and nonlinear methods. The eigenvalue method predicts theoretical buckling strength but does not account for imperfections, while the nonlinear method is more accurate.
2. For the eigenvalue analysis, a beam is modeled and constrained at one end with a unit load applied at the other. Solving yields a critical buckling load of 41,123 N.
3. For the nonlinear analysis, large deflection is considered and the load is gradually increased until buckling occurs around 40,000 N, slightly lower than the eigenvalue solution as expected.
This document discusses specific energy in open channel flows. It defines specific energy as the total energy of a channel flow with respect to the channel bed. Specific energy is useful for analyzing critical flow conditions. For a given discharge, the variation of specific energy with depth forms a cubic parabola with two possible depths of flow (alternate depths). Critical flow occurs at the minimum specific energy where the two depths merge and the Froude number is 1. Equations are provided for calculating specific energy and critical flow properties in rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal channel cross-sections. Examples demonstrate applying the equations to analyze specific energy, alternate depths, critical depth, and critical flow parameters.
There are three main types of irony: verbal, situational, and dramatic. Verbal irony occurs when what is said differs from its intended meaning. Situational irony is when an event has an unexpected or opposite outcome. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something that characters in a story do not. Examples from the Twilight series demonstrate each type, such as a character's age or intentions being different than their words suggest.
Microsoft Project is a project management software that allows users to plan projects by defining tasks, assigning resources and timelines, tracking progress, and analyzing workloads and budgets. It was initially created internally at Microsoft in 1984 to help manage their large number of software projects. Key features include creating Gantt charts, critical path schedules, assigning resources to tasks, and monitoring project progress against the original plan. Crashing allows expediting schedules by compressing durations but at increased costs, with the goal of minimizing time while controlling additional expenses.
This document provides guidance on writing an autobiography by outlining its purpose, structure, and language features. The structure should include an introduction, chronological significant events, and closing reflections. Language features that should be used are referring to individuals by name, including dates for specific events, writing in past tense and first person, using time connectives, and engaging the reader with anecdotal events rather than just listing facts.
1) The document discusses surface culture vs deep culture and has students watch and analyze the TED talk "The Danger of a Single Story" by Chimamanda Adichie.
2) In the talk, Adichie discusses the problem with stereotypes that come from only knowing a single story about a person or place.
3) She argues that single stories promote an incomplete view and can make other cultures seem like one, simple thing rather than recognizing diversity and complexity.
Finite Element Analysis Rajendra M.pdfRaviSekhar35
This document provides an overview of a presentation on applied finite element analysis for civil and mechanical engineering applications. It discusses the general procedure of the finite element method, including dividing a structure into elements, formulating element properties, assembling elements, applying loads and supports, solving equations, and calculating element outputs. It also covers various element types such as bars, trusses, and beams, and provides examples of how to derive the stiffness matrix for different elements.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation and provides information on factors that influence sedimentation rates. It describes the stages of sediment transport and deposition in reservoirs. Key points include:
1. Sedimentation is a difficult problem for dams as it reduces storage capacity over time. Dead storage is provided to accommodate deposits.
2. Factors like soil type, topography, vegetation cover and rainfall intensity affect the sediment load carried by rivers. Steeper slopes with less vegetation result in higher sediment loads.
3. Sediment consists of bed load and suspended load. Coarser particles settle near the reservoir inlet while finer particles settle farther upstream, near the dam.
4. Management options to reduce sedimentation include catch
Project Result PowerPoint Presentation Slides SlideTeam
Select our visually appealing content ready Project Result PowerPoint Presentation Slides for project performance evaluation. The project performance management PowerPoint complete deck has various pre-made PPT slides such as project team, budgeting and time management, timeline, work breakdown structure, activities sequence, communication plan, task matrix, project work plan, cost estimate project management dashboard, etc. Furthermore, there are lots of advantages of using this creative professional looking presentation deck like all slides are editable, you can change the color, image, size, font in each template to make it suitable for your business presentation. Showcase the process of measuring business project performance using easy to use project outcomes PPT visuals. Utilize project outcome PPT slides to convey your ideas more effectively. Download project deliverables presentation graphics to monitor & optimize your business project performance. Create a unique and amazing business presentation to present in conferences, meetings, and seminars to surprise the audience. Delve on examples of fraud with our Project Result PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Enlighten folks about different attempts at cheating.
Reservoir sedimentation causes and mitigationPramoda Raj
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation, its causes, and mitigation strategies. It outlines that geological investigations of the dam site are essential. Elements of sediment management include reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Methods to control sedimentation involve check dams, afforestation, desilting reservoirs during summer, and storing clean water while discharging sediment-laden flows. India's water storage reservoirs are significantly losing capacity due to sediment deposition.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMSGeorge Dumitrache
The document contains 4 questions and answers about hydrology and depositional landforms. It discusses how depositional landforms like levees are predominantly found in the lower course of rivers where the velocity decreases, encouraging sediment deposition. It explains that levees are formed through repeated flooding that causes material to build up on river banks. Finally, it lists deltas, alluvial fans, floodplains, oxbow lakes, and point bars as other examples of depositional landforms.
The document provides a weekly report and review for the week of September 2022 for PT. Baramulti Sukses Sarana Tbk and PT. Antang Gunung Meratus. It includes information on manpower numbers by site and department, new hires and exits, daily worker numbers, attendance ratios, medical claims processing, daily worker recap and payments, improvement initiatives, open recruitment positions, and more HR and operations metrics.
The document discusses constructing network diagrams to represent project activities and their relationships. It provides examples of precedence tables for two projects - building an extension and buying a new car. It explains the rules for drawing network diagrams from the precedence tables, including having a single start and end point, and using dummy activities when multiple activities share start/end points. The document walks through drawing the network diagrams for both example projects step-by-step according to the rules.
The document provides information on using Gantt charts in Microsoft Project. It discusses key aspects of Gantt charts like the spreadsheet and calendar view, entering project properties and tasks, linking tasks, and outlining projects into a work breakdown structure. It also covers customizing calendars, changing task modes, and the different types of dependencies between tasks.
Here is a possible 10 mark response to the question:
The need for water can create significant tension and conflict for several key reasons:
Firstly, water is essential for life - it is needed for drinking, sanitation, agriculture and many other daily activities. Where water supplies are limited or uncertain, this puts pressure on access to the resource. Populations and their needs are growing, but water supplies are finite. This mismatch between demand and supply lays the foundations for potential disputes.
Secondly, many of the world's major river basins and aquifers cross international borders, so water resources are often shared between countries. This can make management and allocation extremely challenging. Upstream countries may control flows downstream, and different priorities
Water: Patterns of Production and ConsumptionAndy Dorn
Global freshwater consumption has risen sixfold since 1900, more than doubling the rate of population growth. Currently, about a third of the world's population lives in areas facing water stress, where consumption exceeds 10% of the total supply. If current trends continue, two-thirds of the global population will face water stress by 2025. The uneven distribution of water resources and increasing human population have exacerbated problems of freshwater availability and accessibility around the world. Many regions, particularly in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia, already face water scarcity issues and this problem is projected to worsen in the coming decades without changes to water usage patterns. Freshwater resources in some areas have been severely impacted by human activities like
Conflict over water resources: Colorado RiverGuerillateacher
The Colorado River Basin spans seven U.S. states and Mexico, with competing demands for water from agriculture, cities, and industry. During the 20th century, the river was dammed and diverted extensively through major infrastructure projects to supply water to over 25 million people. However, long-term drought and overallocation of water rights have led to conflicts as the river now rarely reaches the sea. Managing this vital resource equitably between multiple stakeholders remains an ongoing challenge.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document analyzes the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. It finds that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has a negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The study uses weekly time series data from 2000-2010 and a linear regression model to analyze the impact of factors like modern irrigation methods, temperature, and stored water on total irrigation water. It finds that temperature has a positive and significant impact, and that stored water also has a positive and significant impact, but that modern irrigation methods do not significantly reduce the amount of irrigation water used.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
Iraq is one of the countries that have water scarcity problem. Many reasons have made this problem to be more complex. The modern irrigation methods have used as one solution to the water problem in Iraq. This paper investigates the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. The paper tests the impact of using modern irrigation methods on the amount of water used for irrigation. The study uses Liner Regression Model (LRM) as a statistical estimation model. The study data were taken from the ministry of water resources, and the ministry of agriculture in Iraq.
This study uses weekly time series data from 2000 -2010. The results show that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The results shows that temperature (climate effect) has positive and significant impact on total irrigation water. The results shows that stored water has positive and significant impact on irrigation water.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER LEVEL DEPLETION IN RIVERS PROJECT.pptxArjeetDewangan1
The drinking water crisis in many Indian cities is reaching alarming proportions. Urban population is suffering from irregular water supply, sometimes leading to clashes among them.
Water resource systems face challenges in meeting basic needs and supporting ecosystems. This is often due to inappropriate infrastructure, overuse, pollution, and failures in planning and management. Effective water resource planning requires addressing socioeconomic factors and recognizing hydrologic limits, while meeting diverse human and environmental needs. Case studies on the Tigris/Euphrates rivers, Jordan River Basin, and Missouri River illustrate the complex political, social, and institutional issues surrounding water resource management.
Sakshi Saraf wrote a document about water recycling and utilization. The document provided details about the multi-step water recycling process, including primary treatment using physical processes to remove contaminants, secondary treatment using biological processes, and advanced treatment/disinfection using chemicals. It described how recycled water can be utilized for landscape irrigation, groundwater recharge, and streamflow augmentation. The document also discussed how hard water forms mineral deposits due to reactions between calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, and methods to remove these ions through lime-soda processing or household ion exchange systems.
This document summarizes the key issues around water supply and sanitation in India. It notes that a team led by Mr. Ajay Kumar Keshari prepared the report. The main problems are identified as lack of access to water and sanitation in both rural and urban areas, poor water quality due to contamination, low cultural prioritization of hygiene, lack of education on sanitation, and poverty exacerbating all other issues. Coverage of water supply and sanitation remains inadequate in both rural and urban regions of India.
it is attractive and it is for your education. I have used many attractive animations and it has good amount of study material.
The aim of this ppt is to give you more information about pollution, images are also added to make it more attractive
There are three main types of irony: verbal, situational, and dramatic. Verbal irony occurs when what is said differs from its intended meaning. Situational irony is when an event has an unexpected or opposite outcome. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something that characters in a story do not. Examples from the Twilight series demonstrate each type, such as a character's age or intentions being different than their words suggest.
Microsoft Project is a project management software that allows users to plan projects by defining tasks, assigning resources and timelines, tracking progress, and analyzing workloads and budgets. It was initially created internally at Microsoft in 1984 to help manage their large number of software projects. Key features include creating Gantt charts, critical path schedules, assigning resources to tasks, and monitoring project progress against the original plan. Crashing allows expediting schedules by compressing durations but at increased costs, with the goal of minimizing time while controlling additional expenses.
This document provides guidance on writing an autobiography by outlining its purpose, structure, and language features. The structure should include an introduction, chronological significant events, and closing reflections. Language features that should be used are referring to individuals by name, including dates for specific events, writing in past tense and first person, using time connectives, and engaging the reader with anecdotal events rather than just listing facts.
1) The document discusses surface culture vs deep culture and has students watch and analyze the TED talk "The Danger of a Single Story" by Chimamanda Adichie.
2) In the talk, Adichie discusses the problem with stereotypes that come from only knowing a single story about a person or place.
3) She argues that single stories promote an incomplete view and can make other cultures seem like one, simple thing rather than recognizing diversity and complexity.
Finite Element Analysis Rajendra M.pdfRaviSekhar35
This document provides an overview of a presentation on applied finite element analysis for civil and mechanical engineering applications. It discusses the general procedure of the finite element method, including dividing a structure into elements, formulating element properties, assembling elements, applying loads and supports, solving equations, and calculating element outputs. It also covers various element types such as bars, trusses, and beams, and provides examples of how to derive the stiffness matrix for different elements.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation and provides information on factors that influence sedimentation rates. It describes the stages of sediment transport and deposition in reservoirs. Key points include:
1. Sedimentation is a difficult problem for dams as it reduces storage capacity over time. Dead storage is provided to accommodate deposits.
2. Factors like soil type, topography, vegetation cover and rainfall intensity affect the sediment load carried by rivers. Steeper slopes with less vegetation result in higher sediment loads.
3. Sediment consists of bed load and suspended load. Coarser particles settle near the reservoir inlet while finer particles settle farther upstream, near the dam.
4. Management options to reduce sedimentation include catch
Project Result PowerPoint Presentation Slides SlideTeam
Select our visually appealing content ready Project Result PowerPoint Presentation Slides for project performance evaluation. The project performance management PowerPoint complete deck has various pre-made PPT slides such as project team, budgeting and time management, timeline, work breakdown structure, activities sequence, communication plan, task matrix, project work plan, cost estimate project management dashboard, etc. Furthermore, there are lots of advantages of using this creative professional looking presentation deck like all slides are editable, you can change the color, image, size, font in each template to make it suitable for your business presentation. Showcase the process of measuring business project performance using easy to use project outcomes PPT visuals. Utilize project outcome PPT slides to convey your ideas more effectively. Download project deliverables presentation graphics to monitor & optimize your business project performance. Create a unique and amazing business presentation to present in conferences, meetings, and seminars to surprise the audience. Delve on examples of fraud with our Project Result PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Enlighten folks about different attempts at cheating.
Reservoir sedimentation causes and mitigationPramoda Raj
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation, its causes, and mitigation strategies. It outlines that geological investigations of the dam site are essential. Elements of sediment management include reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Methods to control sedimentation involve check dams, afforestation, desilting reservoirs during summer, and storing clean water while discharging sediment-laden flows. India's water storage reservoirs are significantly losing capacity due to sediment deposition.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMSGeorge Dumitrache
The document contains 4 questions and answers about hydrology and depositional landforms. It discusses how depositional landforms like levees are predominantly found in the lower course of rivers where the velocity decreases, encouraging sediment deposition. It explains that levees are formed through repeated flooding that causes material to build up on river banks. Finally, it lists deltas, alluvial fans, floodplains, oxbow lakes, and point bars as other examples of depositional landforms.
The document provides a weekly report and review for the week of September 2022 for PT. Baramulti Sukses Sarana Tbk and PT. Antang Gunung Meratus. It includes information on manpower numbers by site and department, new hires and exits, daily worker numbers, attendance ratios, medical claims processing, daily worker recap and payments, improvement initiatives, open recruitment positions, and more HR and operations metrics.
The document discusses constructing network diagrams to represent project activities and their relationships. It provides examples of precedence tables for two projects - building an extension and buying a new car. It explains the rules for drawing network diagrams from the precedence tables, including having a single start and end point, and using dummy activities when multiple activities share start/end points. The document walks through drawing the network diagrams for both example projects step-by-step according to the rules.
The document provides information on using Gantt charts in Microsoft Project. It discusses key aspects of Gantt charts like the spreadsheet and calendar view, entering project properties and tasks, linking tasks, and outlining projects into a work breakdown structure. It also covers customizing calendars, changing task modes, and the different types of dependencies between tasks.
Here is a possible 10 mark response to the question:
The need for water can create significant tension and conflict for several key reasons:
Firstly, water is essential for life - it is needed for drinking, sanitation, agriculture and many other daily activities. Where water supplies are limited or uncertain, this puts pressure on access to the resource. Populations and their needs are growing, but water supplies are finite. This mismatch between demand and supply lays the foundations for potential disputes.
Secondly, many of the world's major river basins and aquifers cross international borders, so water resources are often shared between countries. This can make management and allocation extremely challenging. Upstream countries may control flows downstream, and different priorities
Water: Patterns of Production and ConsumptionAndy Dorn
Global freshwater consumption has risen sixfold since 1900, more than doubling the rate of population growth. Currently, about a third of the world's population lives in areas facing water stress, where consumption exceeds 10% of the total supply. If current trends continue, two-thirds of the global population will face water stress by 2025. The uneven distribution of water resources and increasing human population have exacerbated problems of freshwater availability and accessibility around the world. Many regions, particularly in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia, already face water scarcity issues and this problem is projected to worsen in the coming decades without changes to water usage patterns. Freshwater resources in some areas have been severely impacted by human activities like
Conflict over water resources: Colorado RiverGuerillateacher
The Colorado River Basin spans seven U.S. states and Mexico, with competing demands for water from agriculture, cities, and industry. During the 20th century, the river was dammed and diverted extensively through major infrastructure projects to supply water to over 25 million people. However, long-term drought and overallocation of water rights have led to conflicts as the river now rarely reaches the sea. Managing this vital resource equitably between multiple stakeholders remains an ongoing challenge.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document analyzes the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. It finds that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has a negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The study uses weekly time series data from 2000-2010 and a linear regression model to analyze the impact of factors like modern irrigation methods, temperature, and stored water on total irrigation water. It finds that temperature has a positive and significant impact, and that stored water also has a positive and significant impact, but that modern irrigation methods do not significantly reduce the amount of irrigation water used.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
Iraq is one of the countries that have water scarcity problem. Many reasons have made this problem to be more complex. The modern irrigation methods have used as one solution to the water problem in Iraq. This paper investigates the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. The paper tests the impact of using modern irrigation methods on the amount of water used for irrigation. The study uses Liner Regression Model (LRM) as a statistical estimation model. The study data were taken from the ministry of water resources, and the ministry of agriculture in Iraq.
This study uses weekly time series data from 2000 -2010. The results show that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The results shows that temperature (climate effect) has positive and significant impact on total irrigation water. The results shows that stored water has positive and significant impact on irrigation water.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER LEVEL DEPLETION IN RIVERS PROJECT.pptxArjeetDewangan1
The drinking water crisis in many Indian cities is reaching alarming proportions. Urban population is suffering from irregular water supply, sometimes leading to clashes among them.
Water resource systems face challenges in meeting basic needs and supporting ecosystems. This is often due to inappropriate infrastructure, overuse, pollution, and failures in planning and management. Effective water resource planning requires addressing socioeconomic factors and recognizing hydrologic limits, while meeting diverse human and environmental needs. Case studies on the Tigris/Euphrates rivers, Jordan River Basin, and Missouri River illustrate the complex political, social, and institutional issues surrounding water resource management.
Sakshi Saraf wrote a document about water recycling and utilization. The document provided details about the multi-step water recycling process, including primary treatment using physical processes to remove contaminants, secondary treatment using biological processes, and advanced treatment/disinfection using chemicals. It described how recycled water can be utilized for landscape irrigation, groundwater recharge, and streamflow augmentation. The document also discussed how hard water forms mineral deposits due to reactions between calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, and methods to remove these ions through lime-soda processing or household ion exchange systems.
This document summarizes the key issues around water supply and sanitation in India. It notes that a team led by Mr. Ajay Kumar Keshari prepared the report. The main problems are identified as lack of access to water and sanitation in both rural and urban areas, poor water quality due to contamination, low cultural prioritization of hygiene, lack of education on sanitation, and poverty exacerbating all other issues. Coverage of water supply and sanitation remains inadequate in both rural and urban regions of India.
it is attractive and it is for your education. I have used many attractive animations and it has good amount of study material.
The aim of this ppt is to give you more information about pollution, images are also added to make it more attractive
This presentation talks about the Water Uses, Water Forms and Distribution, Availability, Fresh Water Shortage, Water Use Problems and Conflicts Increase Water Supply, Floods and Drought
It talks about the shortage of water all across the globe. So people should use it effectively without unnecessary wastage.
- Iran is facing extreme water scarcity due to low average rainfall of 250 mm/year and climate change impacts, which is preventing moisture from reaching Iran.
- According to the World Bank, Iran is one of the developing countries most at risk from drought and other climate change threats. Based on available water per capita, Iran will face water stress by 2021 and water scarcity soon after.
- Due to 10 consecutive years of drought, over 50% of the population's drinking water has been affected, placing strain on water resources. Adaptive responses are needed to address vulnerabilities like fluctuations in water levels and hydropower generation.
World Rivers Day: Environmental Challenges and Geopolitical ImplicationsTIME PRINTER
This article emphasizes the vital role of rivers as the lifeblood of our planet, highlighting their provision of freshwater, support for ecosystems, and essential resources while underscoring the imminent threat of pollution. It introduces World Rivers Day, a global event celebrated annually on the fourth Sunday of September, dedicated to raising awareness about rivers' global significance and advocating for better stewardship.
The event was initiated by Mark Angelo in 2005 and is celebrated worldwide in a decentralized manner. World Rivers Day's objectives include addressing environmental challenges, emphasizing sustainable river management, and promoting collaboration among non-governmental organizations, environmental groups, and local communities to protect and preserve these invaluable water bodies for the planet's health and well-being.
Please visit this very link for Historical News based on Geopolitical viewpoints and rest of this article, https://www.timeprinternews.com
This document discusses World Water Day, which is observed annually on March 22nd to promote sustainable management of water resources. It notes that water use has been growing faster than population increases, with the majority used for irrigation and a smaller portion for household and industrial purposes. Water scarcity in cities is exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, industrialization, climate change, pollution, and conflicts. The document outlines various efforts by the UN and countries like India to improve access to water and promote conservation and sustainable water management.
World Water Day is observed annually on March 22nd to promote sustainable management of water resources. The UN established the day to implement recommendations around clean water and sustainable aquatic habitats. A key focus is on providing safe and affordable water in rapidly growing cities in developing nations. Water use has been growing faster than population increases, with industrial and agricultural uses being the largest. Managing water resources in urban areas is challenging due to population growth, pollution, and overexploitation of sources. The Indian government aims to develop water resources through integrated management and non-conventional methods like inter-basin transfers.
This document discusses challenges to global water security due to factors like climate change, population growth, and pollution. It introduces concepts like the water-food-energy nexus, virtual water, and water footprints. Potential solutions discussed include desalination, conservation, integrated water management, and appropriate water pricing. The document emphasizes the need for a holistic, systems approach to address growing threats to secure access to fresh water worldwide.
Indigenous Customs Relating to Water Rights and Use Under Conditions of the S...AkashSharma618775
The aims of this study include gathering and documenting the indigenous traditional norms and
knowledge of Al-Ghyoul water resources shares and distributions in selected Yemeni Region. It also studies,
analyzes, identifies common and variable practices and problems under the conditions of different
communities/regions. It also attempts to formulate appropriate actions to remedy threatening obstacles. The field
data collection for the study covered selected governorates where such traditional irrigation systems prevail like
Taiz, Bib, Hadhramaut, Shabwah. It used a descriptive approach through literature review, like documents and
reports, field observations, survey questionnaire, individual interviews with key informant (KII), and discussion
meetings with specialists, local officials, local leaders, and farmers. The study identifies some prevailing norms and
mores that characterize traditional Al-Ghyoul irrigations systems including the rules of water shares distribution,
rehabilitation and maintenance as well as conflict resolution. However, it observed some slight variation from one
location to another. Some of the inherited local customs have been changing due to the introduction of modern
technologies and socio-political changes, draught and climatic change. This in turn has negatively affected the
common indigenous irrigation practices. The study concluded with some recommendations for future
consideration.
The document discusses various topics related to water use and management. It begins by describing the hydrologic cycle and major water compartments. It then discusses current water use, reasons for freshwater shortages, the impacts of dams and diversions, and approaches to water management. The document also explores potential solutions that could be employed if conventional water management strategies prove insufficient, such as cloud seeding, desalination, and increasing water use efficiency.
Global Water Challenges: River Basin Management Opportunities and Risks
A presentation by Don Blackmore
(The presentation has been modified from the original version to remove any copyrighted material)
Water Land and Ecosystems
High Level Dialogue New Delhi
3 May 2013
Global Water Challenges: River Basin Management Opportunities and Risks
A presentation by Don Blackmore
(The presentation has been modified from the original version to remove any copyrighted material)
Water Land and Ecosystems
High Level Dialogue New Delhi
3 May 2013
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Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
The impact of ilisu dam on duhok water intake on tigris river
1. Kurdistan Region Government – Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
University of Duhok, Faculty of Engineering and
Applied science /School of Planning
The impact of Ilisu Dam on Duhok Water
Intake on Tigris river
By: Ramadhan Hamza
Supervisor: Ass. Prof. Dr. Maha Al Ghaban
2013
2. The River Tigris
The River Tigris, which is the second-largest river in western Asia,
originates near Lake Hazar (elevation 1150 m) in eastern Turkey.
The Tigris is fed by several tributaries in Turkey. It forms the
Turkish–Syrian boundary for 32 km, and crosses into Iraq. Within
Iraq, the Tigris has several tributaries which contribute significantly
to the water potential of the river. The combined Euphrates and
Tigris rivers are named Shatt-al-Arab, forming a river almost a
kilometer wide and 190 km long. Iran is a co-riparian of the Tigris–
Euphrates system by virtue of her contribution to the River Tigris
via the lesser Zab, Diyala and Karun rivers.
6. What is Water Security?
1. Ensured
accessibility to the resource in
time and space.
2. Ability to utilize the resource to achieve
economic development.
3. Ability to sustainably manage the water
resources to ensure the right quantity and
quality.
7. What is Water Security? Con’td
4. Ensure that competing demands are
balanced (Irrigation, water supply and
sanitation, hydropower, environmental
requirement etc).
5. Ensure that water sharing agreement
with full participation of all stakeholders is in
place.
6. Ensure that the environment is protected
and pollution is prevented.
8.
9.
10. Ilisu Dam
•The proposed Ilisu Dam on the Tigris River in Southeastern Turkey is one of
the world’s most controversial hydropower projects. If built, it will displace up to
70,000 people, drown the 10,000 year-old city of Hasankeyf, and destroy
valuable biodiversity. Iraq’s government has also expressed concerns that
Turkey will use the Ilisu Dam to control the flow of the Tigris to the detriment of
the downstream countries.
•Because of the serious problems and strong opposition European funders
pulled out of the Ilisu Project in 2002 and again in 2009. In July 2009, European
export credit agencies for the first time withdrew from a project which they had
already approved over social and environmental concerns.
•The Turkish government announced that it planned to continue the
construction of the Ilisu Dam after Western funders pulled out, and the affected
people continue their resistance. International Rivers supports the campaign
against the project, and in particular monitors China’s involvement.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Storage Volumes
• Turkish Storages
– 92BCM on Euphrates –
17BCM on Tigris (planned)
• Syrian Storages
– 14.5BCM on Euphrates
– 1.5BCM from Tigris (Previous
agreements.)
16. Overview Questions?
Why is water so important, how much
freshwater is available to us, and how much
of it are we using?
What causes freshwater shortages, and what
can be done about this problem?
What are the advantages and disadvantages
of withdrawing construction of Ilisu dam?
17. How Water Security in Iraq is being
impacted?
•Intensive construction of dams.
•Wars, particularly Iraq-Iran war and the
occupation of Kuwait.
•Draining of the marshes.
•Pollution and degradation of water quality.
•Fast urbanization.
•High rate of water use (twice the population
growth rate).
18. How Water Security in Iraq is being
impacted?...Cont’d
•Lack of long term
water sharing agreement
between riparian countries, Iraq, Syria,
Turkey & Iran.
•Unsustainable approach in managing water
resources in the upper reaches of Euphrates
and Tigris rivers basins.
19.
20. What is this topic about?
Water Conflicts is the second of the ‘resources’
topics
It examines the range of conflicts associated
with the supply and demand patterns of the
fundamental resource of water.
Water supplies and quality vary globally, and
actual and potential conflicts arise from the gap
between growing demands and diminishing
supplies.
21. The risks of water insecurity
What are the potential implications of an increasingly ‘water insecure’
world?
Water supply problems
Increasing water shortages
may be more important
than energy shortagesbecause there is no
alternative!
Water transfers
Of this precious resource by either
diverting the actual river, or using
canals . Long carried out at a small
scale but increasingly over larger
distances, and even transboundary
Water conflicts
Where demand exceeds supply
and no effective management
operates, then there will be
conflicts between the various
players involved
Water geopolitics
The conflicts between nation
states, despite the international
agreement called the Helsinki
Rules designed to create more
equitable use of water extending
across boundaries
22. Human influences on water supply and scarcity
Humans affect the hydrological cycle at
many points of flows and storage:
Blue water flow is the visible part of the
hydrological system: surface flows and
then recharging aquifers
Green water flow is water intercepted,
stores and released by vegetation by
evaporation and transpiration
Grey water is polluted water
Supply can be from:
Surface sources
groundwater sources
In the UK 2/3 of supply is from surface
and 1/3 from groundwater, with regional
variations.
Freshwater is effectively a finite resource
since only about 1% of freshwater is easily
available for human use.
The water footprint indicates how much is
required by consumers- and in an
increasingly globalised world, the footprint
of someone in a country like the UK will not
be just local as so many products using
water will have been produced elsewhere!
23. Water conflicts
Population growth
Consumer demand
Industrial growth
Agricultural demand
DEMANDS
?
Rising
SUPPLY?
Diminishing
DIFFERENT
USERS?
Conflicting
demands
•International conflicts i.e. basin crosses
national boundaries
•Internal conflicts ie within a country
•Conservation versus exploitation
Reductions because of:
•Users abstracting/polluting
upstream
•Deteriorating quality
•Impact of climate change
PRESSURE POINT- ie
need for management.
This is shown spatially as
a ‘hotspot’ of conflict,
see map on next slide.
Pressure and hence
tension and conflict may
be over surface flow
and/or groundwater
supplies
Dams and diversions and
loss of wetlands are
particularly contested.
24. Present and potential water conflict
hotspots
As water supply decreases, tensions will increase as different players try to access common water supplies
Many conflicts are transboundary in nature, either between states or countries
River basins currently in dispute
Tigris-Euphrates
Iraq + Syria concerns that
Turkey’s GAP project will divert
their water
Colorado: disputes
between the 7 US
states and Mexico it
flows through. The
river is so overused,
that it no longer
reaches the sea!.
90% abstracted
before reaches
Mexico
River basins at risk in the future
Large International drainage basins
Ob
Lake
Chad
Mekong
Ganges
Okavango
La Plata
Zambezi
Orange
Insert Figure 2.11 page 47
Note: although there have been rising tensions
globally, many areas demonstrate effective
management to diffuse the situation and create
more equitable and sustainable demand-supply
balance, such as the Mekong River Committee,&
the Nile River Initiative
Nile hotly disputed
between Ethiopia and
Sudan ,who control its
headwaters, and Egypt .
The Aral Sea, an
inland drainage basin,
once the world’s 4th
largest inland lake has
shrunk sine the 1950s
after the 2 rivers
feeding it: the Amu
Dayra and Syr Darya
were diverted for
irrigation.
By 2007 the sea was
10% of original volume
and split into 2 lakes.
The ex soviet states
are in conflict:
Uzbekistan ,
Turkmenistan and
Kazakstan.
25. Water transfers- a quick fix?
Source area
Examples of existing schemes
International
Lesotho to South Africa:
Lesotho Highlands Water
Project
Turkey to Israel by tanker
National:
Snowy Mountains-Australia
Melamchi Nepal
Tagus-Mercia Spain
Receiving area
Proposed schemes
International
Turkey to Israel undersea
pipelines
Austrian Alps to Spain +
Greece by pipeline
National:
South-North transfer- China
Ebro -Spain
Ob to the Aral Sea
NAWAPA Alaska to California
26. Water conflicts and the future
What are the possible conflicts and solutions to increasing demands for water?
This section looks at 4 themes, and the table below summarises three scenarios for the future
1.
2.
3.
4.
Trends in water demand globally and locally
Water players
Responses to need to increasing water supply and the issues these strategies raise
The role of technology in water supply
Business as
usual
The cost of water will increase
Water consumption will increase resulting in declining stores
Food transfers will mitigate shortage of water in areas where agriculture declines
Water Crisis
Demand will outstrip supply
The proportion of the world’s population without access to clean water will increase
Food insecurity and migration will increase
Conflicts of water supplies (intra and inter state) become more likely
Sustainable
Water
Agricultural and household water prices will double in the developed world and triple
in the developing world
Global water consumption will fall, although the gap between per capita use will
close
Green water flows will increase
Improvements in water harvesting and farming techniques allow food yields to
increase whilst water consumption declines
From: 2002 International Food Policy and Research Institute future models
27. Water Players and decision makers
Different players have conflicting views on water insecurity
One player may have quite complex views; most Governments will have departments
wanting conservation as opposed to development
You need to identify the ‘stakeholders’ in any particular case study, and then the role of
the ‘gatekeepers’ who wield power. The next slide shows a classification of players
Political: water is
a human need
•International
organisations e.g.
UN
•Government
•Regional & local
councils
•Lobbyists &
pressure groups
Social: water is a human right
•Individuals
•Residents
•Consumers land owners,
health officials, NGOs like
Water Aid
Economic
•International:
World Bank & IMF
•TNCs and
developers
•Businesses and
users
Photograph of Aral Sea
with grounded tanker
Environmental
•Conservationists
•Scientists &
planners
28. Responses: Management strategies
Water conflicts can be managed in a range of different ways
There is a spectrum of different management strategies
Some are sustainable as they balance ecological and human needs
Strategies rely on technology?
What is
Sustainability?
Millennium
Ecosystem
Assessment
definition:
A characteristic or
state whereby the
needs of the present
and local population
can be met without
compromising the
ability of future
generations or
populations in other
locations to meet
their needs.
Present
policies
Driven by
short term
economic +
political
concerns
Often do not
include
science and
effective
technology
Obstacles to sustainable
management
•Climate change uncertainty and
effects
•Natural variability of water
•Pressures caused by human
activities and rapid growth of
transition economies towards a
consumerist society
•Increased water demands
•Gross inefficiencies in use
•Poor existing quality of supply
across huge areas of world
•Funding
•Access to appropriate technology
Future policies?
Longer term?
Need more
research,
information and
monitoring
especially on
aquifers in
developing
countries
More
partnerships?
More community
involvement?
More
accountable?
29. Hard and soft management
How to meet the challenge of the need for more water?
Traditional ‘hard’ engineering
Dams; currently 845000 of which 5000 classed
as megadams. The aim is to increase natural
storage capacity by artificial reservoirs. Rivers
most at risk at present: Yangtze, Amazon,
Danube and many in the Himalayas
Channels, seen in most arid/semi arid countries
whatever their economic status, eg Jonglei Canal
on Nile
Pipelines eg Australia and California Aqueduct
and snowy Mountains scheme Australia
Desalination plants eg in Middle East
Recharging schemes for depleted aquifers
Newer hard technologies
•Tankers to transport water eg turkey to israel
•Osmosis membranes filtering salt from brackish
water eg Israel (the Ashkelon plant produces 15% of
domestic demand). Also in California, Spain and
China
•Fertigation: fertilser and water drip feeding of crops,
as in Israel
Softer more environmentally and
ethically responsible
approaches
Water conservation eg targeted drip
irrigation on plants in Ethiopia,
includes water harvesting
Water restoration eg Northern Aral
Sea, and on smaller scale river Colne
in UK
Integrated drainage basin
management , especially if bottom up
and community involved.
The 4 Rs: ie an attitudinal fix:
Reduce, Respect, Reuse, Renew.....
Specific Technologies seen as
appropriate /intermediate with less
negative externalities
•Water harvesting of grey water eg Belize
•Micro dams serving villages eg Nepal
•Water meters to reduce use eg UK
•Composting latrines – seen in National Trust
properties in UK to Mumbai slums!
30. Water Conflicts overview
Water Resources
•
•
•
•
•
•
Water like energy is a fundamental need but not
evenly distributed
Factors influencing geography of supply:
Physical-surface, groundwater, desalinisation
Human: demand, management, mismanagement
Increasing demand not matched by supply=
WATER GAP
Implications for human well being- which is why it
beingis named in the MDGs
Demand from various users
Water resources are often transboundary
Water Futures
Water stress and scarcity are projected to increase
because:
•Climate change will make some areas more arid
and rainfall more unreliable
•Glacial water sources will reduce due to climate
change
•Unsustainable use of some supplies will decrease
their quality and quantity
•Demand will rise due to population and economic
growth
•Water wars will lead to winners and losers in water
supply
Water Conflict
•
•
•
•
•
Potential conflicts=high both local & international
conflicts=high
Resource use often exceeds recharge capacity
leading to long term degradation
Future is in doubt because of unsustainable use+
climate change
Vulnerable populations most at risk
Management strategies to ensure supply require
cooperation of many different players = changes in
way water is valued & used
Therefore, there are alternative
futures –
It all depends on the decisions the
players make....
and climate change, population
trends, energy security,
superpower politics, bridging the
development gap etc…
31. Synopticity-Water-Energy
Energy and Water: Solving Both Crises Together:
Water and energy are the two most fundamental ingredients of modern
civilization
We consume massive quantities of water to generate energy, and we consume
massive quantities of energy to deliver clean water
Peak Oil is topical. Peak Water or ‘Blue Gold’ is less thought about.
There are tensions between the two:
water restrictions are
hampering solutions for
generating more
energy
energy problems,
particularly rising prices,
are curtailing efforts to
supply more clean
water.
An issue in energy rich states ,which are semi arid/arid: to sell cheap oil
or keep to power desalinisation plants
Water is needed to generate energy. Energy is needed to deliver water.
Both resources are limiting the other—and both may be running short. Is
there a way out?
32. Core Case Study: Water Conflicts in
the Middle East - A Preview
of the Future
Many countries in
the Middle East,
which has one of
the world’s highest
population growth
rates, face water
shortages.
33. Water Conflicts in the Middle East: A
Preview of the Future
Most water in this dry region comes from
the
Nile, Jordan or Tigris rivers.
Countries are in disagreement as to who has
water rights.
Currently, there are no cooperative
agreements for use of 158 of the world’s 263
water basins that are shared by two or more
countries.
34. WATER’S IMPORTANCE,
AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL
Water keeps us alive, moderates climate,
sculpts the land, removes and dilutes wastes
and pollutants, and moves continually
through the hydrologic cycle.
Only about 0.02% of the earth’s water supply
is available to us as liquid freshwater.
35. WATER’S IMPORTANCE,
AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL
Comparison of
population sizes and
shares of the world’s
freshwater among
the continents.
Figure 14-2
36. WATER’S IMPORTANCE,
AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL
Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and
is stored in soil and rock (groundwater).
Water that does not sink into the ground or
evaporate into the air runs off (surface runoff)
into bodies of water.
The land from which the surface water drains into
a body of water is called its watershed or
drainage basin.
37. WATER’S IMPORTANCE,
AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL
We currently use more than half of the
world’s reliable runoff of surface water and
could be using 70-90% by 2025.
About 70% of the water we withdraw from
rivers, lakes, and aquifers is not returned to
these sources.
Irrigation is the biggest user of water (70%),
followed by industries (20%) and cities and
residences (10%).
38. Stress on the World’s River Basins
Comparison of the amount of water available
with the amount used by humans.
39. Who Should Own and Manage
Freshwater Resources
There is controversy over whether water
supplies should be owned and managed by
governments or by private corporations.
European-based water companies aim to
control 70% of the U.S. water supply by
buying up water companies and entering into
agreements with cities to manage water
supplies.
40. TOO LITTLE FRESHWATER
Cities are outbidding farmers for water
supplies from rivers and aquifers.
Countries are importing grain as a way to
reduce their water use.
More crops are being used to produce
biofuels.
Our water options are:
Get more water from aquifers and rivers,
desalinate ocean water, waste less water.
41. USING DAMS AND RESERVOIRS TO
SUPPLY MORE WATER
Large dams and reservoirs can produce
cheap electricity, reduce downstream
flooding, and provide year-round water for
irrigating cropland, but they also displace
people and disrupt aquatic systems and
cause dispute between riparian countries.
42. Case Study: The Mosul Dam Basin – an
Overlapped Resource
Lake Powell, is
the largest
reservoir in the
Iraq.
It hosts one of
the hydroelectric
plants and the
Duhok water
Intake,
43. The Technology Spectrum
Are intermediate
solutions in water
and complex possible?
Large, interconnected
complex solutions
Small, distributed
simple solutions
44. Production of water in Duhok city
from Khrabdeem intake on Tigris river
Average production of water 2010 =129522.9
m3/d
Average production of water 2011 =176264
m3/d
Average production of water 2012 =191993
m3/d
45. Population
The Past and future demand water for
Duhok City
494400
Population
494400
297308
297308
134000
134000
49. Recommendations
Apply strict national water management
strategy based on IWRM principles.
• Negotiate long term water sharing
agreements.
• Adopt basin-wide & regional approaches to
mitigate and adapt to climate changes.
50. CONCLUSIONS
1. The Ilisu Dam is a major component of an integrated water
development scheme planned in the1970’s for the upper Tigris
watershed. The goal of this scheme is to provide economic development
within the region through the generation of electricity and large scale
irrigated agriculture.
2. The construction and operation of the Ilisu Dam by itself, will
significantly affect the hydrology of the Tigris River. It will alter the
seasonal flow pattern by capturing all except large flood flows in the
spring and releasing them in the fall and it will create large daily flow
fluctuations whose influence would be felt more than 65 km downstream
at the Iraq and Syrian border.
3. The minimum flow level downstream. However, it does recommend an
operational policy be adopted to release a minimum monthly average
flow of 60 m3/s at the downstream border during operation of the dam
5. The operation of the Ilisu Dam in combination with diversions from the
future downstream Cizre project would probably significantly reduce
summer flows in Syria and Iraq below historic levels.
51. Continued………
6. Future depletions of the Tigris river flows for planned irrigated agriculture both
upstream and downstream of Ilisu would further reduce these flows.
7. Capturing of coarse sediment in the reservoir will tend to induce scouring of
the river channel downstream, lowering the river level and possibly lowering the
adjacent water table as well.
8. High levels of nutrients from sewage and agricultural runoff will cause
eutrophication and anoxic conditions for downstream countries Iraq and Syria
with anoxic conditions that generate significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas
methane emissions than occur from the existing landscape and will probably
mobilize heavy metals to downstream .
9. It does not appear that the proponents of the Ilisu dam have completed the
kind of technical studies reasonably expected to evaluate environmental impacts
for a major project of this type that should include hydraulic modelling, reservoir
water quality modelling, river and reservoir sedimentation modelling, and dam
.
break analysis