This document describes three methods for synthesizing calcium titanate (CaTiO3): the coprecipitation method, solid state reaction method, and hydrothermal reaction method. The coprecipitation method involves dissolving calcium carbonate and titanium chloride in solution, then adding oxalic acid to precipitate calcium titanyl oxalate hexahydrate. This precursor is then decomposed through heating to produce CaTiO3. The solid state reaction method directly combines calcium oxide and titanium oxide in a furnace to form CaTiO3. The hydrothermal reaction uses titanium chloride, calcium chloride dihydrate, and potassium hydroxide in an autoclave to produce CaTiO3 under high temperature and pressure conditions

1. Synthesis of Calcium Titanate (CTO)
By Harshal Chaudhari
M.Sc. Part 2
17PHY203

2. • CaCO3 was dissolved in equimolar aqueous solution of TiOCl2 with constant stirring.
• This mixture is added to aqueous solution of oxalic acid to maintain the mole ratio Ca : Ti : oxalic acid as 1 : 1 :
2.
• The aqueous solution was kept in a desiccator for 4 to 5 days when a white precipitate was obtained.
• The precipitate was filtered through Buckner funnel, washed thoroughly first with distilled water and then
with acetone and dried in air.
• Based on chemical analysis, the product could be assigned the molecular formula, CaTiO(C2O4)2⋅6H2O.
Coprecipitation Method

3. Heat CaTiO(C2O4)2⋅6H2O in microwave/SiC furnace at 500⁰C to 700 ⁰ C for 1 hour.
CaTiO(C2O4)2⋅6H2O decomposes in 5 steps,
• CaTiO(C2O4) 2⋅6H2O → CaTiO(C2O4)2 + 6H2O
• 2CaTiO(C2O4)2 → Ca2Ti2O5CO3(CO)2 + 3CO2 + 2CO
• Ca2Ti2O5CO3(CO)2 → Ca2Ti2O5CO3(CO) + CO
• Ca2Ti2O5CO3(CO) → CaTi2O5CO3 + CO
• Ca2Ti2O5(CO3)2 → 2CaTiO3 + CO2

4. Hydrothermal Reaction
Precursor TiCl4, CaCl22H2O and KOH.
In separate beakers TiCl4 and CaCl22H2O add slowly to de-ionized water under vigorous stirring, forming Ti4+ and Ca2+.
Then, mix two solutions containing Ti4+ and Ca2+ ions to and add to 50 ml of the KOH solution (6 M) to bring pH = 14.
The mixture then loaded into a 110 ml Polytetrafluoroethylene autoclave reaching 90% of its volume.
Seal the autoclave and place into a microwave and heat to 140C.
Heat for required time (depending upon the desired product) under pressure of 2.5 bar.
Afterwards the autoclave is allowed to cool at room temperature then the solid is washed with water till the pH is
neutralized.
Then the power(CaTiO3) is kept for drying at 80⁰C for 12 hours.

5. Mass calculation (units in g/mol)
Solid State reaction
CaO + TiO → CaTiO3
56.07 + 76.86 → 135.94
For 10g of CaTiO3
56.07/13.59 of CaO + 76.86/13.59 of TiO → 10g of CaTiO3
CaO = 4.12g TiO = 5.66g
Co Precipitation method
CaCO3 + TiOCl2 → CaTiO3 + C+4 + O+2 + Cl2
100.09 + 134.77 → 135.94
100.09/13.59 + 134.77/13.59 → 10
CaO = 7.36g ; TiO = 9.92g
Hydrothermal reaction
TiCl2 + CaCl22H20 → CaTiO3 + 2H2O + 2Cl2
118.77 + 147.01 → 135.94
118.77/13.59 + 147.01/13.59 → 10
CaO = 8.74g ; TiO = 10.82g

6. References
B M PATIL, R S SRINIVASA and S R DHARWADKAR; “Synthesis of CaTiO3 from calcium titanyl oxalate hexahydrate
(CTO) as precursor employing microwave heating technique”; Bull. Mater. Sci., 2007, 30, 225–229.
Mario L. Moreira a, Elaine C. Paris a, Gabriela S. do Nascimento a, Valeria M. Longo e, Julio R. Sambrano b, Valmor
R. Mastelaro c, Maria I.B. Bernardi c, Juan Andre´s d, Jose´ A. Varela e, Elson Longo e; “Structural and optical
properties of CaTiO3 perovskite-based materials obtained by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis: An
experimental and theoretical insight”; Acta Materialia 57 2009